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Level 7 - 9 construction of clear argument. Beginners guide to critical reasoning. Lectures with slides. Very helpful for Geography and all essay based subjects (history, RE, English etc.)

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Use this to draw conclusions on your data presentation. Write up over summer holiday

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Ways to get involved with climate protests and take action

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How get involved and to take action on climate change

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How get involved and to take action on climate change

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Summer school strikes July 2019

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A UK wide student strike has been called on Friday 15th Febuary to protest against climate inaction, with a global strike on Friday 15th March. There have been escalating young people's school strikes across the globe, with tens of thousands coming onto the streets to demand action to stop global warming and environmental destruction.

All have been inspired by Greta Thunberg who began a solo climate protest by striking from school in Sweden in August 2018. Since then, thousands of school students around the world have joined her. The school strikes have spread to at least 270 towns and cities in countries across the world, including Australia, the United Kingdom, Belgium, Switzerland, Germany, the US, Canada and Japan.

Update: UK events planned in 25+ cities and towns on 15 February - check here&nbspfor latest information;or on Facebook

The picture above shows young people in Zurich on 21 December, taking part in a strike organised by an independent youth movement, not affiliated to any parties or organisations.

In November 2018, thousands of Australian children struck school in defiance of the prime minister to protest for greater action on climate change. Organisers estimated around 15,000 left their classrooms in 30 locations across the country, including Melbourne, Brisbane and Perth, carrying signs reading "procrastinating is our job not yours" and "I've seen smarter Cabinets at Ikea". There were similar protests in Canberra and Hobart also.

On 10 January, 3000 young people took to the streets of Brussels, calling for climate action outside the the European Parliament. A week later on 17 January, 12,500 came out (part of the crowd shown in pictures below). On 24 January, over 32,000 took part, with another 5000 coming out in other Belgian cities.

The following day, there were climate strikes in Switzerland, where more than 20,000 students from schools and colleges in 15 cities took part, and in Germany, where similar numbers joined events in at least 56 towns and cities.

For the February 15th youth strike in the UK, events have so far been set up in cities including London, Manchester, Glasgow, Bristol and Brighton.

We are now in a new phase of climate action in the UK. More and more of us are deciding to make our voices heard over climate change. And young people are not waiting for adults to do something for them. Instead, they are leading the way in taking action for themselves.

Here's the UK Students Climate Network on their Facebook Page;

"Exciting stuff is happening here!! Let's keep 2019 going the way it has started: full of determination to do everything we can to make our voices heard and save the planet from mass extinction before it is too late."

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Climate school strikes go global: UK youth strikes planned 15th Febuary

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A UK wide student strike has been called on Friday 15th Febuary to protest against climate inaction, with a global strike on Friday 15th March. There have been escalating young people's school strikes across the globe, with tens of thousands coming onto the streets to demand action to stop global warming and environmental destruction.

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Glacial melting in Antarctica may become irreversible

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Antarctica faces a tipping point where glacial melting will accelerate and become irreversible even if global heating eases, research suggests.

A Nasa-funded study found instability in the Thwaites glacier meant there would probably come a point when it was impossible to stop it flowing into the sea and triggering a 50cm sea level rise. Other Antarctic glaciers were likely to be similarly unstable.

Recent research found the rate of ice loss from five Antarctic glaciers had doubled in six years and was five times faster than in the 1990s. Ice loss is spreading from the coast into the continent's interior, with a reduction of more than 100 metres in thickness at some sites.
'Extraordinary thinning' of ice sheets revealed deep inside Antarctica
The Thwaites glacier, part of the West Antarctic ice sheet, is believed to pose the greatest risk for rapid future sea level rise. Research recently published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences journal found it was likely to succumb to instability linked to the retreat of its grounding line on the seabed that would lead to it shedding ice faster than previously expected.

Alex Robel, an assistant professor at the US Georgia Institute of Technology and the study's leader, said if instability was triggered, the ice sheet could be lost in the space of 150 years, even if temperatures stopped rising. "It will keep going by itself and that's the worry," he said.

Modelling simulations suggested extensive ice loss would start in 600 years but the researchers said it could occur sooner depending on the pace of global heating and nature of the instability.

Hélène Seroussi, a jet propulsion laboratory scientist at Nasa, said: "It could happen in the next 200 to 600 years. It depends on the bedrock topography under the ice, and we don't know it in great detail yet."

Antarctica has nearly eight times more land-based ice than Greenland and 50 times more than all mountain glaciers combined. The Thwaites glacier alone contains enough ice to increase global sea levels by about 50cm. Sea level rise linked to warming has already been linked with increased coastal flooding and storm surges.

The researchers found a precise estimate of how much ice the glacier would shed in the next 50 to 800 years was not possible due to unpredictable climate fluctuations and data limitations. However, 500 simulations of different scenarios pointed to it losing stability. This increased uncertainty about future sea level rise but made the worst-case scenarios more likely.

A complete loss of the West Antarctic ice sheet would be expected to increase global sea levels by about five metres (16ft), causing coastal cities around the world to become submerged.

A separate study last week in the same journal found the expanse of sea ice around Antarctica had suffered a "precipitous" fall since 2014. Satellite data showed Antarctica lost as much sea ice in four years as the Arctic lost in 34 years.

Unlike the melting of ice sheets on land, sea ice melting does not raise sea levels but the loss of the reflective white ice leads to more of the sun's heat being absorbed in the ocean, increasing the pace of heating.

Antarctic sea ice had been gradually increasing during 40 years of measurement and reached a record maximum in 2014, before falling markedly. The cause of the abrupt turnaround has not been established.
Topics

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Glacial melting in Antarctica may become irreversible

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Antarctica faces a tipping point where glacial melting will accelerate and become irreversible even if global heating eases, research suggests. A Nasa-funded study found instability in the Thwaites glacier meant there would probably come a point when it was impossible to stop it flowing into the sea and triggering a 50cm sea level rise.

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Read for summer 2019 field trip

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Video of the regeneration and the East Village

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Video of the regeneration and the East Village

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Negative social and environmental impacts of globalisation; fast fashion and garment industry in Malaysia 

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Negative social and environmental impacts of globalisation; fast fashion and garment industry in Malaysia 

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Even as increasing consumer demand for consciously made clothing has retailers from Net-a-Porter to Madewell trying to up their ethical fashion cred, ongoing reports of labor abuses prove that the industry has a long way to go.

A just-released report by Transparentem, a non-profit dedicated to investigating apparel supply chain ethics, uncovered multiple violations at five factories that supply to well-known Western brands. Nike, Global Brands Group (which creates licensed products for the likes of Calvin Klein and Juicy Couture), Asics, Under Armour, Target, Fruit of the Loom, Primark and Brooks are among the brands directly implicated.

The kinds of issues uncovered during Transparentem's 18-month investigation include laborers in Malaysia - who are often migrants from nearby countries like Cambodia, the Philippines and Sri Lanka - being charged "recruitment fees" to secure their jobs. These fees, which can range from $745 to $4,356, are so high that some garment workers sold homes, mortgaged land or borrowed from banks just to be able to pay for the opportunity to work.

"The property that I lost [to pay the recruitment fee], with this property I would have been able to eat [for a] whole year with my children," one garment worker said in the report.

At all five factories investigated, laborers said they were also misled about the amount they'd actually be making once they started their new jobs - so much so that many came to regret taking the jobs in the first place.

The underpay and excessive recruitment fees are compounded by disciplinary fines, wherein factory workers might see deductions in their paychecks if machinery breaks while they're using it, if they don't hit production targets or if they make mistakes in their work. For some, these can pile up to essentially land them in debt bondage, where they end up owing their employer more than their employer owes them, forcing them to keep working even if they'd like to leave.
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One worker borrowed over $3,000 to pay recruitment fees, sold land to pay off debt and still ended up owing his employer $250 when he was sent home because he fell sick. "I have started begging now from other people," he told Transparentem. "I don't have anything left."

It's not just payment issues plaguing garment workers in Malaysia. Other problems include verbal abuse and the use of physical force (like kicking and punching) by managers and unsanitary or overcrowded living conditions. In one instance, 28 people were sharing a single toilet and living together in one room.

"The bed they gave us when we went there - after a couple of months we all had to throw it out, so many bedbugs. After we threw out our beds, we would throw a bed sheet on the floor and sleep there," one worker said. "The glass in the windows was all broken. When it rained, water would come inside our room. And rain in Malaysia - every couple of days it would rain."

The problem for many workers, though, was that by the time they figured out they'd been sold a fantasy, it was too late. Employees at four of the five factories reported that the companies that enticed them into the country would collect and withhold their passports once they arrived in Malaysia. They would then charge workers a hefty fee if they ever wanted to access their own documents.

"The company fears that we will run away if we get to keep our passport," one worker said.

Though these situations are dire, the good news is that some of the brands involved are looking to take responsibility.
Stay current on the latest trends, news and people shaping the fashion industry. Sign up for our daily newsletter.
One of the unique things about Transparentem's approach is that it always contacts the brands implicated by its investigations before releasing findings to the media. Transparentem's founder, Benjamin Skinner, is a former investigative journalist who understands the power of the press as a form of accountability for brands, but he also believes that when you name and shame specific factories, the brands that work with them are more likely to immediately sever ties to avoid blame than to do the hard and important work of coming alongside those factories to help them change for the better.

Transparentem's approach encourages the latter. And in the case of the Malaysian factory investigation, the approach has yielded real reasons for hope. Of the 23 brands or buyers the non-profit identified and contacted, 17 began remediation efforts.

Brooks in particular stood out for its willingness to share the cost of recruitment fee reimbursement with one factory, even though it had technically never authorized the factory to produce its apparel (Brooks's order likely ended up there as part of a sub-licensing deal made between factories). Moreover, Brooks had stopped sourcing from that partner in 2015, according to a report by The Guardian. Considering that it's extremely common for brands to avoid taking responsibility by using the excuse that they didn't know a particular factory was making their product, Brooks's response presents a shining example of what real corporate responsibility should look like.

Nike, unfortunately, did the opposite. Although the brand did make positive steps toward addressing recruitment fees and other issues in one factory, The Guardian reported that Nike basically pulled the standard line about not being responsible for subcontractor abuses, since they were never officially authorized, with regards to two other factories that were making Nike product. This was in spite of the fact that Nike was called out for similar abuses in its supply chain in Malaysia over a decade ago by the Wall Street Journal, and therefore has had plenty of time to create a system that better ensures ethical sourcing within the country.

In terms of other brands, Primark and Target earned praise from Transparentem by pushing for improvements in factories they had stopped sourcing with. Four unnamed buyers extended their remediation efforts to another Malaysian factory not even included in Transparentem's report, meaning that the investigation is having a positive domino effect on other facilities in the country. By May 2019 - before Transparentem's report was shared with press, but after the non-profit had begun open conversations with brands and buyers - over $1.7 million of recruitment fees had been paid or scheduled to be paid back to workers, and 1,600 workers had received the passports that were taken from them.

In short: there's a lot that needs fixing in Malaysian fashion manufacturing, and these five factories are likely just the tip of the iceberg. But the responses of a number of conscientious brands proved that companies can accomplish more good by taking responsibility for their existing supply chains than they can by severing relationships as a knee-jerk response to negative reports.

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New Report Uncovers Labor Abuses in Malaysian Clothing Factories - and Shows How Brands Should Respond

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Even as increasing consumer demand for consciously made clothing has retailers from Net-a-Porter to Madewell trying to up their ethical fashion cred, ongoing reports of labor abuses prove that the industry has a long way to go. A just-released report by Transparentem, a non-profit dedicated to investigating apparel supply chain ethics, uncovered multiple violations at five factories that supply to well-known Western brands.

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Youtube channel 9-1 Geography - rivers and coasts

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Youtube channel 9-1 Geography - rivers and coasts

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Revision and summary videos for the rivers and coasts section of the course on one channel

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Help for anyone taking GCSE Geography. But designed for Edexcel GCSE (9-1) Geography A.

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Immigration to London from Ghana and Jamaica | History – Exploring the Past: Post War Britain

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In July of this year, during record-smashing heat waves and forest fires, a group of scientists published "Trajectories of the Earth System in the Anthropocene," exploring the risk that climate feedbacks could lead to runaway heating and a "Hothouse Earth." Will Steffen, Johan Rockström, and Katherine Richardson - from the Universities of Stockholm, Australia, and Copenhagen, with colleagues from Stanford, Cambridge, Potsdam, The Netherlands, and elsewhere - published the paper in the US Proceedings of the National Academy of Science.

