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The current population of the whole city of Tokyo is 37,468,046 people, making Tokyo the most populous metropolitan area. Tokyo’s population can be split into two separate parts, the 23 wards which make up what was originally known as Tokyo prior to 1943, and the suburban area of Tokyo. The population of the 23 wards is 9,262,046 people. It is estimated that by 2025 Tokyo’s entire population will increase to 39 million people. This is a 5% population increase from 2011 to 2025. Despite the slow population increase Tokyo is still 1.5 times more populous than the next largest megacity. The economy in Japan is well developed and, although since the 90’s it the economy has begun to slowly decrease, it is still the third largest in the world. The economy is mainly industrial, and market based.

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Megacity Research Task

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Japan and Australia are two very different countries, the main difference that one country has 102,698,011 more people than the other! Australia currently has a population of 23, 470, 145 people and is located in Oceania. Japan currently has a population of 126,168,156 people and is located in Asia. Despite this huge population difference Australia is 22.7 times the size of Japan. As Australia has been recently discovered within the last 200 years and Japan is quite an old civilisation Japan is naturally more developed than Australia. Australia’s rate of urbanisation is a lot faster than Japan as the demand to live here is a lot higher. Whilst Japan’s rate of urbanisation is slowly decreasing by 0.14% every year Australia’s is increasing by 1.43% every year. This could be because of many reasons including better education or better environment. Although the literacy rates are the same in both Japan and Australia, with both 99% of the population able to read, write and spell a sentence, education is Australia is generally better. The government in Australia spends a higher percent of the GDP on education with 5.2% of GDP, whilst Japan’s government spends only 3.6% of GDP. The main difference between our education and theirs is school life expectancy. In Australia our school life expectancy is 5 years more for men and 6 years more for women. Across Japan the school life expectancy is 15 years whereas in Australia the school life expectancy is 20 years for men and 21 years for women. Another reason for the increase in migration to Australia is significantly lower energy consumption and pollution. This means the air is more clean and less polluted. Australia only uses 537 million mt per year whereas Japan uses 1.257 billion Mt per year. Though Japan is more sustainable than Australia, as based on my calculation Australia on average uses 22.88 Mt per person and Japan uses 9.96 Mt per person.

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An issue faced by urban planners is the lack of migration to Japan. As there are not many people coming into Japan it is unlikely that people would want to buy houses. This means it would be hard for the urban planners to sell the houses and the chances of making a profit would be low, as there is not a high demand. Much of the migration and population increase happened between 1970 and 2000 so there has already been a large amount of urbanisation in cities such as Tokyo. There is not much further urbanisation to complete as 91.6% of Japan’s population already live in urbanised areas. Japan currently aren't doing anything effective to increase the rate of urbanisation and stop it from decreasing by 0.14% per year. This could be because increasing migration is a difficult issue to deal with and Japan is already urbanised, so the government might see it as not as important. Although a possible way to fix this would to find a way to increase migration, perhaps by increasing the living conditions and job opportunities in Japan.

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Although Japan has a very high economy, the rate of urbanisation is decreasing by 0.14% every year, after the economy growth came to a slow in the 1990’s. Despite this decrease 91.6% of the population live in urbanised areas. Japan still has a very high number of carbon dioxide emissions as a result of energy consumption, with 1.257 billion Mt per year which is the fifth largest amount in the world. Compared to size of the population this is not actually that much, as they only use approximately 9.96 Mt per person.

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Although Japan is quite well developed the education could be improved. The current education expenditures in Japan is 3.6% of GDP, where they come 124th in the world. The top country, Cuba which spends 12.8% of GDP on education which is more than triple the percentage of GDP Japan spends. Japan has quite good literacy rates, with 99% of the population able to read and write. The school life expectancy is 15 years which would generally be all of primary school and high school plus 2 years of university, leaving Japan ranked just 155th in the world.

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Health in Japan is well developed and is currently better than most countries. The life expectancy at birth is currently 85.5 years, which is the second highest life expectancy in the world, only after Monaco, which is 89.4 years. At present the male life expectancy is 82.2 years and the female life expectancy is 89 years. On average the fertility rate is 1.42 children born per woman. Out of these children there is an average of 2 deaths for every 1,000 live births. The available doctors per capita as of 2014 is on average 2.37 doctors for every 1,000 people, which is not as high as other countries as it is harder to supply as many doctors for such a populous country.

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In Japan the GDP per capita is $42,900, although this is currently increasing every year (the gapminder graph below does not include 2018 results). Poverty in Japan is quite common, with 16.1% living under the poverty line, which is a little less than 1 in 6 people. As the poverty line varies for different countries depending on how rich they are, Japan’s poverty line is most likely higher than other countries, such as those in Africa, because Japan is one of the richer countries. The current unemployment rate is 2.9%, which is quite low compared to other countries.

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population/http://worldpopulationreview.com/world-cities/tokyo-population/
https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/resources/the-world-factbook/geos/ja.html
https://www.gapminder.org/tools/#$chart-type=linechart (For this there were many variations of what graphs I used)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Japan