# data[].attributes.body
“O’Brien went on:

‘You will have heard rumors of the existence of the Brotherhood. No doubt you have formed your own picture of it. You have imagined, probably, a huge underworld of conspirators, meeting secretly in cellars, scribbling messages on walls, recognizing one another by codewords or by special movements of the hand. Nothing of the kind exists. The members of the Brotherhood have no way of recognizing one another, and it is impossible for any one member to be aware of the identity of more than a few others. Goldstein himself, if he fell into the hand of the Thought police, could not give them a complete list of members, or any information that would lead them to a complete list. No such list exists. The Brotherhood cannot be wiped out because it is not an organization in the ordinary case. Nothing holds it together except an idea which is indestructible. You will never have anything to sustain you, except the idea. You will get no comradeship and no encouragement. When finally you are caught, you will get no help. We never help our members. At most, when it is absolutely necessary that someone should be silenced, we are occasionally able to smuggle a razor blade into a prisoner’s cell. You will have to get used to living without results and without hope. You will work for a while, you will be caught, you will confess, and then you will die. Those are the only results that you will ever see. There is no possibility that any perceptible change will happen within our own lifetime. We are the dead. Our only true life is in the future. We shall take part in it as handfuls of dust and splinters of bone. But how far away that future may be, there is no knowing. It might be a thousand years. At present nothing is possible except to extend the area of sanity little by little. We cannot act collectively. We can only spread our knowledge outwards from individual to individual, generation after generation. In the face of the Thought Police, there is no other way.’ He halted and looked for the third time at his wristwatch. ‘It is almost time for you to leave, comrade,’ he said to Julia.”

The Veil:
Winston listened to what O’Brien had to say about rumors of the existence of the Brotherhood

Type of Satire:
Juvenalian - Winston admired O’Brien for he believed that it was impossible for anyone to defeat O’Brien. However, this passage conveys the tone scared and anxious when Winston listens to O’Brien explaining the rumors of the existence of the Brotherhood. People including Winston began to get terrified when they learned that if Brotherhood appears then they may be the one that are unstoppable to defeat. If someone gets caught by them, there is no way to be saved. Everyone would have to get used to living without hope. As O’Brien states, “You will work for a while, you will be caught, you will confess, and then you will die. Those are the only results that you will ever see. There is no possibility that any perceptible change will happen within our own lifetime. We are the dead.” In the present nothing is possible, except looking at what the future will become.

Tools of Satire:
Paradox, Anaphora: This passage showed paradox because whatever O’Brien explained about the Brotherhood, Winston believed it was true. Anaphora was used in this passage when O’Brien says, “You will get no comradeship and no encouragement. When finally you are caught, you will get no help.” Then to avoid repetition he then said, “We never help our members.” O’Brien continues to remind everyone that there is no hope once caught by the members of the Brotherhood.

The Target:
The target that can relate to this passage was during the Holocaust. This passage can be related to the Holocaust because during that period, once any Jewish were found and captured by the Germans they would get taken away and sent straight to death or labor. In the passage, those who were not members of the Brotherhood and were caught by them would also immediately get killed.

