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Cyclin Dependent Kinases
- one of the most important enzymes involved in the cell cycle

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Proteins that regulate the cell cycle (apparent and formed in each stage of the cycle)
- help with spindle formation
- breakdown nuclear envelops
- help with chromosomes condensation

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- cells with DNA damage
- cell cycle checkpoints are ignored
- over dividing leads to cells not having enough nutrients to survive
- cancer cells outlive normal cells and continue to form new abnormal cells

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if there is a problem with a cell when it reaches a check point depending on the severity the cell can either make a quick fix or self destruct completely

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- (animal) extending cleavage furrow until completely separated into two daughter cells
- (plant) cell plate is formed down the middle of the daughter cells

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Are the chromosomes lined up correctly? (across the middle, spindle fiber attached to each side of a chromosome)

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- chromosomes move to the opposite pole and
cleavage furrow forms in the center of the cell
- Nuclear envelop forms around the chromosomes
- spindle apparatus falls apart

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- Spindles pull the two sister chromatids apart
- Each is brought to opposite poles

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- Microtubules connect to the kinetochores on each side of the chromosomes
- Chromosomes are moved to the equator of the cell by each spindle from the centrioles
- chromosomes are lined up on a straight line at the metaphase plate

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- Beginning of mitosis
- cytoskeleton disassembles
- spindles begin to form
- Chromatin condenses to form chromosomes (sister chromatids)
- centrioles migrate to opposite ends of the cell
- nuclear envelop breaks down
- nucleus disappears

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Actual stage in which the cells are copied and divided
4 Stages
1. Prophase
2. Metaphase
3. Anaphase
4. Telophase

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- DNA prof reading
- Repair DNA damage
(Was the DNA copied precisely? - If not, how big is the damage?)

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- Cell grows
- produces proteins and organelles
- reorganize for mitosis
- enzymes needed for cell division are produced

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- DNA Replicates
- Chromosomes duplicate
- Centrosomes duplicate

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1. does it have nutrients?
2. is it the proper size?
3. is there the appropriate space?
4. Is there any DNA Damage?

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- beginning stage of the cell cycle
- cell grows
- copies organelles

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cell cycle check points

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- size
- HGH
- death of a neighboring cell

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Cells know when to divide and stop dividing 

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Cells know when to divide and stop dividing 

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Regulated by external and internal controls

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Why would a cell go through the cell cycle and mitosis?

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Why would a cell go through the cell cycle and mitosis?

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1. Replace dead cells
2. Reproduce and Grow
3. Repair Damage
4. Fight an infection