Earth has not experienced such a hothouse state - characterized by the absence of continental glaciers and sea-level over 100-meters higher - since the Cretaceous period, 100-million years ago. At that time, atmospheric CO ₂ had reached 2000 parts-per-million (ppm) and average temperatures had reached 11°C warmer than the 20th century average. We're now at about 410 ppm CO ₂, and 1°C warmer than the 20th century average. Meanwhile, in spite of good intentions, we have not slowed our carbon emissions.

The Hothouse Earth paper documents how "a psychology of denial" has biased IPCC climate reports, research summaries, policy decisions, and public discourse. As a result, the authors claim, we have failed to act responsibly, and have underestimated the extreme risks of that failure.
Breaking the wrong records
This is a La Niña year - normally the cool phase of the global temperature cycle - but 2018 has broken heat records around the world, the hottest La Niña year in history, on track to be the fourth hottest year ever recorded, following the last three: 2015, 2016, and 2017.

This July, meteorologists recorded 51.3°C (124.3°F) in Ouargla, Algeria, the highest temperature ever reliably recorded in Africa. Quriyat, Oman, recorded an overnight "low" of 42.6°C, the highest "low" temperature ever recorded in the world. Denver, Colorado, tied its all-time high-temperature 40.5°C, and in Quebec, Canada, a prolonged heat wave left 54 people dead. Heat records were set in Tbilisi, Georgia (40.5 °C), Shannon, Ireland (32 °C), and Motherwell, Scotland (33.2 ° C).

"It's not just the magnitude in any one location," said Michael Mann, director of the Earth System Science Center at Pennsylvania State University. "What's unusual is the hemispheric scale of the heatwave."

All-time record highs in Britain melted roofs and buckled train rails. During the World Cup in June and July, the heat grew so intense in Russia that the Football Federation granted hydration breaks to keep players from fainting. This summer, wildfires burned a record 1.3 million acres of British Columbia, Canada. In the Krasnoyarsk region of Russia, daily temperature anomalies reached 7°C above average. In Siberia wildfires accelerated the permafrost melt, causing record methane releases, which adds to global heating, an example of the climate feedbacks that concern the Hothouse Earth authors.
We'll always have Paris
In 2015, many politicians and environmentalists praised the Paris Climate Accord, intended to hold Earth's warming under 2°C with national "pledges" to reduce carbon emissions. However, the Hothouse Earth report notes that the Paris Accord "is almost devoid of substantive language," is not binding, and that "national interests and lowest-common-denominator politics," have undermined the promises.

"Few are willing to contemplate that we have set in motion an irreversible process that poses an existential threat to so-called civilization," wrote William Rees, professor emeritus of human ecology at the University of British Columbia, to fellow researchers. "Even if implemented, the Paris Accord has us on course for a catastrophic 3°C warming - and - it is not being implemented!"

Since the Paris pledges are not being kept, we appear on course for 4°C or more. Kevin Anderson, professor at the University of Manchester and deputy director of the Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research writes that "avoiding even a 4°C rise demands a radical reframing of both the climate change agenda and the economic characterisation of contemporary society."

In 1979, the World Meteorological Organization, with full knowledge of the carbon dioxide risk, convened the first international climate conference in Geneva. At that time, annual carbon emissions of about 5 gigatonnes per year (GtC/yr) were increasing atmospheric CO ₂ content by about 0.5 ppm per year. Now 30 years later, after 29 international climate meetings, and with over 800 international climate laws on the books, carbon emissions have grown to over 10 GtC/yr, and - since carbon sinks have become saturated - we are now increasing atmospheric CO ₂ content by about 3.5 ppm per year, seven times faster.

In August, so disgusted with the pace of climate action by his own government, French Environment Minister Nicolas Hulot resigned. "I don't want to lie any longer," Hulot said. "I don't want to maintain the illusion that my presence in government means that we are meeting these environmental challenges. France is doing more than a lot of other countries [but] it is not doing enough. Europe is not doing enough. The world is not doing enough."
What is enough?
The Hothouse Earth study warns that with a heating of 3 or 4°C, Earth's "self-reinforcing feedbacks" - wildfires, methane release, forest dieback, and so forth - can drive the temperature even higher, toward runaway heating, a "nonlinear process" that no amount of human intervention can control.

Kevin Anderson describes "an endemic bias" among those building emission scenarios, and warns that "the modelling community is actually self-censoring its research focus to conform to the dominant political and economic paradigm."

Steffen and colleagues document a "scholarly reticence" at the research level, that avoids articulating the full risk of climate change. This reticence is magnified by politically-biased climate conference delegations, who understate climate risk in IPCC reports. This downplayed risk is then translated through "executive myopia" within government and business to produce "a policy failure of epic proportions."

"We're moving so slowly," says financial analyst and former Royal Dutch Shell economist Jeremy Grantham, "that by the time we've fully decarbonized our economy, the world will have heated up by 2.5ºC to 3ºC, and a great deal of damage will have been done ... capitalism and mainstream economics simply cannot deal with these problems."

In spite of all our efforts - decades of environmental action, legislation, investment in renewable energy, electric cars, and those 29 climate conferences - total global carbon emissions continue to rise. Since the year 2000, solar and wind have added the equivalent of about 300 million tons of oil (MTOE) to annual energy consumption, a hopeful sign. However, during that same period, fossil fuel consumption increased ten times faster, by over 3000 MTOE, which explains why carbon emissions continue to rise.

In a series of papers from 2011 to 2015, T. J. Garrett, from the Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Utah, explains why: The growth of human economy "cannot be decoupled" from energy consumption. The data shows that for every 1US$ of economic growth, worldwide, human enterprise requires about 9.7 milliwatts (mW) of energy (± 0.3 mW). Contrary to visions about "decoupling" growth from energy, there is no evidence that this decoupling is occurring or could occur. Garrett and others point out that windmills and solar panels also require fossil fuels to build, that more energy stimulates the economy to grow, and that this growth is fed by even more fossil energy.

In the 1950s, anthropologist/ecologist Gregory Bateson and colleagues coined the term "Double Bind" to describe just such a dilemma: Contradictory demands that are inherently impossible to fulfill. According to Garrett, "seeking global prosperity alongside mitigated climate change" puts human enterprise in just such a "double-bind."

To slow climate change we must actually reduce carbon emissions, and to achieve this, the Hothouse Earth authors claim, we have to address global "consumption patterns," and make "rapid progress toward slowing or reversing population growth." To escape the double bind, human enterprise has to contract, not grow. "The Business-as-Usual approach of industry and their hand-puppet governments," says Dr. William Rees, "is a prime illustration of one of the few things on Earth that is unlimited: The human capacity for self-delusion."
Young activists respond
"My generation, the millennials, will never know a time when climate change wasn't a grave threat," writes young meteorologist Eric Holthaus in Grist. In response, Holthaus believe the youth are "radically remaking climate activism." In 2016 at the Canada-US border, for example, Emily Johnston closed the emergency shut-off valve on the Enbridge tar-sands pipeline. At her trial she claimed that her action was a "necessity" in response to a climate emergency.

Twenty-one US students have filed a class-action lawsuit against the U.S. government, the president, and federal agencies for violating their constitutional rights to due process and equal protection. By failing to act on climate change, the youth plaintiffs argued that the government had discriminated against youth as a class.

This fall, fifteen-year-old Swedish student Greta Thunberg refused to go to school and instead staged a climate protest at the Swedish parliament. "Facts don't matter any more," Thunberg said. "Politicians aren't listening to the scientists, so why should I learn?" Her protest has attracted support throughout Sweden after a summer of record heat and wildfires.

In Spain this summer, a young activist wrote on a wall: "Ese incómodo momento en que hay que explicar a Galileo que el mundo no gira alrededor del Sol, sino del dinero." ("That uncomfortable moment, in which one must explain to Galileo that the world does not rotate around the sun, but around the money.")

"Gradual or incremental change, with a focus on economic efficiency is not adequate" write the Hothouse Earth authors. The necessary changes require a "fundamental reorientation of human values."

==============
References and Links
"Trajectories of the Earth System in the Anthropocene" PNAS, Will Steffen, Johan Rockström, Katherine Richardson, et al., July , 2018

Canadian follow up to the Hothouse Earthreport: The Conversation, August 22, 2018.

"Global and regional drivers of accelerating CO2 emissions," Michael R. Raupach, Gregg Marland, Philippe Ciais, Corinne Le Quéré, Josep Canadell, Gernot Klepper, and Christopher Field; PNAS, 2007

J. Garrett on economic growth and carbon emissions: "Coupled evolution of economy and atmosphere," Earth System Dynamics, 2012; "Are there basic physical constraints on future anthropogenic emissions of carbon dioxide?," Climate Change, 2011. Springer and pdf; "Long-run evolution of the global economy," Earth System Dynamics.

What Lies Beneath: The Scientific Understatement of Climate Risk, David Spratt and Ian Dunlop, Breakthrough, Melbourne, Australia, 2017.

"Carbon Dioxide Emission-Intensity in Climate Projections: Comparing the Observational Record to Socio-Economic Scenarios." Felix Pretis, Max Roser, Oxford University Dept. of Economics.

"Heatwave sees record high temperatures around world this week," Jonathan Watts, The Guardian, July, 2018

"2018 is on pace to be the 4th-hottest year on record," Eric Levenson, Brandon Miller, CNN, July 28, 2018

All-time heat records have been set all over the world," Jason Samenow, Independent, UK, 5 July 2018

Four hottest years on Record: 2015-18, CNN, based on difference from 20th century average

Fires: "Climate Change sets the world on Fire," DW News, Aug. 2018

French Environment Minister Nicolas Hulot resigns over slow climate progress: Reuters, DW News, Aug. 27, 2018

"Why we're losing the battle to keep global warming below 2C," The Guardian.

Renewable energy growth vs. fossil fuel growth: "The power of Fossil Fuels" Rune Likvern, with data from British Petroleum Statistical Review of World Energy 2018, FractionalFlow.com; and Biophysical Economics Policy Centre; "Fossil fuel expansion crushes renewables," Barry Saxifrage, with data from J. David Hughes, September 2017, National Observer.

"The Energy Sustainability Dilemma," J. David Hughes, 2012, Global Sustainability Research Inc., lecture for Cornell University.

Jeremy Grantham: "Race for our Lives," Morningstar video and file of graphics used: pdf.

"Scientists Warn the UN of Capitalism's Imminent Demise," Nafeez Ahmed, Aug 27 2018, Motherboard

"Report Outlines Climate Change Risks Faced by Insurance Sector,"

Insurance Journal, August 2018

Mayer Hillman on the climate reality no one else will dare mention, Patrick Barkham, The Guardian, April 26, 2018.

"Target atmospheric CO2: Where should humanity aim? J. Hansen, M. Sato, P. Kharecha, et. al. (NASA, Columbia Univ., Univ. Sheffield, Yale Univ., LSCE/IPSL, Boston Univ., Wesleyan Univ., UC Santa Cruz): Cornell University Library

Daily CO ₂ readings: CO2 Earth

Climate Sensitivity to doubling CO ₂ = 2.2 - 4.8°C: Nature; summary in The Guardian

The 1.5 Generation: radically remaking climate activism, Grist, Eric Holthaus, Aug. 22, 2018.

Youth sue federal US government over climate change liability, Grist, 2018.

Greta Thunberg: "The Swedish 15-year-old who's cutting class to fight the climate crisis," The Guardian, Sept. 1, 2018.

about the author

Rex Weyler was a director of the original Greenpeace Foundation, the editor of the organisation's first newsletter, and a co-founder of Greenpeace International in 1979. Rex's column reflects on the roots of activism, environmentalism, and Greenpeace's past, present, and future. The opinions here are his own. Follow him on Twitter or visit his personal website.

by Greenpeace International

"The G19 resolve to act on climate remains steadfast, but what we need now is rapid action to address the climate emergency."

by Rashid Alimov

For many of us, the Chernobyl catastrophe is not history. The disaster itself continues, and its effects can still be felt today.

by Edwin Nichols

When the first shot glass was thrown, nobody involved had any idea they were going to alter the course of history.

In July of this year, during record-smashing heat waves and forest fires, a group of scientists published "Trajectories of the Earth System in the Anthropocene," exploring the risk that climate feedbacks could lead to runaway heating and a "Hothouse Earth." Will Steffen, Johan Rockström, and Katherine Richardson - from the Universities of Stockholm, Australia, and Copenhagen, with colleagues from Stanford, Cambridge, Potsdam, The Netherlands, and elsewhere - published the paper in the US Proceedings of the National Academy of Science.