# data[].attributes.headline
Elizabeth: Part II, Chapter IX; pg. 174-175

# data[].attributes.subject
Elizabeth: Part II, Chapter IX; pg. 174-175

# data[].attributes.body
“The discontents produced by his bare, unsatisfying life are deliberately turned outwards and dissipated by such devices as the Two Minutes Hate, and the speculations which might possibly induce a sceptical or rebellious attitude are killed in advance by his early acquired inner discipline. The first and simplest stage in the discipline, which can be taught even to young children, is called, in Newspeak, crimestop. Crimestop means the faculty of stopping short, as though by instinct, at the threshold of any dangerous thought. It includes the power of not grasping analogies, of failing to perceive logical errors, of misunderstanding the simplest arguments if they are inimical to Ingsoc, and of being bored or repelled by any train of thought which is capable of leading in a heretical direction. Crimestop, in short, means protective stupidity. But stupidity is not enough. On the contrary, orthodoxy in the full sense demands a control over one’s own mental processes as complete as that of a contortionist over his body. Oceanic society rests ultimately on the belief that Big Brother is omnipotent and that the Party is infallible. But since in reality Big Brother is not omnipotent and the party is infallible, in the treatment of facts. The keyword here is blackwhite. Like so many Newspeak words, this word has two mutually contradictory meanings. Applied to an opponent, it means the habit of impudently claiming that black is white, in contradiction of the plain facts. Applied to a Party member, it means a loyal willingness to say that black is white when Party discipline demands this. But it means also the ability to believe that black is white, and more, to know that black is white , and to forget that one has ever believed the contrary. This demands a continuous alteration of the past, made possibly by the system of thought which really embraces all the rest, and which is known in the Newspeak as doublethink. The alteration of the past is necessary for two reasons, one of which is subsidiary and, so to speak, precautionary. The subsidiary reason is that the Party member, like the proletarian, tolerates present day conditions partly because he has no standards of comparison.”

The Veil:
Winston explains what the Party teaches and disciplines to the people in Oceania using the words crimestop, and blackwhite.

Type of Satire:
Juvenalian - This passage conveys confining and discontented tone because the Party is disciplining people with crimestop and blackwhite when Winston does not want to follow it. This passage can relate to the tone confining because the Party is giving full sense of demands to the people of Oceania. Which restricts the people to take control over their own mental processes. As shown in the passage, “Crimestop means the faculty of stopping short, as though by instinct, at the threshold of any dangerous thought. It includes the power of not grasping analogies, of failing to perceive logical errors, of misunderstanding the simplest arguments…” This passage also uses the tone discontented because Winston is unsatisfied with the Party’s disciplines to the people in Oceania.

Tools of Satire:
Repetition, Juxtaposition: In this passage, Winston repeats crimestop and blackwhite although by rephrasing them differently. He used different meaning to describe what crimestop is so that the readers can understand it. For instance, “Crimestop means the faculty of stopping short, as though by instinct, at the threshold of any dangerous thought” and “means protective stupidity”. Juxation is shown when Winston explains blackwhite. Blackwhite has “two mutually contradictory meanings”. One meaning can apply to a Party or to an opponent. While the other meaning can be used to have the ability to believe.

The Target:
This passage can be related to Hitler’s followers, because they believed him blindly even when he made contradictory statements. In the passage, everyone in Oceania would follow the Party’s discipline except for Winston and a few others because they believed it wasn’t right for someone to control their mind.

# data[].attributes.body
"Doublethink means the power of holding two contradictory beliefs in one’s mind simultaneously, and accepting both of them. The Party intellectual knows in which direction his memories must be altered; he therefore knows that he is playing tricks with reality; but by the exercise of doublethink he also satisfies himself that reality is not violated. The process has to be conscious, or it would not be carried out with sufficient precision, but it also has to be unconscious, or it would bring with it a feeling of falsity and hence of guilt. Doublethink lies at the very heart of Ingsoc, since the essential act of the Party is to use conscious deception while retaining the firmness of purpose that goes with complete honesty. To tell deliberate lies while genuinely believing in them, to forget any fact that has become inconvenient, and then, when it becomes necessary again, to draw it back from oblivion for just so long as it is needed, to deny the existence of objective reality and all the while to take account of the reality which one denies — all this is indispensably necessary. Even in using the word doublethink it is necessary to exercise doublethink. For by using the word one admits that one is tampering with reality; by a fresh act of doublethink one erases this knowledge; and so on indefinitely, with the lie always one leap ahead of the truth. Ultimately it is by means of doublethink that the Party has been able — and may, for all we know, continue to be able for thousands of years — to arrest the course of history"

The Veil:
Winston believes the Party is deceiving the people of Oceania by using doublethink to invalidate and also justify certain ideas/concepts.

