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The Global Positioning System, originally Navstar GPS, is a satellite-based radionavigation system owned by the United States government and operated by the United States Air Force.

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Social media are interactive computer-mediated technologies that facilitate the creation and sharing of information, ideas, career interests and other forms of expression via virtual communities and networks.

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International sanctions are political and economic decisions that are part of diplomatic efforts by countries, multilateral or regional organizations against states

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Terrorism is, in the broadest sense, the use of intentionally indiscriminate violence as a means to create terror among masses of people; or fear to achieve a religious or political aim. It is used in this regard primarily to refer to violence during peacetime or in war against non-combatants.

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Globalization or globalisation is the process of interaction and integration among people, companies, and governments worldwide.

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Détente is the easing of strained relations, especially in a political situation, through verbal communication. The term in diplomacy originates around 1912 when France and Germany tried, without success, to reduce tensions. Most often the term is used for a phase of the Cold War.

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The Cuban Missile Crisis, also known as the October Crisis of 1962, the Caribbean Crisis, or the Missile Scare, was a 13-day confrontation between the United States and the Soviet Union initiated by the American discovery of Soviet ballistic missile deployment in Cuba.

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The domino theory was a theory prominent from the 1950s to the 1980s that posited that if one country in a region came under the influence of communism, then the surrounding countries would follow in a domino effect.

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The United Nations is an intergovernmental organization tasked with maintaining international peace and security, developing friendly relations among nations, achieving international co-operation, and being a centre for harmonizing the actions of nations.

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Genocide is intentional action to destroy a people in whole or in part. The hybrid word "genocide" is a combination of the Greek word γένος and the Latin suffix -caedo.

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The Holocaust, also known as the Shoah, was a genocide during World War II in which Nazi Germany, aided by local collaborators, systematically murdered some six million European Jews—around two-thirds of the Jewish population of Europe—between 1941 and 1945.

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Appeasement in an international context is a diplomatic policy of making political or material concessions to an aggressive power in order to avoid conflict.

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Fascism is a form of radical, right-wing, authoritarian ultranationalism, characterized by dictatorial power, forcible suppression of opposition, and strong regimentation of society and of the economy, which came to prominence in early 20th-century Europe.

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The Great Depression was a severe worldwide economic depression that took place mostly during the 1930s, beginning in the United States. The timing of the Great Depression varied across nations; in most countries it started in 1929 and lasted until the late-1930s.

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The Treaty of Versailles was the most important of the peace treaties that brought World War I to an end. The Treaty ended the state of war between Germany and the Allied Powers.

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the belief or desire of a government or people that a country should maintain a strong military capability and be prepared to use it aggressively to defend or promote national interests.

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The Scramble for Africa was the occupation, division, and colonisation of African territory by Western European powers during the period of the New Imperialism, between 1881 and 1914.

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a political theory derived from Karl Marx, advocating class war and leading to a society in which all property is publicly owned and each person works and is paid according to their abilities and needs.

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Capitalism is an economic system based on the private ownership of the means of production and their operation for profit. Characteristics central to capitalism include private property, capital accumulation, wage labor, voluntary exchange, a price system, and competitive markets.

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Imperialism is a policy or ideology of extending a nation's rule over foreign nations, often by military force or by gaining political and economic control of other areas.

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The Industrial Revolution, now also known as the First Industrial Revolution, was the transition to new manufacturing processes in Europe and the US, in the period from about 1760 to sometime between 1820 and 1840.

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The French Revolution was a period of far-reaching social and political upheaval in France and its colonies beginning in 1789.

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In moral and political philosophy, the social contract is a theory or model that originated during the Age of Enlightenment and usually concerns the legitimacy of the authority of the state over the individual.

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The Age of Enlightenment was an intellectual and philosophical movement that dominated the world of ideas in Europe during the 18th century, the "Century of Philosophy". Some consider the publication of Isaac Newton's Principia Mathematica as the first major enlightenment work.

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the middle class, typically with reference to its perceived materialistic values or conventional attitudes.

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The divine right of kings, divine right, or God's mandate is a political and religious doctrine of royal and political legitimacy. It asserts that a monarch is subject to no earthly authority, deriving the right to rule directly from the will of God.

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Triangular trade or triangle trade is a historical term indicating trade among three ports or regions. Triangular trade usually evolves when a region has export commodities that are not required in the region from which its major imports come.

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the economic theory that trade generates wealth and is stimulated by the accumulation of profitable balances, which a government should encourage by means of protectionism.

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The Columbian exchange, also known as the Columbian interchange, named for Christopher Columbus, was the widespread transfer of plants, animals, culture, human populations, technology, diseases, and ideas between the Americas, West Africa, and the Old World in the 15th and 16th centuries.

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The Reformation was a movement within Western Christianity in 16th-century Europe that posed a religious and political challenge to the Roman Catholic Church – and papal authority in particular.

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Humanism is a philosophical and ethical stance that emphasizes the value and agency of human beings, individually and collectively, and generally prefers critical thinking and evidence over acceptance of dogma or superstition.

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Nationalism is a political, social, and economic ideology and movement characterized by the promotion of the interests of a particular nation, especially with the aim of gaining and maintaining the nation's sovereignty over its homeland.

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The Commercial Revolution consisted in the creation of a European economy based on trade, which began in the 11th century and lasted until it was succeeded by the Industrial Revolution in the mid-18th century. Beginning with the Crusades, Europeans rediscovered spices, silks, and other commodities rare in Europe.

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The Renaissance is a period in European history, covering the span between the 14th and 17th centuries and marking the transition from the Middle Ages to modernity.