Earth has not experienced such a hothouse state - characterized by the absence of continental glaciers and sea-level over 100-meters higher - since the Cretaceous period, 100-million years ago. At that time, atmospheric CO ₂ had reached 2000 parts-per-million (ppm) and average temperatures had reached 11°C warmer than the 20th century average. We're now at about 410 ppm CO ₂, and 1°C warmer than the 20th century average. Meanwhile, in spite of good intentions, we have not slowed our carbon emissions.

The Hothouse Earth paper documents how "a psychology of denial" has biased IPCC climate reports, research summaries, policy decisions, and public discourse. As a result, the authors claim, we have failed to act responsibly, and have underestimated the extreme risks of that failure.
Breaking the wrong records
This is a La Niña year - normally the cool phase of the global temperature cycle - but 2018 has broken heat records around the world, the hottest La Niña year in history, on track to be the fourth hottest year ever recorded, following the last three: 2015, 2016, and 2017.

This July, meteorologists recorded 51.3°C (124.3°F) in Ouargla, Algeria, the highest temperature ever reliably recorded in Africa. Quriyat, Oman, recorded an overnight "low" of 42.6°C, the highest "low" temperature ever recorded in the world. Denver, Colorado, tied its all-time high-temperature 40.5°C, and in Quebec, Canada, a prolonged heat wave left 54 people dead. Heat records were set in Tbilisi, Georgia (40.5 °C), Shannon, Ireland (32 °C), and Motherwell, Scotland (33.2 ° C).

"It's not just the magnitude in any one location," said Michael Mann, director of the Earth System Science Center at Pennsylvania State University. "What's unusual is the hemispheric scale of the heatwave."

All-time record highs in Britain melted roofs and buckled train rails. During the World Cup in June and July, the heat grew so intense in Russia that the Football Federation granted hydration breaks to keep players from fainting. This summer, wildfires burned a record 1.3 million acres of British Columbia, Canada. In the Krasnoyarsk region of Russia, daily temperature anomalies reached 7°C above average. In Siberia wildfires accelerated the permafrost melt, causing record methane releases, which adds to global heating, an example of the climate feedbacks that concern the Hothouse Earth authors.
We'll always have Paris
In 2015, many politicians and environmentalists praised the Paris Climate Accord, intended to hold Earth's warming under 2°C with national "pledges" to reduce carbon emissions. However, the Hothouse Earth report notes that the Paris Accord "is almost devoid of substantive language," is not binding, and that "national interests and lowest-common-denominator politics," have undermined the promises.

"Few are willing to contemplate that we have set in motion an irreversible process that poses an existential threat to so-called civilization," wrote William Rees, professor emeritus of human ecology at the University of British Columbia, to fellow researchers. "Even if implemented, the Paris Accord has us on course for a catastrophic 3°C warming - and - it is not being implemented!"

Since the Paris pledges are not being kept, we appear on course for 4°C or more. Kevin Anderson, professor at the University of Manchester and deputy director of the Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research writes that "avoiding even a 4°C rise demands a radical reframing of both the climate change agenda and the economic characterisation of contemporary society."

In 1979, the World Meteorological Organization, with full knowledge of the carbon dioxide risk, convened the first international climate conference in Geneva. At that time, annual carbon emissions of about 5 gigatonnes per year (GtC/yr) were increasing atmospheric CO ₂ content by about 0.5 ppm per year. Now 30 years later, after 29 international climate meetings, and with over 800 international climate laws on the books, carbon emissions have grown to over 10 GtC/yr, and - since carbon sinks have become saturated - we are now increasing atmospheric CO ₂ content by about 3.5 ppm per year, seven times faster.

In August, so disgusted with the pace of climate action by his own government, French Environment Minister Nicolas Hulot resigned. "I don't want to lie any longer," Hulot said. "I don't want to maintain the illusion that my presence in government means that we are meeting these environmental challenges. France is doing more than a lot of other countries [but] it is not doing enough. Europe is not doing enough. The world is not doing enough."
What is enough?
The Hothouse Earth study warns that with a heating of 3 or 4°C, Earth's "self-reinforcing feedbacks" - wildfires, methane release, forest dieback, and so forth - can drive the temperature even higher, toward runaway heating, a "nonlinear process" that no amount of human intervention can control.

Kevin Anderson describes "an endemic bias" among those building emission scenarios, and warns that "the modelling community is actually self-censoring its research focus to conform to the dominant political and economic paradigm."

Steffen and colleagues document a "scholarly reticence" at the research level, that avoids articulating the full risk of climate change. This reticence is magnified by politically-biased climate conference delegations, who understate climate risk in IPCC reports. This downplayed risk is then translated through "executive myopia" within government and business to produce "a policy failure of epic proportions."

"We're moving so slowly," says financial analyst and former Royal Dutch Shell economist Jeremy Grantham, "that by the time we've fully decarbonized our economy, the world will have heated up by 2.5ºC to 3ºC, and a great deal of damage will have been done ... capitalism and mainstream economics simply cannot deal with these problems."

In spite of all our efforts - decades of environmental action, legislation, investment in renewable energy, electric cars, and those 29 climate conferences - total global carbon emissions continue to rise. Since the year 2000, solar and wind have added the equivalent of about 300 million tons of oil (MTOE) to annual energy consumption, a hopeful sign. However, during that same period, fossil fuel consumption increased ten times faster, by over 3000 MTOE, which explains why carbon emissions continue to rise.

In a series of papers from 2011 to 2015, T. J. Garrett, from the Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Utah, explains why: The growth of human economy "cannot be decoupled" from energy consumption. The data shows that for every 1US$ of economic growth, worldwide, human enterprise requires about 9.7 milliwatts (mW) of energy (± 0.3 mW). Contrary to visions about "decoupling" growth from energy, there is no evidence that this decoupling is occurring or could occur. Garrett and others point out that windmills and solar panels also require fossil fuels to build, that more energy stimulates the economy to grow, and that this growth is fed by even more fossil energy.

In the 1950s, anthropologist/ecologist Gregory Bateson and colleagues coined the term "Double Bind" to describe just such a dilemma: Contradictory demands that are inherently impossible to fulfill. According to Garrett, "seeking global prosperity alongside mitigated climate change" puts human enterprise in just such a "double-bind."

To slow climate change we must actually reduce carbon emissions, and to achieve this, the Hothouse Earth authors claim, we have to address global "consumption patterns," and make "rapid progress toward slowing or reversing population growth." To escape the double bind, human enterprise has to contract, not grow. "The Business-as-Usual approach of industry and their hand-puppet governments," says Dr. William Rees, "is a prime illustration of one of the few things on Earth that is unlimited: The human capacity for self-delusion."
Young activists respond
"My generation, the millennials, will never know a time when climate change wasn't a grave threat," writes young meteorologist Eric Holthaus in Grist. In response, Holthaus believe the youth are "radically remaking climate activism." In 2016 at the Canada-US border, for example, Emily Johnston closed the emergency shut-off valve on the Enbridge tar-sands pipeline. At her trial she claimed that her action was a "necessity" in response to a climate emergency.

Twenty-one US students have filed a class-action lawsuit against the U.S. government, the president, and federal agencies for violating their constitutional rights to due process and equal protection. By failing to act on climate change, the youth plaintiffs argued that the government had discriminated against youth as a class.

This fall, fifteen-year-old Swedish student Greta Thunberg refused to go to school and instead staged a climate protest at the Swedish parliament. "Facts don't matter any more," Thunberg said. "Politicians aren't listening to the scientists, so why should I learn?" Her protest has attracted support throughout Sweden after a summer of record heat and wildfires.

In Spain this summer, a young activist wrote on a wall: "Ese incómodo momento en que hay que explicar a Galileo que el mundo no gira alrededor del Sol, sino del dinero." ("That uncomfortable moment, in which one must explain to Galileo that the world does not rotate around the sun, but around the money.")

"Gradual or incremental change, with a focus on economic efficiency is not adequate" write the Hothouse Earth authors. The necessary changes require a "fundamental reorientation of human values."

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References and Links
"Trajectories of the Earth System in the Anthropocene" PNAS, Will Steffen, Johan Rockström, Katherine Richardson, et al., July , 2018

Canadian follow up to the Hothouse Earthreport: The Conversation, August 22, 2018.

"Global and regional drivers of accelerating CO2 emissions," Michael R. Raupach, Gregg Marland, Philippe Ciais, Corinne Le Quéré, Josep Canadell, Gernot Klepper, and Christopher Field; PNAS, 2007

J. Garrett on economic growth and carbon emissions: "Coupled evolution of economy and atmosphere," Earth System Dynamics, 2012; "Are there basic physical constraints on future anthropogenic emissions of carbon dioxide?," Climate Change, 2011. Springer and pdf; "Long-run evolution of the global economy," Earth System Dynamics.

What Lies Beneath: The Scientific Understatement of Climate Risk, David Spratt and Ian Dunlop, Breakthrough, Melbourne, Australia, 2017.

"Carbon Dioxide Emission-Intensity in Climate Projections: Comparing the Observational Record to Socio-Economic Scenarios." Felix Pretis, Max Roser, Oxford University Dept. of Economics.

"Heatwave sees record high temperatures around world this week," Jonathan Watts, The Guardian, July, 2018

"2018 is on pace to be the 4th-hottest year on record," Eric Levenson, Brandon Miller, CNN, July 28, 2018

All-time heat records have been set all over the world," Jason Samenow, Independent, UK, 5 July 2018

Four hottest years on Record: 2015-18, CNN, based on difference from 20th century average

Fires: "Climate Change sets the world on Fire," DW News, Aug. 2018

French Environment Minister Nicolas Hulot resigns over slow climate progress: Reuters, DW News, Aug. 27, 2018

"Why we're losing the battle to keep global warming below 2C," The Guardian.

Renewable energy growth vs. fossil fuel growth: "The power of Fossil Fuels" Rune Likvern, with data from British Petroleum Statistical Review of World Energy 2018, FractionalFlow.com; and Biophysical Economics Policy Centre; "Fossil fuel expansion crushes renewables," Barry Saxifrage, with data from J. David Hughes, September 2017, National Observer.

"The Energy Sustainability Dilemma," J. David Hughes, 2012, Global Sustainability Research Inc., lecture for Cornell University.

Jeremy Grantham: "Race for our Lives," Morningstar video and file of graphics used: pdf.

"Scientists Warn the UN of Capitalism's Imminent Demise," Nafeez Ahmed, Aug 27 2018, Motherboard

"Report Outlines Climate Change Risks Faced by Insurance Sector,"

Insurance Journal, August 2018

Mayer Hillman on the climate reality no one else will dare mention, Patrick Barkham, The Guardian, April 26, 2018.

"Target atmospheric CO2: Where should humanity aim? J. Hansen, M. Sato, P. Kharecha, et. al. (NASA, Columbia Univ., Univ. Sheffield, Yale Univ., LSCE/IPSL, Boston Univ., Wesleyan Univ., UC Santa Cruz): Cornell University Library

Daily CO ₂ readings: CO2 Earth

Climate Sensitivity to doubling CO ₂ = 2.2 - 4.8°C: Nature; summary in The Guardian

The 1.5 Generation: radically remaking climate activism, Grist, Eric Holthaus, Aug. 22, 2018.

Youth sue federal US government over climate change liability, Grist, 2018.

Greta Thunberg: "The Swedish 15-year-old who's cutting class to fight the climate crisis," The Guardian, Sept. 1, 2018.

by Greenpeace International

"The G19 resolve to act on climate remains steadfast, but what we need now is rapid action to address the climate emergency."

by Rashid Alimov

For many of us, the Chernobyl catastrophe is not history. The disaster itself continues, and its effects can still be felt today.

by Edwin Nichols

When the first shot glass was thrown, nobody involved had any idea they were going to alter the course of history.

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Hothouse Earth - Greenpeace International

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In July of this year, during record-smashing heat waves and forest fires, a group of scientists published "Trajectories of the Earth System in the Anthropocene," exploring the risk that climate feedbacks could lead to runaway heating and a "Hothouse Earth."

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Social and economic impacts of Deindustrialisation in Sheffield :)

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The Full Monty | #TBT Trailer | 20th Century FOX

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Describe what are the benefits of working in Canary Wharf today

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BBC - Britain From Above - Stories - Building Britain - The London Docklands

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Since Roman times London's docks had been the engine room of the city's economy. Still the centre of the economy, Canary Wharf is now a grid of modern geometric blocks.Since Roman times London's docks had been the engine room of the city's economy.