Type of Satire:
Juvenalian - This passage conveys an intense and cynical tone regarding the society of Oceania and how the Party’s influence is so overbearing that it can manipulate people into believing two contrasting beliefs simultaneously. When Winston explains doublethink he states “The process has to be conscious, or it would not be carried out with sufficient precision, but it also has to be unconscious, or it would bring with it a feeling of falsity and hence of guilt”. This explanation makes the concept seem more unusual and psychological, which is terrifying because this shows that Big Brother has affected the society both physically and mentally. Winston goes on to state that through doublethink, the Party is able to steer the course of history to their will. This text “the Party has been able — and may, for all we know, continue to be able for thousands of years — to arrest the course of history” has some foreboding connotations as it acknowledges that this issue will not just be relevant for Winston’s present, it will be relevant for the future and so on, making the Party seem all the more cynical.

Tools of Satire:
Juxtaposition, Repetition, Connotation: Within this passage Winston repeats the phrase, “doublethink”. The emphasis on the phrase shows just how much pertinence it has in Winston’s situation. He explains the definition, then goes on to explain its relationship with the Party and Ingsoc, then ends off the passage by exclaiming how the Party has indoctrinated Oceania using doublethink. This repetitious act by Winston is to stress to the audience how much of a role “doublethink” has within the society of Ingsoc and Oceania. The phrase “doublethink” itself is a juxtaposition as it is the concept of  “holding two contradictory beliefs in one’s mind simultaneously, and accepting both of them”. Doublethink can be seen as a juxtaposition since it is the act of connecting two statements of contrasting effects, as well as the definition of juxtaposition with the world of Oceania.

The Target:
The society of 1984 parallels that of the fascist regimes from WW2 era; in which fascist regimes would promote contradictory and hypocritical beliefs when necessary to boost the morale of their army, as well as disregard these statements when inquired by the citizens. Parallel to how within the passage Winston exclaims “To tell deliberate lies while genuinely believing in them, to forget any fact that has become inconvenient, and then, when it becomes necessary again, to draw it back from oblivion for just so long as it is needed”.

# data[].attributes.body
"‘Were they friends of yours?’ she said.
’No, I never knew them. They were Inner Party members. Besides, they were far older men than I was. They belonged to the old days, before the Revolution. I barely knew them by sight.’
’Then what was there to worry about? People are being killed off all the time, aren’t they?’
He tried to make her understand. ’This was an exceptional case. It wasn’t just a question of somebody being killed. Do you realize that the past, starting from yesterday, has been actually abolished? If it survives anywhere, it’s in a few solid objects with no words attached to them, like that lump of glass there. Already we know almost literally nothing about the Revolution and the years before the Revolution. Every record has been destroyed or falsified, every book has been rewritten, every picture has been repainted, every statue and street and building has been renamed, every date has been altered. And that process is continuing day by day and minute by minute. History has stopped. Nothing exists except an endless present in which the Party is always right. I know, of course, that the past is falsified, but it would never be possible for me to prove it, even when I did the falsification myself. After the thing is done, no evidence ever remains. The only evidence is inside my own mind, and I don’t know with any certainty that any other human being shares my memories. Just in that one instance, in my whole life, I did possess actual concrete evidence after the event — years after it."

The Veil:
Winston finds evidence of his old comrades, who had been vaporized; which can be used to combat the Party’s act of erasing the past.

Type of Satire:
Juvenalian - The topic within the passage, as well as the passage itself convey a hostile manner. When Winston finds a piece of evidence of his deceased comrades he is left astonished. He starts to bitterly berate the Party and their acts of deleting the past, erasing any signs that the past had occurred, as Winston states “Nothing exists except an endless present in which the Party is always right”. His tone is very harsh and biting when he speaks about past, stating that the Party abolished the past starting from yesterday. He carries this register throughout the passage in the line “Already we know almost literally nothing about the Revolution and the years before the Revolution. Every record has been destroyed or falsified, every book has been rewritten, every picture has been repainted, every statue and street and building has been renamed, every date has been altered. And that process is continuing day by day and minute by minute. History has stopped”. Yet in the last lines of the passage his tone changes from bitter to hopeful as Winston has finally found tangible evidence, “Just in that one instance, in my whole life, I did possess actual concrete evidence after the event”.

Tools of Satire:
Allusion: When Winston speaks to Julia about his old comrades he talks about the moment in which he once had something which could combat the Party’s history. This was a reference to how the Party erases the past and lives in a constant state of present where the Party is always in control of the history  and so Winston’s piece of evidence would invalidate the Party’s history and support Winston’s interpretation of the past as stated “I know, of course, that the past is falsified, but it would never be possible for me to prove it, even when I did the falsification myself”.

