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So-called opportunistic organisms found in soils in large numbers immediately following addition of a readily decomposable organic substrate. Synonymous with copiotrophs.

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A graphical representation of nutrient application rate or availability versus crop yield or nutrient uptake.

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A compound foreign to biological systems. Often refers to human-made compounds that are resistant or recalcitrant to biodegradation and/or decomposition.

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Land not suitable for, or capable of, producing materials or services of value. See also miscellaneous areas.

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The aerated region of soil above the permanent water table.

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A soil moisture regime that is neither dry for as long as 90 cumulative days nor for as long as 60 consecutive days in the 90 days following the summer solstice at periods when the soil temperature at 50 cm below the surface is above 5°C.

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The load per unit area at which an unconfined cylindrical specimen will fail in a simple tension test.

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A nonsodic soil containing sufficient soluble salt to adversely affect the growth of most crop plants. The lower limit of saturation extract electrical conductivity of such soils is conventionally set at 4 dS m⁻¹(at 25 °C). Actually, sensitive plants are affected at half this salinity and highly tolerant ones at about twice this salinity.

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The ratio, at a given temperature, of the water vapor pressure to the saturated water vapor pressure; used as a measure of water potential by meteorologists.

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The change in quantity sorbed with change in quantity in solution. It is determined from the slope of the plot of concentration in solution vs. the quantity sorbed.

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The unconsolidated and more or less chemically weathered mineral or organic matter from which the solum of soils is developed by pedogenic processes.

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A cutan composed of a concentration of organic matter.

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A mineral soil horizon that satisfied the requirements of an argillic horizon, but that also has prismatic, columnar, or blocky structure and a subhorizon having >15% saturation with exchangeable Na⁺.

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The excreta of animals, with or without an admixture of bedding or litter, fresh or at various stages of further decomposition or composting. In some countries may denote any fertilizer material.

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Movement of water molecules at differing velocities but in parallel and sliding over one another without mixing.

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Energy due to motion and is proportional to the velocity squared.

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Planar voids that traverse the soil material in some fairly regular pattern, such as parallel or subparallel sets.

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Watch video about Ecosystems

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Ecosystems: StudyJams! Science | Scholastic.com

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Ever wonder how organisms live and grow together in one place? This fun activity will teach students about ecosystems and how they thrive.

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Rock formed from the cooling and solidification of magma, and that has not been changed appreciably by weathering since its formation. See also metamorphic rock.

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A suborder of the intrazonal soil order, consisting of saline and sodic soils formed under imperfect drainage in arid regions and including the great soil groups Solonchak or Saline soils, Solonetz soils, and Soloth soils. (Not used in current U.S. system of soil taxonomy.)

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One of the categories in the system of soil classification that has been used in the USA for many years. Great groups place soils according to soil moisture and temperature, base saturation status, and expression of horizons. See also classification, soil.

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In soil classification one of the categories intermediate between the subgroup and the soil series. Families provide groupings of soils with ranges in texture, mineralogy, temperature, and thickness. See also classification, soil.

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Mineral soils that have no distinct subsurface diagnostic horizons within 1 m of the soil surface. (An order in the U.S. system of soil taxonomy.)

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A random movement of ions or molecules due to thermal agitation which tends to move because of their chemical activity gradient from areas of higher to lower concentration.

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The sum of exchangeable bases plus total soil acidity at a specific pH, values, usually 7.0 or 8.0. When acidity is expressed as salt extractable acidity, the cation exchange capacity is called the effective cation exchange capacity (ECEC) because this is considered to be the CEC of the exchanger at the native pH value. It is usually expressed in centimoles of charge per kilogram of exchanger (cmol c kg⁻¹) or millimoles of charge per kilogram of exchanger. See also acidity, total.

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The theoretical limit or lowest level toward which erosion of the Earth's surface constantly progresses but seldom, if ever, reaches; especially the level below which a stream cannot erode its bed. The general or ultimate base level for the land surface is sea level, but temporary base levels may exist locally.

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Enzymes (exclusive of live cells) that are (i) excreted by live cells during growth and division; (ii) attached to cell debris and dead cells; (iii) leaked into soil solution from extant or lyzed cells but whose original functional location was on or within the cell. Synonymous with exoenzymes.