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Summer holiday reading

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Located in Kensington. Source of information and talks on a range of subjects. Membership available for 11-18 age group, ideal for students who want to support their studies or demonstrate their enthusiasm for geography in university or job applications.

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Royal Geographical Society - Young Geographer membership

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Young Geographer membership is ideal for students and recent graduates who have a keen interest in geography.

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Paper 1 - Mitigation for climate change What changes have the experts made to their own lives to tackle the climate emergency?

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Paper 1 - Mitigation for climate change What changes have the experts made to their own lives to tackle the climate emergency?

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'We need to reduce our capacity and urge to consume'
'We need to reduce our capacity and urge to consume'
Month after month, there is research showing that climate change is happening faster than we thought. We're in a car hurtling towards the edge of a cliff, we've got our foot on the accelerator, and we're just talking to each other, faffing about. If anything, some of us are even putting the foot further down. What we need to do is stop the car and get out. That has become increasingly clear to me in the last couple of years, which is why I've made changes to my own lifestyle.

These all come from the research we've been doing at my work, and it's all based on climate science. The first - and the hardest for many people - is flying. The evidence is clear that, as far as the climate is concerned, we should keep to one return short-haul flight every two to three years. So it's not that I can't see the world - I could still go abroad at least another 10 times in my life - it's just that I can't go to Istanbul for the weekend.

I've been vegetarian since I was about 15, and pretty much vegan for a year. It's important that everybody goes close to vegetarian, and ideally vegan. Not just that: it's also important that we stop eating so much. The average European eats 3,500 calories a day, which is too much. The planet has had to provide all those unnecessary calories. It's not just about climate change: if you look at land use change, biodiversity loss, fertilisers in the ocean creating dead zones, the massive extinction and loss of insects due to pesticides - these problems are all driven by food.

I've also reduced the volume of new clothing that I buy. The average European buys 24 new items every year. That needs to come down - based on my team's research, I'm aiming for three. I can still keep my wardrobe alive through secondhand, recycled, upgraded, swapped or rented clothes.

C40 is a network bringing together the world's biggest cities, helping them do the best they can on climate. About a year ago, we conducted some research looking at the impact of consumption. Our ever-growing economy in turn requires never-ending growth in consumption. One of the best things you can do to address climate change is go down to a four-day working week. This would take some of the heat out of our ever-expanding economies, reduce our capacity and urge to consume, and create space to live a more balanced life. I plan to do this in the near future. If it means I'm earning a bit less and spending a bit less, but I've got a bit more time on my hands, then that's great.

The massive caveat is that many people in Britain and around the world don't have enough; but those of us with high consumption lifestyles need to balance it out. The main responsibility will always be with large business and governments to fix the mess we're in, but we're now at a point where it's so late that we need action from everyone. You're not disempowered just because you're small, and politicians won't move until we do. Each person can make change happen, so why not do it?
* Tom Bailey, head of 'It would be hypocritical for me to carry on flying to conferences'sustainable

Our holidays now tend to be in Scotland and northern England. We went to Amsterdam, travelling by train and ferry

consumption at C40 Cities Climate Leadership Group
The academic who doesn't fly

I've worked on climate change for nearly 25 years. My first degree was in marine biology and I went on to study warming in the Southern (Antarctic) Ocean, simulating future climates. Now my specialism is land use, agriculture and climate change - not just in terms of emissions from the food that's produced, but also the impact of climate change on our food system, and the uptake of carbon from the atmosphere by soils, trees and vegetation. But it was when I started doing a lot of research on household emissions and individual action that I began to make changes on a personal level.

I gave up flying in 2004. I'd just published a paper looking at the carbon emissions that come from climate scientists like me attending conferences, which academics do a lot. It would have been hypocritical for me to flag up flying as the major part of my carbon footprint, and then carry on doing it.

I have two children. Our holidays now tend to be in Scotland and northern England. We went to Amsterdam the year before last, travelling by train and ferry, and the kids have enjoyed those longer trips. Maybe they'll gripe at me when I'm in my rocking chair, saying, "Dad, you never took us to Disney World, Florida and I'm in counselling for it now", but I suspect they won't.

My youngest, Molly, who is 12, has been involved in the school climate strikes. She was proud to go on the march. For a lot of kids these days, you stand out if you're not taking action. As a family, we've been vegetarian for about six months. We'd already been cutting down on meat, but Molly was the one who pushed it further - she's pretty much vegan. Of course, some vegetarian food has high food miles, but as a rule of thumb, a vegetarian meal is going to have a substantially lower carbon footprint than a meat one.
'Societal collapse could happen quite quickly'
I've never said "never" to flying. If I get an email from Donald Trump's office saying that if I fly over and talk to him, he'll be convinced to take action against climate change, then I'll be straight on that flight. So it's always about weighing up the cost-benefit. For me, nothing in the last 15 years has justified flying.

The vice-chancellor who quit her job to live off-grid

I was a cognitive psychologist, an academic happily ascending the career ladder. I knew about climate change, and I knew that things were looking a bit gloomy, but I hadn't really acquainted myself with the facts. The alarm bells weren't ringing. People tend to have faith that those in high places know what they're doing when it comes to climate change. It's a trap I fell into myself.

I moved into academic management and got what was effectively my dream job: pro-vice chancellor at Arden University, a campus and distance-learning university based in Coventry. In July 2018, I came across Prof Jem Bendell's Deep Adaptation paper, which was going viral online. Here was someone with credibility and a good track record who, having studied the science, was saying that we're no longer looking at mitigation, we're looking at adaptation; that societal collapse is inevitable.

Being a vice-chancellor no longer meant anything to me. I gave up my career, and I'm so much happier as a result

People are starting to talk about the kind of spiritual awakening you get in these situations: an "ecophany". I concluded that banging on about climate change on social media was not enough, and became involved with grassroots activism. Being a vice-chancellor no longer meant anything to me. I gave up my career, and I'm so much happier as a result. Now I talk at conferences and events about the need for urgent action and I have taken part in direct actions with Extinction Rebellion, including the closing of five London bridges last November and speaking in Parliament Square during the April rebellion.
* Dr Alison Green, national director (UK) at awareness charity Scientists Warning and former pro vice-chancellor, Arden University
The science shows that societal collapse could be triggered by any one of a number of things, and once triggered, it could happen quite quickly. I suppose I'm being protective towards my four children, aged between 16 and 24, but in the event, I feel I need to be somewhere where I'm growing my own food, living in an eco-house, trying to live off-grid. It would give me some security; I don't feel secure where I live in Cambridge at the moment - I'm concerned by thoughts like, "What would happen if I turned the tap on and there was no water?". On our current trajectory, cities will not necessarily be safe places in the future - possibly within my own lifetime, certainly within my children's.
'All those shampoo bottles can't be recycled'
I am putting my house on the market. My aim is to move to north Wales or Scotland and get a smallholding. I've had to think differently when house-hunting: is it energy-efficient? Does it have access to water? Is it above sea level by a certain amount? Where's the slope facing, so I can grow food. I need to get solar panels up, and a friend has offered some help with a wind turbine. It's a way of life that's always appealed to me; now it seems really urgent.

I'm very aware that I'm privileged in being able to do this. It's frightening to think about homeless people, people who are in rented accommodation. Who will look out for them?

The sustainability expert who has gone plastic-free

I am the carbon specialist on the HS2-enabling works from Euston to the M25, looking at ways to reduce the carbon impact of the project, but I used to work for Unilever in Dubai. I looked after environment and sustainability, and set the blueprint for waste reduction strategies for Unilever across the Middle East. I'd studied sustainability and carbon management, but it was only when we were setting up a second factory, looking into the waste output that would come from the manufacturing process, that it hit home: all those shampoo bottles can't actually be recycled. And then you think about how long you've been on this planet, how many bottles you've used - it makes you step back and reflect.

Your average soap bottle has about five different types of plastic, and unless each bit is dismantled, it's not completely recyclable. The little pump is made from one type of plastic, the pipe is made from another, and then you've got the spring. We've got so used to going into the supermarket, putting something into our baskets and coming home, but we haven't considered what happens at the end of its life.

At the start of this year, I decided to go plastic-free in the bathroom. I switched to a bamboo toothbrush, which turned out to be a lot better and more durable than my plastic one. The handle is made from bamboo, and the bristles on the replaceable head are biodegradable. And, at the end of its life, I can use the handle as a garden marker. Growing up in India, from a very early age we were taught not to waste - it has always been part of how I was brought up.

Photograph: Shutterstock

* Siobhán Pereira, carbon specialist at construction and engineering firm Costain Group
I bought some blocks of handmade eco-friendly soaps, and a chemical-free toothpaste in a glass jar that I can reuse when it's empty. There is an additional cost to many eco choices, which makes it an elitist thing. You're doing it because you can afford to. In an ideal world, I would like to see it being mainstream, rather than thinking, "If I buy this, do I have to compromise on something else on my shopping list?".
'It's all about the big three: flying, driving and eating meat'
I'm a vegetarian, and I don't drive - I can frequently be seen walking the streets of Maidenhead carrying bags of recycling - but I do still fly. It weighs on my conscience; can you imagine studying carbon management and flying home to Dubai for Christmas? I can remember coming back in January and feeling 30 pairs of eyes turn on me when they found out. But I was like, "I miss my mum!". I've been recording all of my flights, and am saving up to offset the carbon footprint, through organisations like My Climate or WWF. Again, it just goes back to the financial cost of trying to do the right thing by the environment.

We're on track for a global warming of three to four degrees. We're seeing whales being washed up with 40kg of plastic in their bellies. It's tempting to think, what difference is my plastic-free bathroom going to make? But several billion people thinking that way is what got us to where we are.

The associate professor who cut her emissions in half

I grew up in the countryside and loved spending time outside, first in California and later Alaska. I now study ways to keep carbon out of the atmosphere; how to reduce our climate pollution quickly and fairly.

Individual choices matter: 72% of global greenhouse gas emissions come from household decisions, including mobility (especially using cars and planes), diet (especially meat and dairy consumption), and housing (heating and cooling, and electricity consumption).

The largest share of climate pollution comes from the 10% of the global population lucky enough to live on $23 (£18) per day or more, a group that includes most people in rich countries like the UK. ( The poor cause very little climate pollution, so there's not a lot of room for them to reduce their emissions.)

To limit warming to 1.5C, our generation must stop adding greenhouse gases to the atmosphere. The next decade is critical; emissions need to start plummeting towards zero today. We can get started by very quickly cutting today's emissions in half.

Photograph: Shutterstock

I've already cut mine in half, based on how excessively I was polluting the climate before, by focusing on high-impact personal climate actions. When I was in graduate school in California, I had two cars. I was driving up to four hours a day. I now live a 15-minute walk from work and no longer own a car. I stopped flying within Europe in 2012, and cut my flying back by 80% - the only flights I take are back to North America, to see my family. I stopped eating meat and milk several years ago.

The climate impact of bringing a child into the world is something my husband and I have talked about. Essentially, burning fossil fuels and eating meat are the things that are driving climate change - the more people we have doing those things, the higher those emissions are. That is one factor among many that will inform our decision over whether we start a family. A different but related question is: what kind of world would a child born today grow up in?
* Dr Kimberly Nicholas, associate professor of sustainability science at Lund University, Sweden
What matters for climate change is how much greenhouse gases we emit to the atmosphere. A lot of people have started to use keep-cups and reusable water bottles. These choices reduce waste, but are not high-impact climate actions - they have a much smaller effect compared with the big three: flying, driving and eating meat.

For example, eating a plant-based diet for one year saves over 150 times more greenhouse gases compared with a year of using a reusable shopping bag. And you would have to recycle everything in your household comprehensively for almost eight years to equal the greenhouse gas emissions sav ed by skipping just one round-trip flight from London to New York.

Those of us who happen to be alive today are determining the future of humanity. We have to be serious about our responsibility. Individual actions reinforce and support politicians in making the bold choices necessary to tackle the problem on the scale that's needed. We've got to act fast.

You can check your own carbon footprint using carbon calculators such as Berkeley's peer-reviewed CoolClimate and the WWF's tool.

If you would like a comment on this piece to be considered for inclusion on Weekend magazine's letters page in print, please email weekend@theguardian.com, including your name and address (not for publication).
Topics

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No flights, a four-day week and living off-grid: what climate scientists do at home to save the planet

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'We need to reduce our capacity and urge to consume' 'We need to reduce our capacity and urge to consume' Month after month, there is research showing that climate change is happening faster than we thought. We're in a car hurtling towards the edge of a cliff, we've got our foot on the accelerator, and we're just talking to each other, faffing about.