The Target:
The passage parallels the event in which Hitler burned books that opposed from his ideology in order to erase their very existence from history. Similar to the memory holes 1984 uses to erase any evidence of the past to uphold the Party’s history, the Nazis wanted to erase books that were written by or involved Jewish people, religions not of his own, and any that Hitler and the Nazi party did not agree with through the book burnings. Rather than have a designated branch that focused on destroying the history, Hitler decided to enroll the public in this act.

# data[].attributes.headline
Valerie Nguyen: Part II, Chapter IX; pg. 168-169

# data[].attributes.subject
Valerie Nguyen: Part II, Chapter IX; pg. 168-169

# data[].attributes.body
“The new doctrines arose partly because of the accumulation of historical knowledge, and the growth of the historical sense, which had hardly existed before the nineteenth century. The cyclical movement of history was now intelligible, or appeared to be so; and if it was intelligible, then it was alterable. But the principal, underlying cause was that, as early as the beginning of the twentieth century, human equality had become technically possible. It was still true that men were not equal in their native talents and that functions had to be specialized in ways that favoured some individuals against others; but there was no longer any real need for class distinctions or for large differences of wealth. In earlier ages, class distinctions had been not only inevitable but desirable. Inequality was the price of civilization. With the development of machine production, however, the case was altered. Even if it was still necessary for human beings to do different kinds of work, it was no longer necessary for them to live at different social or economic levels. Therefore, from the point of view of the new groups who were on the point of seizing power, human equality was no longer an ideal to be striven after, but a danger to be averted. In more primitive ages, when a just and peaceful society was in fact not possible, it had been fairly easy to believe it. The idea of an earthly paradise in which men should live together in a state of brotherhood, without laws and without brute labour, had haunted the human imagination for thousands of years. And this vision had had a certain hold even on the groups who actually profited by each historical change. The heirs of the French, English, and American revolutions had partly believed in their own phrases about the rights of man, freedom of speech, equality before the law, and the like, and have even allowed their conduct to be influenced by them to some extent. But by the fourth decade of the twentieth century all the main currents of political thought were authoritarian. The earthly paradise had been discredited at exactly the moment when it became realizable. Every new political theory, by whatever name it called itself, led back to hierarchy and regimentation. And in the general hardening of outlook that set in round about 1930, practices which had been long abandoned, in some cases for hundreds of years — imprisonment without trial, the use of war prisoners as slaves, public executions, torture to extract confessions, the use of hostages, and the deportation of whole populations-not only became common again, but were tolerated and even defended by people who considered themselves enlightened and progressive.”

The Veil:
Governments in the Past

Type of Satire:
Juvenalian - The passage describes the history of their government, which makes the readers feel as if the character’s current situation as hopeless and miserable. It uses phrases like, “not possible” and “no longer any real need” to show they have given up and have come to accept their current lives. The government can be seen as callous and manipulative as they control and force people to follow their teachings. Surprisingly, the “primitive ages” were considered to be the times in which their government hadn’t taken over yet. The reader understands that for the most part everyone has lost hope--as for the few left, it won’t be long before they got caught too and they are aware of it as well.

Tools of Satire:
The quote, “human equality was no longer an ideal to be striven after, but a danger to be averted” is a reversal, as it marks a turning point in their way of thinking. Also, later in the text it has an anaphora saying: “the use of…” when talking about humans. This is used to emphasize how they are treated despite being human beings and should stand out as a red flag to the readers.

The Target:
The target is the actually seen in many communist countries. The idea of everyone having an equal standing is appealing, however it takes away distinctions. In countries where communist had arisen, starts off with a poor country that are quick to believe any candidate that seems appealing. This is how the root of communism starts and the people at the top take advantage of that hope and faith to gain even more power, until it’s too late to go back.

