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"78% of those living in the highest-income households use social media" in comparison to only 56% in the lowest.
- Zoë

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Gauntlett (2008) - Gender representations in films

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Gauntlett (2008) - Gender representations in films

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His analysis of films since the 1990s showed that men and women had similar skills and talents to each other. He referred to films such as Spiderman 3, Knocked Up and Fantastic Four: Rise of the Silver Surfer as examples of films that challenged conventional masculinity by showing the traditional masculinity to be flawed. Also, women were represented to be more assertive and more independent.
By Ania

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Malik (2008) – Reality TV and racial representations

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Malik (2008) – Reality TV and racial representations

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Malik stated that there has been a visible change in the genre of reality TV. He specified that

‘viewers interviewed for the research praised programmes such as Strictly Come Dancing, The Apprentice and X Factor for reflecting diversity’

and commented that

‘It has become one of the most racially varied forms of programming today’.

By Ania

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Tuchman (1978) Women offenders in the media

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Tuchman (1978) Women offenders in the media

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Tuchamn argued that the media typically tends to ignore, trivialise or condemn women. These aspects of media treatment have a particular effect on the way that news about female offenders is reported. Although men still commit the vast majority of crimes, about one third of all violent crime stories in the media are actually about female offenders.
By Ania

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Merton said that crime was higher among the working classes because they had fewer opportunities to get material luxuries, therefore adopting a different response to trying to get what they want and need. This is crimes such as burglary and drug dealing.

Written by Hannah

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Owen Jones, Chavs: The Demonization of the Working Class (2012)

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Owen Jones, Chavs: The Demonization of the Working Class (2012)

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He said that the use of the word chav is a way of 'condemning' the working class. Chavtainment is a term to describe how the media represents the working class as a 'bigoted , slothful, aggressive' group of people.

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Andrew Perrin (2015) Social Media Usage: 2005-2015 (America)

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Andrew Perrin (2015) Social Media Usage: 2005-2015 (America)

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This study looks at the rise in social media usage and how it affects things like e.g  work,  global communication patterns,  and one's level of stress.
Through 27 national surveys, one of the main things found were these patterns and trends:
1.Age differences: Seniors make strides
2. Gender differences: Women and men use social media at similar rates
3. Socio-economic differences: Those with higher education levels and household income lead the way
4. Racial and ethnic similarities
5. Community differences: More than half of rural residents now use social media
These show the social media usage of all american adults. Additionaly, there were several other sub-studies concluding to the overall study.
- Zoë

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Moore, Mason and Lweis (2008) - Media representation of Islam post 9/11

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Moore, Mason and Lweis (2008) - Media representation of Islam post 9/11

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They analysed 974 newspaper articles about British Muslims from 2000 to 2008. They also examined the images used in these articles and undertook a series of case studies of stories in the press. They found that the frequency of stories involving British Muslims increased between 2000 and 2008 with the highest point being 2006. The increase of coverage was said to be due to the 2005 London Bombings but the increase ‘had a momentum of its own’. The most frequently used discourses in the articles were:

Muslims as a threat – in relation to terrorism

Islam in comparison with other religions tended to be written as dangerous, backward or irrational

Islam as part of multiculturalism

A clash of civilisations between Islam and the West

Islam as the threat to a British way of life

Any quantitative content analysis of frequency can tell very little about the nature of the content of the articles. However, the authors maintained that the most common discourses about Muslim in Britain in the British Press associated Islam/Muslims with threats, problems or in opposition to dominant British Values unlike any other religion.
By Ania

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Helen Wood (November 2005) Class and Reality TV

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Helen Wood (November 2005) Class and Reality TV

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The study focused on the self-improvement programmes such as What Not to Wear, Wife Swap and How Clean is Your House? In these shows there seemed to be a disproportionate number of working-class participants. In those shows, the most intimate parts of the participants lives were on show for entertainment.
There are however shows, where the working-class is over-populated, and in these shows the participants are encouraged to exaggerate their behavior that makes them seem 'out of control'.
By Ania

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 Mark Smith (February 2003) Media depictions of the poor:

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 Mark Smith (February 2003) Media depictions of the poor:

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Summary : The study looked at how the media portrays the lower class, and initially it deteriorates the position of people situated in the lower class bracket. For instance, Mark Smith indicated that British tabloid newspapers often portray the 'underclass ' or the poor as scum. Due to this negative portrayal the status of lower class people have altered from the 'salt of the earth' to the 'scum of the earth'. The contemporary lower class used to be conveyed in a positive way, for example Hutton suggested that the working class are romanticised as hard working and straight talking; however now there are negative portrayals by the media and this is why Price said now there are shows like Benefit Street. Shows like this operate 'poverty porn' in which media proffessionals hope that the show has shocking affects on the audience. Ultimately, the working class are demonised through multiple institutions of the media, and due to this it has resulted in the construction of moral panics relating to the lower class individuals.

Within this study, it is thought that the London riots was a incident where moral panics were created and they demonised the lower class to a greater extent. Due to this riot, 1715 people appeared in court and 315 people were convicted and all of this was engaged by political leaders. The media also gathers opinions from people relating to issues synonymous to the, for example, Jane Daley in the Daily Telegraph 54% of people consider unemployment benefits too generous.

Written by : _Sarb_________

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C N Trueman (Aug 2016) - Social groups and crime

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C N Trueman (Aug 2016) - Social groups and crime

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Summary: The study was looking at how crimes such as burglaries, vehicle theft and violent crime is more likely to be committed in inner cities and urban areas (where working class people will tend to live). These crimes will be reported more because they are visible and easily seen, whereas white collar crimes like fraud are less likely to be seen easily. White collar crimes are typically committed by upper class people because they are money based.

'According to the national prison surveys a large number of inmates are from the lower levels of the class system' ,  '41% of males in prison come from unskilled or manual employment', 'street crimes are typically of the poor and a police priority'.
In conclusion, working class are more likely to be blamed for the majority of crime because it is easily visible and have typically more focus with the police. Upper class tend to commit more subtle crimes therefore not being reported as much.

Written by Hannah