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T1 - List of documentaries on Hazardous Earth

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T1 - List of documentaries on Hazardous Earth

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Descriptions of grade boundaries and what is needed to improve

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Simple break down and basic overview of the three papers

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Fault lines are located in many parts of the world and are closely related to the structure of the Earth. It’s important to understand the causes, impacts and responses to this tectonic activity.

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Haiti is part of a large Caribbean island called Hispaniola. The Dominican Republic is located to the east of Haiti and covers over half of the island.

Cause of the earthquake

Haiti lies right on the boundary of the Caribbean and North American plates. There was slippage along a conservative plate boundary that runs through Haiti.

On 12 January 2010, a magnitude 7 earthquake hit Haiti at 16:53 local time. The earthquake's epicentre was 25 km west of Port-au-Prince, the capital. Most people, businesses and services were located in the capital.

Social impacts of the earthquake (effects on people)

3 million people affected.

Over 220,000 deaths.

300,000 injured.

1.3 million made homeless.

Several hospitals collapsed.

Economic impacts of the earthquake (effects on money and jobs)

30,000 commercial buildings collapsed.

Businesses destroyed.

Damage to the main clothing industry.

Airport and port damaged.

Many of the effects were immediate or primary , eg injuries from falling buildings. Some secondary effects didn't happen until many months later, eg cholera outbreaks. The effects of this earthquake were particularly bad because of the following reasons:

there were very few earthquake-resistant buildings

buildings and other structures were poorly built

the epicentre was near to the capital

there were few resources to rescue or treat injured people

Response to the earthquake

Haiti is a very poor country without the money and resources to redevelop. It is one of the least developed countries in the world with most Haitians living on $2 or less per day, about £1.30.

Because there were few earthquake-resistant buildings , the devastation was massive. Many buildings simply collapsed or were damaged beyond repair.

Primary responses

Neighbouring Dominican Republic provided emergency water and medical supplies as well as heavy machinery to help with search and rescue underneath the rubble, but most people were left to dig through the rubble by hand.

Emergency rescue teams arrived from a number of countries, eg Iceland.

Medical teams began treating the injured - temporary field hospitals were set up by organisations like the International Committee of the Red Cross.

GIS was used to provide satellite images and maps of the area, to assist aid organisations.

People from around the world watched the news from Haiti on TV and through social networks. Many pledged money over their mobile phones.

United Nations troops and police were sent to help distribute aid and keep order.

Secondary responses

Money was pledged by organisations and governments to assist in rebuilding, but only slow progress had been made after one year.

After one year, there were still 1,300 camps.

'Cash for work' programs are paying Haitians to clear rubble.

Small farmers are being supported - so crops can be grown.

Schools are being rebuilt.

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BBC Bitesize - KS3 Geography - Earthquakes - Revision 2

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T7 - Forest's under threat revision sheet

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T7 - Forest's under threat revision sheet

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Revision questions for topic 7

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Topic-7-Revision-Sheet and 8 markers (3)

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T7 -Forests under threat - short questions and help sheet for answers

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T7 -Forests under threat - short questions and help sheet for answers

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T7 - Knowledge organiser - Forests under threat

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T7 - Knowledge organiser - Forests under threat

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Use this mark scheme to check your timed conditions answers to the paper 3 mock

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Paper 3 Mock paper - resource booklet 2/3

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Paper 3 Mock paper - resource booklet 2/3

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Paper 3 Mock paper - questions section 1/3 

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Read through these and answer all questions using the resource booklet then check your answers using the mark scheme

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Living near volcanoes - BBC documentary

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T1 - Japan 2011 Earthquake & Tsunami Case Study of a tectonic hazard in a developed country. Amazing facts and tsunami videos! (grade 6-9)

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T1 - Japan 2011 Earthquake & Tsunami Case Study of a tectonic hazard in a developed country. Amazing facts and tsunami videos! (grade 6-9)

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Japanese Tōhoku Earthquake of March 11th 2011 Tectonic setting of the hazard. The nature of the hazard (type, magnitude, frequency) Vulnerability, (prediction, prevention, preparation). The impact of the event (social, economic, environmental), in the short and longer term. Responses to the event (international and domestic) – Immediate and long term

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A page of resources to help students understand the causes effects and management of an earthquake in an MEDC

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Haiti 2010; Case study of developing country tectonic disaster

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Haiti 2010; Case study of developing country tectonic disaster

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Causes, impacts, primary and secondary impacts. Responses over long and short term (social, economic, environmental and political)

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A page of resources to help with AQA's Development Gap Geography unit

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T1 - Japan 2011: Case study of earthquake and tsunami in a developed country (grade 1-7

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T1 - Japan 2011: Case study of earthquake and tsunami in a developed country (grade 1-7

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GCSE BBC Bitesize case study notes, videos and facts

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On Friday, March 11, 2011 at 2.46 PM, an earthquake of magnitude 9.0 on the Richter scale occurred. It was at the point where the Pacific tectonic plate slides beneath the North American plate. The epicentre was 30 kilometres below the Pacific Ocean sea bed and 129 kilometres off the east coast of Honshu, Japan. This triggered a tsunami. Waves were generated and travelled across the Pacific Ocean. The area worst affected by the tsunami was the east coast of Honshu in Japan.

Effects

Infrastructure

The wave travelled as far as 10 km inland in Sendai.

The tsunami flooded an area of approximately 561 km 2 .

The waves destroyed protective tsunami seawalls at several locations.

The massive surge destroyed three-storey buildings where people had gathered for safety.

A state of emergency was declared at the Fukushima nuclear power plant, where a cooling system failed and released radioactive materials into the environment.

In July 2013, TEPCO, the Tokyo Electric Power Company, admitted that about 300 tons of radioactive water continued to leak from the plant every day into the Pacific Ocean.

Social and economic

Four years after the earthquake, around 230,000 people who lost their homes were still living in temporary housing.

The total damages from the earthquake and tsunami are estimated at 300 billion dollars (about 25 trillion yen), according to the Japanese government.

The number of confirmed deaths as of April 10, 2015 is 15,891. Most people died by drowning. More than 2,500 people are still reported missing.

Responses to the disaster

The country recently unveiled a newly-installed, upgraded tsunami warning system.

Earthquake engineers examined the damage, looking for ways to construct buildings which are more resistant to quakes and tsunamis. Studies are ongoing.

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BBC Bitesize - GCSE Geography - Earthquakes and tsunamis - Edexcel - Revision 8

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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Page 8of 8 On Friday, March 11, 2011 at 2.46 PM, an earthquake of magnitude 9.0 on the Richter scale occurred. It was at the point where the Pacific tectonic plate slides beneath the North American plate.

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Topics 5 & 6 Answering assess questions - practice and model answers

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Topics 5 & 6 Answering assess questions - practice and model answers

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May half-term h/w

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DataShine Census

The 2011 Census, mapped with context

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The 2011 Census, mapped with context for England/Wales.

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T1 - Case Study - UK impacts of climate change 

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T1 - Case Study - UK impacts of climate change 

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Level 7-9 detail for impacts of climate change and coastal flooding in the UK

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Village of the DAMMED: Entire Welsh village to be 'decommissioned' and its population forced to move after government warns it will be lost to the sea

Villagers furious over plans to abandon sea defence maintenance for the picturesque village of Fairbourne, Wales

They say property prices have nose-dived and businesses are struggling because the village could be left to the sea

Campaigner says the plans are based on 'aggressive' sea level forecasts which don't take into account other views

Residents are trying to pay for legal action to review the council plans and want compensation if they are moved

Residents of a Welsh coastal resort have been left trapped in their homes by council plans to abandon sea defences and allow their village to be swallowed up by the sea.

People living in picturesque Fairbourne in Cardigan Bay are digging in for a bitter legal battle against plans to 'decommission' their village and flood their streets with sea water.

They are fighting the plans they say are based 'nonsensical' predictions and demanding compensation over moves to move them.

Council plans propose the 500-home village undergo 'managed realignment' and eventually be 'decommissioned' after the sea defences are abandoned in 40 years.

As a result, locals say house prices in Fairbourne have plummeted, meaning residents are unable to sell up and move on. Businesses are now also struggling to attract long-term investment.

Locals are angry that the plans seem to be based on an assumption that sea levels will rise by a whole metre in the next century, something they dispute.

Campaigner Pete Cole says the village has been written off due to an 'aggressive model' used by planners, which was not used for other areas of the coastline.

He says another forecast concluded that sea levels could be expected to rise around 50cm rather than one metre in the next 100 years and with only a modest 20 to 30cm rise in the next 50 years.

Mr Cole said: 'We have been hurt by the actions of the agencies who adopted these plans without thinking of the ramifications.'

The village's 1,100 residents are now saving to fund legal action against the plans and say they have already raised 10 per cent of the amount needed to pay a barrister.

The first homes in Fairbourne were built around 1900 on land which was been reclaimed from the sea, which is only just above sea level. It is protected by defences which were first built in the last 19th century.

A council document shown to residents setting out the planned changes states: 'In the medium term over the next 50 years plans have to have been put in place and implemented to abandon defences and for the people to relocate. In the long term defences would not be maintained.'

It continues: 'It is possible to increase the levels of defences. The embankment could be raised, shingle could be brought in to defend the shoreline, and pumps could be installed to deal with increased rainfall.

'This would incur very significant cost, with on‐going increase in costs.

'Even in attempting to defend people, this risk is such that should defences be overtopped, or worse still breached, then the consequences would be immense and put people's lives at risk.'

Gwynedd Councillor John Wynn Jones told the BBC that the council would work with residents to find solutions which were 'acceptable to the community'.

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Welsh village could be lost to sea due to new plans

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Villagers furious over plans to abandon sea defence maintenance for the picturesque village of Fairbourne, Wales They say property prices have nose-dived and businesses are struggling because the village could be left to the sea Campaigner says the plans are based on 'aggressive' sea level forecasts which don't take into

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T4 - May half-term revision questions for paper 2 UK physical geography

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T4 - May half-term revision questions for paper 2 UK physical geography

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Mock questions for May half-term h/w

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T2 - Sadar Sarovar Dam Case Study - levels 7-9

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T2 - Sadar Sarovar Dam Case Study - levels 7-9

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What happened to the families

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NEW DELHI, Feb 10 (Thomson Reuters Foundation) - After a decades-long struggle by campaigners, India's top court has ordered Madhya Pradesh state to compensate hundreds of families forced from their homes to make way for a dam.

The Supreme Court on Wednesday ordered the state government to pay 6 million rupees ($90,000) to each of the 681 families who did not receive any compensation for their land that was acquired for the Sardar Sarovar project in western India.

"You have been struggling for compensation for 38 years. We are giving it to you in one shot," Chief Justice J.S. Khehar told counsel for rights group Narmada Bachao Andolan (NBA), or Save the Narmada Movement, which had filed the petition.

The ambitious Sardar Sarovar dam is the centrepiece of the multi-billion dollar Narmada Valley development project to provide water and power to millions in India's west through a series of dams, reservoirs and canals spanning three states.

It was completed in 2006, about two decades after construction began. The project has been mired in controversy since it was conceived in the 1960s, with protracted battles over water sharing, evictions and compensation.

The NBA has said the dam displaced 320,000 people - many of them poor tribal farmers who were not properly resettled on fertile land - and disrupted the lives of tens of thousands more. Thousands have still not been compensated, the NBA said.

The families who have won compensation had remained on their land, refusing to accept the state's terms. The court asked them to leave by July 31.

The court also ordered the state to pay 1.5 million rupees each to 1,358 families who had earlier agreed the compensation, and asked the states of Gujarat and Maharashtra to prepare a plan for relief and rehabilitation for others displaced there.

"I am happy with the Supreme Court order, but I think the court should have covered more families for compensation," said Medha Patkar, lead campaigner of NBA.

"All the affected families would have benefited then."

About 65 million people were displaced in India by dams, highways, mines, power plants and airports between 1950 and 2005, according to Geneva-based Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre. Less than a fifth have been resettled.

The fight for land and resources has intensified in India in recent years as the government looks to generate economic growth and jobs for 1.2 billion citizens.

While legislation has been introduced to protect the rights of poor villagers and farmers over their land, the laws are often diluted or not implemented properly, activists say.

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judicial process / court cases / court decisions

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industrial machinery / equipment (legacy)

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Indian families uprooted by dam win compensation after decades-long...

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NEW DELHI, Feb 10 (Thomson Reuters Foundation) - After a decades-long struggle by campaigners, India's top court has ordered Madhya Pradesh state to compensate hundreds of families forced from their homes to make way for a dam.