# data[].attributes.headline
Valerie Nguyen: Part II, Chapter IX; pg. 169-170

# data[].attributes.subject
Valerie Nguyen: Part II, Chapter IX; pg. 169-170

# data[].attributes.body
"It was only after a decade of national wars, civil wars, revolutions, and counter-revolutions in all parts of the world that Ingsoc and its rivals emerged as fully worked-out political theories. But they had been foreshadowed by the various systems, generally called totalitarian, which had appeared earlier in the century, and the main outlines of the world which would emerge from the prevailing chaos had long been obvious. What kind of people would control this world had been equally obvious. The new aristocracy was made up for the most part of bureaucrats, scientists, technicians, trade-union organizers, publicity experts, sociologists, teachers, journalists, and professional politicians. These people, whose origins lay in the salaried middle class and the upper grades of the working class, had been shaped and brought together by the barren world of monopoly industry and centralized government. As compared with their opposite numbers in past ages, they were less avaricious, less tempted by luxury, hungrier for pure power, and, above all, more conscious of what they were doing and more intent on crushing opposition. This last difference was cardinal. By comparison with that existing today, all the tyrannies of the past were half hearted and inefficient. The ruling groups were always infected to some extent by liberal ideas, and were content to leave loose ends everywhere, to regard only the overt act and to be uninterested in what their subjects were thinking. Even the Catholic Church of the Middle Ages was tolerant by modern standards. Part of the reason for this was that in the past no government had the power to keep its citizens under constant surveillance. The invention of print, however, made it easier to manipulate public opinion, and the film and the radio carried the process further. With the development of television, and the technical advance which made it possible to receive and transmit simultaneously on the same instrument, private life came to an end. Every citizen, or at least every citizen important enough to be worth watching, could be kept for twenty four hours a day under the eyes of the police and in the sound of official propaganda, with all other channels of communication closed. The possibility of enforcing not only complete obedience to the will of the State, but complete uniformity of opinion on all subjects, now existed for the first time."

The Veil:
Oceania’s Government

Type of Satire:
Juvenalian - The text conveys the feeling of resignation and resentment. Winston is aware that the media is used to “manipulate” individuals, but accept it as he cannot do anything else. The government justifies their reign and power because it differs from the “tyrannies” before that were only half-hearted in their attempts. In addition, class distinctions tapered due to a centralized government and monopoly industry, until there was only a select few left. From the audience’s point of view, we can see Winston knows many things about the government and is not ignorant, contrary to the other characters. However, because he is the only that is aware there is not much he can do.

Tools of Satire:
They use repetition when using the words “subjects” to emphasize how the government sees them. They have no say or no minds of their own so they are merely subjects that can be easily replaced. Also the quote, “every citizen important enough to be worth watching” has an underlying connotation that they don't care about their subjects. The only care when that person serves as a threat to them.

The Target:
The target would be similar to the German government as they were supposedly doing well, however at the expense of many. It was only a select few that were prospering in Germany’s economy. The rest that did not fit Hitler’s ideas, were not treated kindly and even now their hardships are undermined. This is similar to the passage as the workers are treated as mere numbers and can be easily replaced.

# data[].attributes.body
"It was a physical problem that had to be solved: how to get in touch with the girl and arrange a meeting. He did not consider any longer the possibility that she might be laying some kind of trap for him. He knew that it was not so, because of her unmistakable agitation when she handed him the note. Obviously she had been frightened out of her wits, as well she might be. Nor did the idea of refusing her advances even cross his mind. Only five nights ago he had contemplated smashing her skull in with a cobblestone, but that was of no importance. He thought of her naked, youthful body, as he had seen it in his dream. He had imagined her a fool like all the rest of them, her head stuffed with lies and hatred, her belly full of ice. A kind of fever seized him at the thought that he might lose her, the white youthful body might slip away from him! What he feared more than anything else was that she would simply change her mind if he did not get in touch with her quickly."

The Veil:
Winston tries to conjure a plan to meet with the girl and reflects on his feelings towards her just minutes before she gave him the slip of paper that told him she loved him.

