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Possible sentences is a prexreading strategy that targets vocabulary and activates students’ prior knowledge about the content and concepts. Before reading begins, the teacher will provide the students with a short list of vocabulary words from their reading and students will create a meaningful sentence based on what their prediction of what the reading will be about. After reading, students check to see if their “possible sentences” were accurate or need revising.

Advantages:

-Works to activate prior knowledge about content vocabulary and concepts and can improve reading comprehension
-Sparks curiosity about reading
-Teaches students to guess how word may be used in the text and create meaningful sentences

Disadvantages:

-Students who misread words or misinterpret their meanings may struggle with this strategy

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Revision is an effective way to learn about writing and the writing process. Learning to revise teaches students about the characteristics of what good writing looks like. Revision requires that writers distance themselves from the writing and forces them to think critically and evaluate the text.

Advantages:

-Revising their writing gives students an opportunity to reflect on what they have written
-Revision is closely related to critical reading

Disadvantages:

-Students may be/feel that they are already too familiar with their work

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Paired reading is a fluency strategy used with readers who are not yet as fluent as they should be. Students read aloud to each other and are paired by fluency levels. More fluent readers can be paired with less fluent readers, or students who read at the same level can practice their fluency together by rereading a story they have already read. Reading can be split up between partners by sentence, paragraph, Page, or chapter.

Advantages:

-Encourages students to work to work together
-Promotes cooperation and supports peer-assisted learning

Disadvantages:

-Students who last fluency skills may be feel nervous or feel as though they are not as good as their partner at first

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Story sequencing is one of many skills that contributes to students’ ability to comprehend what they read. Sequencing refers to the identification of the neginning, middle, and end of a story and also the ability to retell the events within a given text in the order in which they occurred. The ability to sequence events in a text is an important skill to master. It is also an important component of problem-solving.

Advantages:

-Assists students with their comprehension, especially when reading narrative texts
-Helps students of different abilities organize information and ideas
-Helps with problem-solving

Disadvantages:

-Students who lack comprehension skills may have a hard time placing events in sequence

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Framed Paragraphs are pre-writing tools that assist students in developing efficient, well written paragraphs. They are typically handouts with a format that contains information about the main ideas and transition words that guide the organization and development of supportive details.

Advantages:

-Guides students by providing transitional phrases for sentences
-Provides frame work for developing strong, effective paragraphs

Disadvantages:

-Students may over analyze and worry too much about completing the pre-writing tool than actually developing effective paragraphs

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Reading guides assist with building students’ comprehension. This strategy helps students to navigate their reading material. Reading guides are especially helpful with difficult chapters or non-fiction reading. The teacher creates a guide of prompts for students to write their responses as they read an assigned text. Reading guides also help students understand the organizational structure of a text.

Advantages:

-Gives students a structure and guide to their reading and helps students to monitor their own comprehension
-Helps students to follow the main points of the text and understand the organization of their reading

Disadvantages:

-Students who have difficulting reading or writing may become to focused on or stressed about the reading guide and have a harder time focusing on their actual reading assignment

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Shrinking paragraphs allows students to take turns reading aloud, pausing, and summarizing the main points of their paragraphs to each other. Students provide each other with feedback as a way to monitor comprehension. This strategy can be done using small groups of two, three, or four students.

Advantages:

-Allows students to take turns practicing reading aloud and summarizing the points of their paragraph
-Allows students to work cooperatively
-Enhances comprehension skills

Disadvantages:

-Could be time-consuming for a fluent reader who is paired with a reader who lacks fluency

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Exit slips are written responses to questions posed by the teacher at the end of a class or lesson.

Advantages:

-Allows teachers to informally assess how well students are understanding a topic or lesson
-Gives students a chance to reflect on what they have learned and to express how the feel or think about new information

Disadvantages:

-Students who lack reading and/or writing fluency may not be able to properly or accurately show/express what they have learned on paper

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Concept maps can encourage literacy and comprehension in students by helping them organize new information and make meaningful connections between the main idea and other information after reading.

Advantages:

-Helps students make meaningful connections between the main ideas and other new information, as well as to help them organize the new information

Disadvantages:

-May cause some students more confusion that clarity
-Students who have developed strong skills for factual memorization may resist or become intimidated by having to see the relationship between concept, ideas, theories, or questions
-May become boring or time-consuming for students that are higher-level thinkers

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Reader’s thester is a strategy used to develop reading fluency. This strategy involves students in oral reading through reading parts in scripts. Students are not to memorize their part, only reread several times to practice their fluency skills before reading their part aloud.

Advantages:

-Promotes fluency
-Builds confidence and readers learn to read aloud with expression (prosody)

Disadvantages:

-Could cause stage fright for even the most fluent readers