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Case study fact file on Tyhpoon Haiyan

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The Philippines consists of a group of islands in the South China Sea. The country regularly suffers from large typhoons that move in from the south west every year during the tropical storm season. This case study is about Typhoon Haiyan, which is unofficially the fourth most intense tropical cyclone ever observed.

Facts about the Philippines & UK (from CIA Fact book 2014)

The Philippines sits in an area of seasonally warm ocean water (sea temperatures over 27°C) and has enough Coriolis Force to create rotating winds over the ocean's surface.
Sea-level rise is happening globally but is particularly affecting the Philippines. It is caused by global warming and has gone up by about 20cm since 1900. These sea level rises create larger storm surges.
Use of groundwater has caused parts of the country to sink.
The worst affected city, Tacloban, is at the end of a bay that funnelled water from the storm surge.

NASA image of Typhoon Haiyan
By NASA, LAADS Web

Timeline of development;
* 2nd November 2013 - Typhoon Haiyan starts as an area of low pressure several hundred kilometers east-southeast of Pohnpei in the Federated States of Micronesia.
* 3rd November - moves west and develops into a tropical depression
* 4th November - Haiyan becomes a tropical storm
* 5th November - the system began a period of rapid intensification that brought it to typhoon intensity.
* 7th November - Typhoon Haiyan made landfall in Guiuan, Eastern Samar
* 10th to 11th of November - Haiyan reaches Vietnam and weakens in intensity
Impacts
Quick facts according to the Disasters and Emergency Committee of the UK
* Typhoon Haiyan - known locally as Yolanda - hit eastern Samar Island at 8.40pm GMT on 7 November 2013 (4.40am 8th November local time).
* It caused a storm surge - a wall of water - that was 25 feet high in some areas, including in the town of Tacloban.
* Over 14 million people were affected across 46 provinces.
* The city of Tacloban, home to more than 220,000 people, suffered more loss of life than any other area of the Philippines.
* Five million people saw their homes severely damaged or destroyed (550,000 houses destroyed and an additional 580,000 houses were severely damaged).

Devastation in Tacloban
By Trocaire from Ireland (DSC_0749)

Typhoon Haiyan is one of the most devastating storms of recent history. It killed approximately 7400 people (6,340 confirmed, 1,061 missing) and affected 9 million people. Immediately after the storm the Philippines faced a humanitarian crisis after the Visayas Islands in the central part of the country had 1.9 million homeless and more than 6,000,000 displaced.
The economy was affected, with estimated losses at $2.9billion with much of this in agriculture. The major rice and sugar producing areas for the Philippines were destroyed. A total of 131,611 tons of rice was lost (Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO)), together with much of the coconut crop which is nearly half the Philippines agricultural exports (the country is the world's biggest producer of coconut oil). 5.9 million Workers lost income sources according to USAID. Tacloban airport terminal building was also completely destroyed by a 5m storm surge.
The United Nations feared the possibility of the spread of disease is high due to the lack of food, water, shelter, and medication. In addition, casualties were reported as a result of the lack of aid in affected areas. Socially people were affected; they became refugees in lass affected areas and migrated there. Also, fishing communities were affected with the storm destroying boats and associated equipment.
The natural environment was also affected, with loss of forests, trees and widespread flooding. Local ecosystems were also affected by sewage leaking from overwhelmed sewage systems and oil leaks. A lack of sanitation in days following the event also leads to a higher level of pollution.

Management & responses
The government was criticised for its slow response to this event. However, the Philippines formally declared "A State of National Calamity" and asked for international help; one day after the Haiyan hit the country. A week after the typhoon had struck President Benigno Aquino was under growing pressure to speed up the distribution of networks or food, water and medicine to desperate survivors and to get paralysed local governments functioning. However, the storm damaged infrastructure making response difficult. For example, the Tacloban city government was decimated, with just 70 workers in the immediate days after the disaster compared to 2,500 normally. Many were killed, injured, lost family or were simply too traumatised to work.

By December, water tanks had been installed by charities like Oxfam but not in all areas.
6 Months later, many people still had limited access to shelter and water. NGOs like the International Red cross were trying to provide adequate settlements, fresh water access and access to jobs/livelihood.
The Philippines authorities have invested in disaster risk reduction (DRR) and climate change adaptation (CCA). They spent $624m on this in 2011 - two per cent of the national budget and 0.28 per cent of GDP - while at least five per cent of a local authority's revenue is set aside for its Local Disaster Risk Reduction Management Fund

NEXT TOPIC - UK Weather hazards

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The Philippines consists of a group of islands in the South China Sea. The country regularly suffers from large typhoons that move in from the south west every year during the tropical storm season. This case study is about Typhoon Haiyan, which is unofficially the fourth most intense tropical cyclone ever observed.

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Revision check list - development dilemmas

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Revision check list - development dilemmas

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T2 -Exam questions and model answers with mark schemes

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T2 -Exam questions and model answers with mark schemes

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Attempt each question then test yourself on the model answers

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Bedzed - sustainable, energy efficient homes in South London 

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Bedzed - sustainable, energy efficient homes in South London 

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To go with case study notes

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BedZED - south London's answer to sustainable housing

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T9 - Skills H/W for weekend of May 4th and 5th

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T9 - Skills H/W for weekend of May 4th and 5th

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T9 - Biogas in Kenya - links to a paper 1 

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T9 - Biogas in Kenya - links to a paper 1 

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Project aim: Reducing deforestation and CO2 emissions in Kenya by promoting biogas units

Project implementation: The NGO atmosfair is subsidizing small farmers to install the units. They are also training bricklayers and technicians and offering advice on how to properly deal with the resulting sludge

Project scope: Since 2001, some 800 biogas units have been built in Kenya's Kiambu County. That number is expected to reach 2000 by the end of 2022

Project partner: atmosfair, Sustainable Energy Strategies

Over 80 percent of Kenyans use firewood or charcoal to cook. But that's a problem in a country with high rates of deforestation. Small biogas units could help save Kenya's trees - gas from cow manure even cooks food more quickly than firewood. As the units also cut down on hazardous smoke, they are better for people's health, too. They also mean farmers no longer have to collect or buy wood or fell trees, which is helping to halt deforestation. The biogas units produce sludge as a byproduct. Since this is a better fertilizer than cow manure, local farmers are now hoping for a good harvest.
A film by Julia Henrichmann

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Kenya: Biogas units running on cow dung help farmers | DW | 02.04.2019

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Project aim: Reducing deforestation and CO2 emissions in Kenya by promoting biogas units Project implementation: The NGO atmosfair is subsidizing small farmers to install the units. They are also training bricklayers and technicians and offering advice on how to properly deal with the resulting sludge Project scope: Since 2001, some 800 biogas units have been built in Kenya's Kiambu County.

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Environmental impacts - for completing slides at home

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Environmental impacts - for completing slides at home

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Yours and your parent's coffee can save the planet! Go vote before April 30th 

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Yours and your parent's coffee can save the planet! Go vote before April 30th 

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An amazing alternative biofuel to palm oil made from used coffee grinds has been invented in Scotland and needs your vote to win funding. Take two minutes to cast your vote here before April 30th. Share with your family and friends :)

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Revive Eco | Scotland Finalist | Chivas Venture 2019

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Revive Eco aims to eradicate the traditional 'take, make, dispose' way of thinking by transforming used coffee grounds into environmentally-friendly products.

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To learn for Monday

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8 mark questions - examples for Paper, 1,2,3 and paragraph structures

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8 mark questions - examples for Paper, 1,2,3 and paragraph structures

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Summer term 1 revision H/W

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To go with handout from other h/w

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Week 28 H/W - read section and complete questions - Part 1

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Week 28 H/W - read section and complete questions - Part 1

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Complete for test on Wednesday - in books marked h/w

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T1 - Why we're heading for a 'climate catastrophe' - BBC Newsnight l

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T1 - Why we're heading for a 'climate catastrophe' - BBC Newsnight l

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Scientists say the world is completely off track for carbon emission targets.

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Why we're heading for a 'climate catastrophe' - BBC Newsnight

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T1 - Climate scientists reveal their fears for the future L7-9

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T1 - Climate scientists reveal their fears for the future L7-9

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Climate scientists rarely speak publicly about their personal views. But in the wake of some extreme weather events in Australia, the specialists who make predictions about our climate reveal they're experiencing sometimes deep anxieties.

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Climate scientists reveal their fears for the future

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Threats and protection to the taiga forest

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Threats and protection to the taiga forest

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T3 - Netflix movie set in Malawi - watch for Development Dynamics Case study, Spring Break

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T3 - Netflix movie set in Malawi - watch for Development Dynamics Case study, Spring Break

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The Boy Who Harnessed The Wind | Offical Trailer [HD] | Netflix

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Threats to the Taiga - Case Study; Canada's Tar Sand

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Threats to the Taiga - Case Study; Canada's Tar Sand

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Canada's Tar Sands: The most destructive project on Earth? - Truthloader

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Threats to the Taiga - H/W resource for week 27

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Threats to the Taiga - H/W resource for week 27

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Make notes for Friday

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Buy for spring break revision

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GCSE Grades 9-1: Geography Edexcel B Revision and Exam Practice Book

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This joint Revision and Exam Practice Book provides everything students need to achieve the highest pass in their GCSE 9-1 Geography exams. A free revision app accompanies the book, allowing students to plan and revise on the go with quick-fire practice questions and flash cards.

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Palm Oil - direct threat to the rainforest Case Study

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Palm Oil - direct threat to the rainforest Case Study

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Any increase in production or development of new industry will bring both advantages and disadvantages.

Palm oil in Indonesia

Advantages

Indonesia has a huge international debt and palm oil will bring in money which may help to pay off part of the debt.

The income generated from the sale of palm oil may mean that Indonesia does not have to borrow more money and go deeper into debt.

The development of palm oil plantations will provide jobs for many people. The income from palm oil is used to improve the standard of living of the local people. The demand for products made from palm oil is rising so Indonesia is guaranteed income in future years.

Disadvantages

More than 40 million hectares of rainforest has been lost in the last 45 years and the amount of rainforest loss is still increasing.

The rainforests are home to many animals which could become extinct as logging and burning destroy their habitat. The native way of life of the rainforest people is threatened as destroying the rainforest restricts the land available for hunting and farming.

Large areas are cleared by burning which increases the amount of CO 2 emissions leading to an increase of greenhouse gases and global warming.

Tourism in Gambia

Advantages

Tourism brings much needed money into the developing country, which will improve their standard of living.

It will provide jobs for locals, many of them requiring little skill. The money generated can help projects like nature reserves.

Disadvantages

Most locals can't afford to use the facilities and beaches. Employment may only be seasonal. Prices are low, due to competition, which limits income.

All tourist income is in the coastal areas so inland areas don't develop. Many resorts are owned by foreign companies, so the profits go abroad.

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Impact of world trade patterns - Revision 2 - Higher Geography - BBC Bitesize

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Any increase in production or development of new industry will bring both advantages and disadvantages. Indonesia has a huge international debt and palm oil will bring in money which may help to pay off part of the debt.

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Case Study - Forests Under Threat - REDD Project in Brazil

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Case Study - Forests Under Threat - REDD Project in Brazil

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Print out and use as case study for

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Protecting tropical forest ecosystems - CITES CASE STUDY

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Protecting tropical forest ecosystems - CITES CASE STUDY

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GCSE Geography Case Studies - Rougemont Wiki

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gcse geography case studies - rougemont wiki

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the convention on international trade in endangered species (cites)

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The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES)

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PROTECTING tropical forest ecosystems - REDD info

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PROTECTING tropical forest ecosystems - REDD info

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International Institute for Environment and Development

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Deforestation is a global issue. Beyond its destructive impacts on biodiversity and the livelihoods of forest-dependent people, it is a major driver of climate change and accounts for roughly a fifth of global greenhouse gas emissions. The bulk of carbon dioxide emissions come from deforestation in just seven tropical countries, including Brazil and Indonesia.

REDD - 'reducing emissions from deforestation and degradation' - could offer a way forward, as IIED's growing body of REDD research and reports reflects.

What is REDD?

Put very simply, REDD involves some kind of incentive for changing the way forest resources are used. As such, it offers a new way of curbing CO2 emissions through paying for actions that prevent forest loss or degradation. These transfer mechanisms can include carbon trading, or paying for forest management.

There is as yet no formal mechanism for REDD with international recognition under the Kyoto Protocol, but voluntary REDD projects are starting round the world. It is becoming clear that to be effective, payment needs to be tailored to address specific national and local drivers of deforestation over time.