Type of Satire:
Juvenalian - Winton is a hypocrite, wanting to bash Julia’s head in and then immediately retracting on that statement after her declaration of love. Now he’s antsy and nervous to talk to her now that he knows she gives in to the desires Winston wants her to fall into. Before, when he was sure that she was a loyal party member he hated her mostly because he knew it was impossible to have sex with her. Phrases such as “smashing her skull in with a cobblestone” and “head stuffed with lies and hatred” encapsulates the backdrop for 1984. Life is bleak and the society Winston lives in is controlled down to the thought process. People have no individual thoughts or desires - or at least they shouldn’t. Doing so would go against Big Brother and is punishable by death.

Tools of Satire:
Juxtaposition: Winston's current statement wishing to meet with Julia while fantasizing about her contradicts his previous want to assault her and smash her head in. It's ironic that he is so willing to meet her now that he's under the illusion that they could have sex. Before, with the knowledge that she was in the Anti-Sex League, Winston thought he had no chance of forming any sort of relationship with her. He was skeptical, and even hostile, theorizing she was a member of the Thought Police. Now, with her declaration of love, the thought that this could be a trap does not cross him, even though it is the more likely scenario.

The Target:
The passage demonstrates the hostilities amongst people as they didn't know whether their neighbor could be trusted or not. In terms of real life events, this is seen in the U.S. after the events of Pearl Harbor, when Japanese citizens were no longer trusted to live freely in the United States. People believed that all Japanese residents in the U.S. were planning something and were loyal only to their country. Resentment grew until it was no longer bearable and Executive Order 9066 ordered that Japanese residents, whether they were immigrants or citizens, were to be placed in camps during WW2. Going back to 1984, Winston cannot trust anyone because he does not know whether he will be betrayed by loyal members of the party or the Thought Police.

# data[].attributes.headline
Marleth: Part II, Chapter I; pg. 100-101

# data[].attributes.subject
Marleth: Part II, Chapter I; pg. 100-101

# data[].attributes.body
"'...Tell me, what did you think of me before that day I gave you the note?'

He did not feel any temptation to tell lies to her. It was even a sort of love-offering to start off by telling the worst.

'I hated the sight of you,' he said. 'I wanted to rape you and then murder you afterwards. Two weeks ago I thought seriously of smashing your head in with a cobblestone. If you really want to know, I imagined that you had something to do with the Thought Police.'

The girl laughed delightedly, evidently taking this as a tribute to the excellence of her disguise.

'Not the Thought Police! You didn't honestly think that?'

'Well, perhaps not exactly that. But from your general appearance -- merely because you're young and fresh and healthy, you understand -- I thought that probably-'

'You thought I was a good Party member. Pure in word and deed. Banners, processions, slogans, games, community hikes all that stuff. And you thought that if I had a quarter of a chance I'd denounce you as a thought-criminal and get you killed off?'

'Yes, something of that kind. A great many young girls are like that, you know.'

'It's this bloody thing that does it,' she said, ripping off the scarlet sash of the Junior Anti-Sex League and flinging it on to a bough."

The Veil:
Winston tells Julia how he felt in regards to her and she’s delighted that her disguise works so well

Type of Satire:
Juvenalian - Winston does not sugarcoat his thoughts when talking to Julia. He admits to wanting to hurt and kill her and Julia is thrilled her disguise was effective. It's a sort of mockery to the party, being so convincing that you're a loyal party member only to betray the system with more than just thoughtcrime. The very act of meeting alone is immoral in the eyes of Big Brother. If Julia and Winston were to be caught, they would instantly be vaporized.

Tools of Satire:
Parody: Julia purposely puts on a facade of a loyal party member. During the two minutes hate, she is seen to be overly enthusiastic, going out of her way to throw a dictionary at the screen displaying Goldstein's image. Julia is the perfect party member, loyal, following every rule of the party. However, to Julia, this is only a persona she plays. She takes delight in knowing she was convincing enough she fooled Winston into believing she was a member of the thought police. She rips off her sash, an action showing that she believes the party's beliefs are ridiculous.

The Target:
In the Russian government, members of organizations such as the KGB were not allowed to leave so easily. They are bound to their duties and any secrets hidden by the government must be kept to themselves. There have been cases where former members of the KBG leave and try to expose government secrets, only to be mysteriously killed shortly after. The same can be said for the citizens in 1984. Citizens of Oceania who oppose Big Brother are vaporized so they don't spread their message of rebellion.