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Felicia Terinoni and Ava Rudawsky

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President John F. Kennedy's Civil Rights Address

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Martin Luther King | "I Have A Dream" Speech

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The Brown vs Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas, case lasted from Dec 9, 1952 – May 17, 1954. Thurgood Marshall and the NAACP took this case to the Supreme Court. The case was brought upon because of the idea that racial segregation of students in public schools was unconstitutional. This was an issue around the country considering 21 states had segregated schools at the time. Officials at all different levels pledged to block the integration which later lead to the situation with the Little Rock 9. The Brown vs Board of Education was important because although the Supreme Court's decision may not have been the ideal verdict for African Americans of the time, it was the initial spark that started all of the other events that started to occur in regards to the Civil Rights Movement.

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Using the nonviolent technique of Mohandas Gandhi, the African Americans protestors began a sit-in movement aimed at segregated restaurants starting February 1, 1960. This began because a sat in at a lunch counter in Greensboro, North Carolina and refused to leave after she got denied service. After this starting event the sit-ins began to spread throughout many college towns in the south and even in the north. During this protest they would sit and order food, even though the restaurants would refuse to serve them. During the sit-ins the protestors would have food thrown at them or faced abuse. They would not leave until the police arrested them and put them in jail. Overall, the nonviolence tactic had worked and the protestors formed the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee. These sit-ins were started with the Greensboro four and was sparked from the anger of the death of Emmett Till and the events of segregation on buses, shown by Rosa Parks. This sit-ins were important to the Civil Rights Movement because it helped lunch counters become integrated by the summer of 1960.

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In the spring of 1963 in Birmingham Alabama, began one of the most influential campaigns in the Civil Rights Movement. The peaceful demonstrations of the African Americans were met with vicious attacks from the whites. This campaign included desegregation campaigns, direct actions, sit-ins, marches, and boycotts. This event was so important because it ended with a victory for the African Americans. This victory was removing the "white's only" and "black's only" signs from the restrooms and water fountains in Birmingham. More desegregations was slowly happening after the event but so were the violent attacks. The African Americans knew it was important not to fight back because then the whites would have something to argue back with, so they just watched silently as many family members, friends, and relatives were being killed. One member of the campaign said, "The campaign was a moral witness to give our community a chance to survive."

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The Montgomery Bus Boycott took place on December 5 1955 to December 20 1956. This event occurred because Rosa Parks, a black woman of the time, refused to give-up her seat in the black half of the bus because the white half of the bus was full. She had a long day at work and did not understand why she had to give up her seat in the black section of the bus to a white man who just go on. When Rosa refused to get u she was arrested and charged a $10 fine and $4 in court fees. She saw E.D Nixon as a prominent black leader after he bailed her out of jail. It was on December 5, the day Parks was tried for municipal court, that the Women's Political Council began circulating flyers calling for a boycott of the bus system starting that day. As word of the boycott spread there was also a boycott of the church and a local newspaper published a front page article on the planned events. It was said that 40,000 African Americans participated in the boycott. This Boycott took place in Montgomery, Alabama in respects of Rosa and the fight against equal rights for African Americans. This event was important because a couple years later they fought the battle and won integration on buses and put major spotlight on Martin Luther King Jr who played a major role in the equality rights of African Americans.

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On September 2, 1957, the National Guard prevented the African American students from entering Little Rock Central High, in Little Rock, Arkansas.  This was put in action by the governor who said he was doing it for the protection of the students. Ending the crisis, President Eisenhower sent federal troops, letting the African American students into the school. These nine students are known as the "Little Rock Nine". They had to put up with abuse while they were in school, but they still continued their education. This is important because it was a huge step of integration in schools.