How does REDD work?

As a concept, REDD is simple. Funding rewards good forest management in developing countries and makes poor forest management, such as indiscriminate unenforced logging, less profitable than the sustainable alternative.

REDD, as currently conceived, involves payments to developing countries that will prevent deforestation or degradation that would otherwise have taken place. The source of this funding can be from carbon trading, where actors in industrialised countries offset their own emissions by transferring funds as carbon credits to developing countries. Or it can be some other mechanism such as a trust fund, which does not depend on offsets.

The payments then, in principle, go towards actions that enable developing countries to conserve or sustainably use their forests (say, through more appropriate harvesting of wood and other forest products), when they might otherwise not have been able to do so.

This points to one of REDD's potential advantages, particularly at a time of volatile global economics: it can be cheap in comparison to other mitigation activities, such as carbon capture or renewable energy. Although the point is arguable, leaving forests more or less alone can bring benefits for very little cost.

Tropical rainforests are, next to ocean reefs, the richest ecosystems on Earth. Worldwide, forests are also home - or a treasurehouse of resources - to some 70 million people, according to the Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN. Managing forests sustainably so they serve the people dependent on them, continue to house an extraordinary range of wild plants and animals, and meet the global imperative to sequester carbon, is now a matter for urgent action.

What are the challenges of REDD?

A range of political and technical challenges stood in the way of REDD's recognition by the Kyoto Protocol. But the Coalition for Rainforest Nations ensured REDD re-emerged as an issue at the 2005 Conference of the Parties (COP) to the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change, in Montreal.

At the 2007 COP in Bali, REDD became a key element in the Bali Roadmap, the action plan for negotiating a new climate regime by the end of 2009. By 2008, at the most recent COP in Poznan, Poland, REDD had become the centre of heated debate.

Those promoting REDD see it as a means of supporting forest conservation and a low-cost mechanism for reducing carbon emissions. Critics argue that industrialised countries must not be absolved of their domestic responsibilities to cut carbon dioxide emissions.

There are concerns, too, about the negative impacts REDD payments might have on forest-dependent communities, primarily through further weakening of their land and resource rights. There are also potential and complex links with agriculture. Limiting the expansion of agriculture could have impacts on the supply of food and other agricultural products.

To be effective as mitigation, REDD projects have to meet a number of stringent criteria. They must avoid 'leakage', for instance - where conservation in one area simply shifts deforestation to another. REDD projects and programmes also need to be 'additional' - that is, they must lead directly to reductions in deforestation and degradation that would not have happened simply as a result of wider changes in the economy. A project baseline needs to be established to measure progress in reducing greenhouse gas emissions.

Land tenure and forest governance are also key factors that will determine the success or failure of any REDD initiative, and the mechanisms by which payments and benefits are shared will be critical.

So what appears to be a relatively straightforward solution to climate change - paying to keep forests standing - is much more complex than it appears at first glance. Because REDD is inseparable from the highly complex social, economic and biological realities of forests today, it remains controversial.

Current action on REDD

REDD initiatives are proliferating. Here are a couple of examples.

In 2008, the UN set up the UN-REDD programme, a collaboration between the UN Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), the UN Development Programme (UNDP) and the UN Environment Programme (UNEP), and including a multidonor trust fund.

Norway has contributed substantially to the programme, and a raft of developing countries - Bolivia, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Indonesia, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Tanzania and Vietnam - have joined the first phase. Officials hope it will be agreed formally at the 15th COP in Copenhagen, Denmark, in 2009.

REDD is happening here and there across the globe, with varying levels of success.

The Juma Sustainable Development Reserve Project in Amazonas, Brazil's biggest state, has got off to a promising start as the Amazon's first REDD project that has been independently validated. The Juma project is part of the wider Bolsa Floresta programme - now making payments to more than 6000 families in 14 threatened conservation areas, covering over 10 million hectares.

Bolsa Floresta has four main ways of making payments - one dispersed through a purpose-designed debit card system run by a mainstream bank - which create a balance of incentives that make a pledge towards zero deforestation economically palatable at family and community level.

REDD: key terms

REDD The acronym stands for 'reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation'. This issue was first placed on the agenda of the 2005 international climate change negotiations. At that point the agenda item was called 'reducing emissions from deforestation in developing countries and approaches to stimulate action'. As a result, this is the name of the decision on REDD agreed at the 2007 UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) in Bali, Indonesia (decision 2/CP.13). Decision 2/CP.13 acknowledges that forest degradation also leads to emissions and needs to be addressed when reducing emissions from deforestation. The 'DD' in REDD now stands for degradation and deforestation.

REDD + Along with the separate decision on REDD (see above), REDD is included in the Bali Action Plan (decision 1/CP.13) as a component of enhanced action on mitigation (curbing emissions). Parties to the UNFCCC have agreed to consider policy approaches and positive incentives on issues relating to REDD in developing countries and the role of conservation, sustainable management of forests and enhancement of forest carbon stocks in developing countries. It is this last clause on the role of conservation and sustainable management that has added the '+' to the REDD discussion.

REDD baseline An expected, or business-as-usual, emission of carbon dioxide from deforestation and forest degradation in the absence of additional efforts to curb such emissions - used as a benchmark against which emissions reductions can be measured.

REDD conditions To deliver real reductions in carbon dioxide emissions, REDD must satisfy the following conditions.

Additionality: Proof that any reduction in emissions from a REDD project is genuinely additional to reductions that would occur if that project were not in place.

No leakage: Leakage is a reduction in carbon emissions in one area that results in increased emissions in another. A classic example is where curbing clearfelling in one region of forest drives farmers to clearfell in another.

Permanence: The long-term viability of reduced emissions from a REDD project. This is heavily dependent on the forested area's vulnerability to deforestation and/or degradation.

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REDD: Protecting climate, forests and livelihoods

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Deforestation is a global issue. Beyond its destructive impacts on biodiversity and the livelihoods of forest-dependent people, it is a major driver of climate change and accounts for roughly a fifth of global greenhouse gas emissions. REDD - 'reducing emissions from deforestation and degradation' - could offer a way forward, as IIED's growing body of REDD research and reports reflects.

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BBC Radio 4 - Costing the Earth, Mekong Delta Blues

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Enormous new dams threaten life on one of south east Asia's most vital rivers.

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Please print and complete for week 27

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Great videos and tutorials for physical processes

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Great videos and tutorials for physical processes

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Check out Time for Geography's inspirational online learning and revision videos for students and teachers. Created in partnership with university researchers, teachers and innovative film-makers. Our streamed videos can be viewed on PCs, tablets and smart phones. Knowledge Booster Videos give an informative and fresh approach to studying specific topics together with a typical exam question and model answer.

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BBC Bitesize for GCSE Map and graph skills

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BBC Bitesize for GCSE Map and graph skills

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Just like a key to a door, the key helps you to unlock the information stored in the colours and symbols on a map. You must understand how the key relates to the map before you can unlock the information it contains. The key will help you to identify types of boundaries, roads, buildings, agriculture, industry, places of interest and geographical features.

Make sure you read the title of a map before you start to use it. This will give you a general idea about the information it stores. While it may appear a straightforward thing to do, under exam conditions, it is easy to confuse different maps or not use the one that is most useful.

The scale of a map allows a reader to calculate the size, height and dimensions of the features shown on the map, as well as distances between different points. The scale on a map is the ratio between real life sizes and how many times it has been shrunk to fit it on the map.

On a 1:50,000 scale map, 1 cm on the map represents 50,000 cm on the ground (= 500 m or 0.5 km).

Ordnance Survey maps, the most common type of map in the UK, come in several scales.

Travel maps have a scale of 1:125,000. This means 1 cm on the map represents 125,000 in the real world or 1 cm = 1.25 km. These are used by drivers going long distances.

Landranger maps are 1:50,000 (1 cm = 500 m). These are useful for drivers going shorter distances.

Explorer maps are 1:25,000 (1 cm = 250 m). These are useful for walking and other outdoor pursuits.

Landplan maps are 1:10,000 (1 cm = 100 m). These show individual streets clearly and might be used by town planners.

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Map skills - Revision 2 - GCSE Geography - BBC Bitesize

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Just like a key to a door, the key helps you to unlock the information stored in the colours and symbols on a map. You must understand how the key relates to the map before you can unlock the information it contains.

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To check answers from fieldwork mock and add to with different coloured pen

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Mass  movement - economic and social impacts

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Slumping at Hornsea March 2019 - one week on

Last week I posted about a new area of mass movement at Hornsea on the Holderness Coast. I returned this weekend to see how much movement there had been in the spate of a week. It's fair to say there has been significant movement. The head of the slump had dropped considerably, exposing a 3m scarp. This is a drop of 2 metres in a week. The images below illustrate the changes.

The weather permitted some drone air time. You can see the results below.

You are welcome to use these images in your classroom (a credit would be nice), but please do not re-distribute them.

Below is a video compilation of drone footage taken on Sunday 17th March 2019. It best to watch it full screen!

Take a look at our new resources in the shop Dismiss

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Slumping at Hornsea March 2019 - One week on - Internet Geography

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Last week I posted about a new area of mass movement at Hornsea on the Holderness Coast. I returned this weekend to see how much movement there had been in the spate of a week. It's fair to say there has been significant movement. The head of the slump had dropped considerably, exposing a 3m scarp.

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Data Sources explained in urban fieldwork. We will use the following; make a brief note tonight outlining each (describe how it is used and explain what is can tell us about deprivation)
-Field sketch
-Environmental quality survey / assessment
-Index of decay
-Public perception survey
-Census data
-Government publications
-Police.gov

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All Geography starts with someone going into the field to find out what's there. This section will help you to gather the primary data (data you collect yourself) and secondary data (data collected by someone else) that will support your analysis and conclusions.

Economic inequalities

1. Shopping basket survey

A shopping basket survey compares the prices of a small number of groceries in several shops.

These surveys are useful when comparing the price of products available in shops in particular areas. They are also useful when comparing different rural settlements, contrasting outlying villages with a nearby town, or investigating the phenomenon of "food deserts" in some inner cities.

You could combine the shopping basket survey data with questionnaire data (e.g. access to a car, shop use such as use of online shopping, eating habits such as fruit and vegatable intake) plus secondary data like deprivation and travel distances derived from a map.

2. Clone Town survey

The New Economics Foundation (NEF) have argued that shopping streets in Britain are steadily becoming more similar. These Clone Towns are dominated by a narrow range of chain stores rather than independent shops.

Park Street. Walsall by Harry Pope / CC BY.

Use a GOAD map and/or a pilot survey of the town to determine the boundaries of the shopping areas of each town. Include all indoor shopping centres.

Visit all streets in the shopping area and categorise every shop into 1 of 25 categories. You can download the form from the NEF website. Carry out this work methodically, making a careful note of when streets have been surveyed.

3. Retail value

As well as making an overall survey of the degree of cloning, it is possible to look at individual streets of the town centre in more detail. There are likely to be areas of higher and lower retail quality. One way in which this can be done is to choose a study area, then score each shop within the area as follows

This is based on the assumption that large shops like department stores act as 'anchors', attracting many shoppers, while smaller shops have a lower attractive pull.

Add all the scores together to calculate the retail value for the area.

Worked example

In this example, High Street has a higher retail value (80) than Market Street (39).

4. Questionnaires

Questionnaires are useful for finding out more about people's

characteristics (e.g age, sex, place of residence)

behaviour (e.g. usage of the coast)

attitudes (e.g. do they agree with a scheme for managed retreat?)

An effective questionnaire contains a mixture of closed and open questions:

Closed questions: answers are limited to single words, numbers of listed options

e.g. "Do you feel safe in Church Street at 8pm?

Possible answers YES or NO

Closed questions can also be given as a statement. Responses are limited to positions on a scale. There are two ways of presenting statements:

(i) Semantic differential scale - use pairs of words and a scale from negative to positive.

e.g. What do you think of the village of Horton-in-Ribblesdale?

Ugly -2 -1 0 +1 +2 Beautiful

Boring -2 -1 0 +1 +2 Lots to do

Dead -2 -1 0 +1 +2 Vibrant

(ii) Likert scale - ask participants whether they agree or disagree with a series of statements. Use statements with a balance of positive and negative.

e.g. "I do not feel in danger walking around Stokesley in the evening.