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the profession, activity, or skill of managing international relations, typically by a country's representatives abroad.

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Pastoralism is the branch of agriculture concerned with the raising of livestock. It is animal husbandry: the care, tending and use of animals such as cattle, camels, goats, yaks, llamas, reindeer, horses and sheep. "Pastoralism" often has a mobile aspect but this can take many forms and be at different scales.

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Jihad is an Arabic word which literally means striving or struggling, especially with a praiseworthy aim.

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Manorialism, also called manorial system, seignorialism, or seignorial system, political, economic, and social system by which the peasants of medieval Europe were rendered dependent on their land and on their lord.

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In economics, inflation is a sustained increase in the general price level of goods and services in an economy over a period of time.

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a state in which supreme power is held by the people and their elected representatives, and which has an elected or nominated president rather than a monarch.

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Democracy is a system of government where the citizens exercise power by voting. In a direct democracy, the citizens as a whole form a governing body and vote directly on each issue. In a representative democracy the citizens elect representatives from among themselves.

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Oligarchy is a form of power structure in which power rests with a small number of people. These people may be distinguished by nobility, wealth, family ties, education or corporate, religious, political, or military control.

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A monarchy is a form of government in which a single person holds supreme authority in ruling a country, also performing ceremonial duties and embodying the country's national identity. Although some monarchs are elected, in most cases, the monarch's position is inherited and lasts until death or abdication

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Feudalism was a combination of legal and military customs in medieval Europe that flourished between the 9th and 15th centuries. Broadly defined, it was a way of structuring society around relationships derived from the holding of land in exchange for service or labour.

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Social stratification is a kind of social differentiation whereby a society groups people into socioeconomic strata, based upon their occupation and income, wealth and social status, or derived power.

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The Code of Hammurabi is a well-preserved Babylonian code of law of ancient Mesopotamia, dated back to about 1754 BC (Middle Chronology). It is one of the oldest deciphered writings of significant length in the world.

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a line of hereditary rulers of a country.

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The Neolithic, the final division of the Stone Age, began about 12,000 years ago when the first development of farming.appeared in the Epipalaeolithic Near East, and later in other parts of the world.

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a new method, idea, product.

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Civilization is a series of turn-based strategy video games, first released in 1991. Sid Meier developed the first game in the series and has had creative input for most of the rest, and his name is usually included in the formal title of these games, such as Sid Meier's Civilization.

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The Napoleonic Code is the French civil code established under Napoleon I in 1804.

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a golpe, or simply as a coup,

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a political, social, and economic ideology and movement characterized by the promotion of the interests of a particular nation.

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a form of government in which the country is considered a public matter not the private concern or property of the rulers.

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a human civil rights document from the French Revolution.

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A guillotine is an apparatus designed for efficiently carrying out executions by beheading.

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the label given by most historians to a period during the French Revolution after the First French Republic was established.

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The French Revolution was a period of far-reaching social and political upheaval in France and its colonies beginning in 1789.

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n France under the Old Regime, the Estates General or States-General was a legislative and consultative assembly of the different classes of French subjects.

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Enlightened absolutism refers to the conduct and policies of European.

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The separation of powers is a model for the governance of a state.

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The state of nature is a concept used in moral and political philosophy.

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A constitution is an aggregate of fundamental principles.

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the social contract is a theory or model.

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a supreme ruler, especially a monarch.

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Philosophy is the study of general and fundamental problems concerning matters such as existence, knowledge, values, reason, mind, and language.

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an intellectual and philosophical movement that dominated the world of ideas in Europe during the 18th century.

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a supreme authority

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The Edict of Fontainebleau was an edict issued by Louis XIV of France, also known as the Revocation of the Edict of Nantes.

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a sociologically defined class.

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A tariff is a tax on imports or exports between sovereign states. It is a form of regulation of foreign trade.

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A subsidy or government incentive is a form of financial aid or support extended to an economic sector generally with the aim of promoting economic and social policy.

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Mercantilism is a national economic policy that is designed to maximize the exports of a nation.

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The divine right of kings, divine right, or God's mandate is a political and religious doctrine of royal and political legitimacy.

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king of france

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a line of hereditary rulers of a country.

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The Edict of Nantes, signed in April 1598 by King Henry IV of France, granted the Calvinist Protestants of France substantial rights in the nation, which was still considered essentially Catholic at the time.

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the stage of the triangular trade in which millions of Africans were forcibly transported

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the tenth Mansa,

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belief that objects, places and creatures all possess a distinct spiritual essence.

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a nation on West Africa’s Gulf of Guinea

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large biting flies that inhabit much of tropical Africa.

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a historical term indicating trade among three ports or regions.

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Mercantilism is a national economic policy that is designed to maximize the exports of a nation.

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a global conflict fought between 1756 and 1763.

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a spirit being or a symbol

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a Spanish Conquistador who led an expedition

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a party that gives to another as a sign of respect

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a daily newspaper for Vancouver

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an agreement between spain and portugal

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a Portuguese explorer

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a group of people

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The Reformation was a movement in Western Christianity in 16th-century Europe.

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In the teaching of the Roman Catholic Church, an indulgence is "a way to reduce the amount of punishment one has to undergo for sins".

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Niccolò di Bernardo dei Machiavelli was an Italian diplomat, politician, historian, philosopher, humanist, writer, playwright and poet of the Renaissance period.

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Humanism is a philosophical and ethical stance that emphasizes the value and agency of human beings, individually and collectively, and generally prefers critical thinking and evidence over acceptance of dogma or superstition.

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A printing press is a device for applying pressure to an inked surface resting upon a print medium, thereby transferring the ink.