Answers: Strongly agree / Agree / Don't know / Disagree / Strongly disagree

(iii) Rating - ask participants to rank a small number of categories from most important to least important.

e.g. What was your main reason you chose to live in this neighbourhood? Please rank the following statements from 1 (most important) to 6 (least important)

Answers: proximity to work, proximity to family and friends, proximity to schools, housing costs, pleasant environment, good place to raise children

Open questions: responses may be long and detailed. Often it is a good idea to word the question so that people could respond with positive answers, negative answers or a mixture of the two. Asking participants to focus on a specific area or time frame may be more effective than just asking "Any other comments?" or "What do you think about this town?" at the end of a questionnaire.

e.g. "Do you think this town will get better or worse in the next 20 years? Why?"

Pedestrian surveys are a type of observation study.

Heavy pedestrian footfall. Piccadilly Circus by Manhattan Research / CC BY.

Think about the which day of the week to count pedestrians. Pedestrian numbers are likely to be higher on a Saturday or Sunday then during the week, during school holidays, during dry weather and if there is a popular event happening in the city centre

Time of day is also important. Pedestrian numbers are likely to be higher during "rush hours" (like 8am-9am) or shift changes and during office lunchtime. Around 11am and 2.30pm are often good times to choose.

You need at least 20-25 survey points. Choose survey points across the city centre. If you are working in groups, each group can walk different routes across the city centre.

This is up to you, but make sure that you survey in the same way each time. Think about

How long to count pedestrians for - 2 minutes is enough. If your survey points are close together (perhaps every 100 metres), you might be able to do 3 or 4 pedestrian counts in 10 minutes.

Whether to count people on one side of the road or both sides of the road - if you are working in groups, different members of the group could count different sides of the road, with someone else holding a stopwatch.

Social inequalities

6. Accessibility survey

Construct a survey to help you collect data on how easy it is for people with limited mobility (such as wheelchair users, elderly people and visually impaired people) to move around the built environment.

Uneven pavement, parked car, puddle. Crown Street, Ipswich by Peter Miller / CC BY.

The example below was designed to be used for 10 sites at regular intervals along a single street. At each sample site, record the condition of the pavement on one side of the street and the condition of the five nearest doorways.

7. Crime surveys

There are several aspects of crime that you can investigate in the field.

(a) Index of burglaribility

Construct a survey to help you collect data on how susceptible a house of business premises is to be burglary. Here is an example that you may wish to adapt to your study area.

(b) Vandalism survey

Construct a survey to help you collect data on vandalism. Consider

Graffiti

Scratched, burnt and smashed glass (e.g. bus shelters)

Litter and fly-tipping

Damage to street furniture (like seats)

Damage to trees and plants

Distribution could be measured on the ACFOR scale: abundant, common, frequent, occasional, rare. Here is an example of a graffiti scale you could adapt.

(c) Mental mapping: fear of crime

The most likely victim of street crime in Britain is a man aged 16-24 (Office for National Statistics). But the fear of crime is different; it is to do with perception. You could investigate this through questionnaires, or by asking people to construct mental maps.

Mental mapping is a technique which allows you to collect a lot of quantitative data on people's perceptions of space. Mental maps are particularly useful to capturing data on whether people perceive places as threatening, unsafe or otherwise undesirable.

Photocopy a base map of different places in an area, such as 10 contrasting wards in a city. Ask each participant to colour in each place on the following scale. Remind participants that they should be thinking about 24 hours a day and 7 days a week.

This place is always unsafe - colour in RED

This place is sometimes unsafe - colour in ORANGE

I don't know this place - colour in BLUE

This place is mostly safe - colour in YELLOW

This place is always safe - colour in GREEN

Results can be summarised by scoring red as -2, orange as -1, blue as 0, yellow as 1 and green as 2. Find the mean score for all participants and present the aggregated results as a chloropleth map. You could also put together separate maps showing the results for contrasting groups, such as male and female.

8. Bus Index

A lack of transport can be a major problem for people who do not have access to a car. You can measure this problem by calculating the Bus Coverage Index for each village.

Bus Coverage Index = (journey time from village A to town B in minutes) ÷ (number of buses between village A and town B in both directions per weekday)

The lower the Bus Coverage Index, the greater the accessibility.

Worked example

Hanwood and Snailbeach are both villages near Shrewsbury. Shrewsbury contains a sixth-form college. How easy is it to get from Hanwood or Snailbeach to the college in Shrewsbury?

Hanwood It takes 19 minutes to travel from Hanwood to Shrewsbury and there are 12 buses each way every day. Bus Coverage Index = 19 ÷ 12 = 1.58 Snailbeach It takes 38 minutes to travel from Snailbeach to Shrewsbury and there are 8 buses each way every day. Bus Coverage Index = 38 ÷ 8 = 4.75

This works best where there is only one large town nearby with shops and services. You can use bus timetables in each village to find out the journey time to the nearest town and how many buses there are each day. Alternatively use Traveline

Environmental inequalities

9. Environmental quality assessment

What are the streets like in each area? Construct a survey to measure environmental quality in each area contrasting area. Here is an example that you could adapt to your city.

A written description and/or photographs may help you be consistent in giving scores. One way you could do for scoring 'litter' this is shown below

0 = no litter visible

+ = no more than 10 small items visible, all recent

++ = large amount of recent litter items

+++ = accumulation of large items, some items have clearly be in situ for months

10. Building decay survey

You can also measure the condition of housing. Make sure that you sample houses fairly. You might, for example, choose to sample two streets picked at random, and then sample house numbers 5, 15 and 25 on each street.

Secondary data sources

1. Index of Multiple Deprivation (IMD)

The Index of Multiple Deprivation can be used as secondary data to help you investigate quality of life in urban and rural areas. Thm map od IMD in Taunton shows that some parts of Taunton are within the 10% most deprived parts of England. Other parts of Taunton are within the 10% least deprived parts of England.

IMD 2015, Taunton by Open Database Licence.

England has been divided into 32,844 small areas called Lower Super Output Areas (LSOAs). THE IMD is calculated by combining scores for 7 different "domains":

The scoring is weighted so that income and employment contribute more to the overall score than the other "domains". Each LSOA is given a rank for deprivation.

IMD has been calculated in 2004, 2007, 2010 and 2015, so you could use historic IMD data to track changes in inequality over time.

2. Accessibility by road

From an Ordnance Survey map, make a raw count of the number of A roads, number of B roads and number of other roads linking the village to other places. If, for example, an A road passes through the village, count it as two roads - since it links two sets of places.

Draw a circle with a 0.5km radius around the centre of each village. As each road bisects circle allocate points as follows: A-roads 10 points, B-roads 5 points and other roads 1 point. Sum the points for each village.

A second consideration is the time that it takes to travel along different types of road. It is fair to assume that a journey along a dual carriageway will be faster than a journey of the same length along a winding single-track country lane. There are several route planners available (e.g. AA Route Planner) which will calculate the journey time for you.

3. Crime data

Deprivation data:

4. Health data

Interactive map by Public Health England

5. House prices

6. Education data

7. Jobs data

8. Broadband availability

9. Environment data
What's in your backyard? (Environment Agency)

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Method for Inequalities - Field Studies Council

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All Geography starts with someone going into the field to find out what's there. This section will help you to gather the primary data (data you collect yourself) and secondary data (data collected by someone else) that will support your analysis and conclusions.

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T6 - Saturday intervention question and answers - coastal and urban fieldwork

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T6 - Saturday intervention question and answers - coastal and urban fieldwork

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T6 -Fieldwork data presentation techniques

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T6 -Fieldwork data presentation techniques

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Extra information for London case study

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Coolgeography - GCSE - London Challenges

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Pages of resources to help you study all about modern urban environments

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List of example questions to plan for Paper 1

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Reducing regional inequality in the UK through improvements to transport

Transport improvements are vital to rural regions. Neither Cornwall, north Wales nor the Scottish Highlands have any motorways.

Most transport investment is taking place in England’s urban core, e.g. the HS2 railway linking London, Birmingham and Leeds.

Cuts in Government budgets have reduced spending on transport elsewhere.

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Channel 4's award-winning investigative current affairs programme

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Forests Under Threat Knowledge Organiser 

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Forests Under Threat Knowledge Organiser 

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PROBABLY THE BEST WORKBOOK FOR GCSE GEOGRAPHY!!

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PROBABLY THE BEST WORKBOOK FOR GCSE GEOGRAPHY!!

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Ask mum or dad to buy this to help with redrafting the mock exam over February half term

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This workbook: targets key misconceptions and barriers to help your students get back on track addresses areas of underperformance in a systematic way, with a unique approach that builds, develops and extends students' skills gets students ready for the new GCSE (9-1) assessments with exercises focused around exam-style questions provides ready-to-use examples and activities, aligned to the Pearson Progression Map, freeing up your time to focus on working directly with students fits around your needs, being flexible as part of an intervention strategy or for independent student work addresses an area of difficulty in each unit with a unique approach, to develop and extend students' skills.

Product Details

publication date: 16/01/2018

ISBN13: 9780435188993

Format: Paperback

Number Of Pages: 88

ID: 9780435188993

weight: 250

ISBN10: 0435188992

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Target Grade 5 Edexcel GCSE (9-1) Geography Spec B Intervention Workbook (Geography Intervention)

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This workbook: targets key misconceptions and barriers to help your students get back on track addresses areas of underperformance in a systematic way, with a unique approach that builds, develops and extends students' skills gets students ready for the new GCSE (9-1) assessments with exercises focused around exam-style questions provides

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HOW I REVISED: GCSE GEOGRAPHY | A* student

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How to focus on your goals and overcome distractions

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How to focus on your goals and overcome distractions

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Conor McGregor talks about the Law of Attraction and how he used it to achieve massive success in his career. Visualize what you want, take massive action and it will become your reality. Perfect for motivation towards your goal of your target grade

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Conor McGregor: How I Used The Law of Attraction to Visualize my Success into Reality

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Exploitation of ecosystems and tropical forest biomes

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Exploitation of ecosystems and tropical forest biomes

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Case study documentary on illegal gold mining in the Peruvian Amazon and the impact it has on the biosphere

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🇵🇪Gold at any cost: Illegal mining in Peru | TechKnow

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T6 - Coastal fieldwork exam style questions

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T6 - Coastal fieldwork exam style questions

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Practice questions for revision for exam on coastal fieldwork

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Unit 7 Documentary Tribe - Cannibal tribes of Papua

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Unit 7 Documentary Tribe - Cannibal tribes of Papua

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Cannibal tribes of Papua

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Bruce Parry Tribe - Cannibals and Crampons

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Documentary. 'My Year With The Tribe' BBC 2017 L-6-9 deeper learning

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Documentary. 'My Year With The Tribe' BBC 2017 L-6-9 deeper learning

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Unit 7. Indigenous people, using resources from the biosphere.
Writer Will Millard visits the treehouse-dwelling Korowai tribe in Papua, Indonesia, to try and understand the pressures they face as they move into the modern world.

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Deeper information and questions on the service of the biosphere

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Case Study: “This is the climate crisis you haven’t heard of" At least a third of the huge ice fields in Asia’s towering mountain chain are doomed to melt due to climate change, according to a landmark report, with serious consequences for almost 2 billion people.

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A third of Himalayan ice cap doomed, finds report

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Even radical climate change action won't save glaciers, endangering 2 billion people

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Case study book contents list - Part 1 (Paper 1 & 2)

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Case study book contents list - Part 1 (Paper 1 & 2)

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T2 - Aid in Burkina Faso Level 7-9 extended reading

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T2 - Aid in Burkina Faso Level 7-9 extended reading

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Case Study This Factsheet looks at aid to Burkina Faso, one of the world’s largest recipients of external development aid. This comes mainly from France, EU
(bilateral aid) and World Bank (multilateral aid) from a huge variety of NGO’s.

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Types and distribution of biomes worksheet and crossword puzzle for revision

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Types and distribution of biomes worksheet and crossword puzzle for revision

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Ecological costs of exploiting resources in tropical forests

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Ecological costs of exploiting resources in tropical forests

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'The river is dying': the vast ecological cost of Brazil's mining disasters

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Water resources are tapped with often reckless abandon and poor regulation. And it looks set to go on under new president

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T1 -Documentary on Typhoon Haiyan (all grade levels)

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T1 -Documentary on Typhoon Haiyan (all grade levels)

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Real footage of the unprecedented hazard and devastating impacts, shocking facts and figures for case study on topical cyclones. Watch and make a list of how they lacked preparation for a cyclone of this magnitude and how the coped (responded)

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Print as A3 and

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Topic 4 UK's Evolving Physical  Landscape Mind Map

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Topic 4 UK's Evolving Physical  Landscape Mind Map

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Print as A3 and complete for revision as mindmap on Topic 5