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A symbol is literary device that contains several layers of meaning, often concealed at first sight, and is representative of several other aspects, concepts or traits than those that are visible in the literal translation alone. Symbol is using an object or action that means something more than its literal meaning.

In the story 'Fatty Leg's' cutting girls briads symbolized taking their culture away from theme.

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When a character thinks about a event that have happen before the story has occurred.
Sometimes flashbacks are written as separate 'interrupter' sections within a novel.

In the story 'Borders' A large part of the story is indicated to the memories the boy had of her sister leaving reserve. And the this created a conflict  between his sister and mother.

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Suspense is the intense emotional level that a audiences goes through when waiting for a event in a story to happen.  It basically leaves the reader holding their breath and wanting more information.

For example, audience felt very nervous when the black van followed Diana called into the farm, and crashed into Diana's car. Every one scared and nervous about what is going to happen
next and if the van's driver is going to attack Diana

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Foreshadowing is a literary device in which a writer gives an advance hint of what is to come later in the story. Foreshadowing often appears at the beginning of a story, or a chapter, and helps the reader develop expectations about the coming events in a story. There are various ways to create foreshadowing.

In the story 'Fatty Legs' readers got a hint of what Olemaun, is going to too after Raven made her wear socks.

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All stories must have certain characters or elements.
protagonist: is the person that the story is about.
antagonist: ia the. person who acts against the protagonist.
characters can be  dynamic or static.
dynamic characters are characters who change throughout the story.
static characters don't change through out the story.
characters can be round or flat.
round characters are more life like and have two or three sides to their personality.
However, flat characters don't seem very realistic, and there is only one side to their personality.

In the story 'The necklace' protagonist Mme. Loisel's is a dynamic character. She changes Both physically and emotionally through out the story.

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A mood is someone's particular feeling or state in story. prevailing emotion found not only in people but also in literature, music, and other expressive arts. Moods set the overall tone for speech or writing and are an important element in literature as well as in everyday life.

The mood of characters in 'NEVER Stop on the Motorway' was trifled and frustrated.

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When an author use another well known story, event, in their story to make a to make a comparison in the readers' minds.

In the story ' Fatty Legs' the writer showed how Coleman changed and developed at the end of the story  after attending residential school.  She showed this by saying that Olemaun now knew why did  Alice followed the rabbit. Alice is a famous character from the book ' Alice's Adventures in Wonderland'

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The perspective a writer chose to tell their story from is point of view.
we have three different types of point of view
First person
second person
third person which can be omniscient, limited omniscient, and objective.

the short story ' The Borders' was written in objective point of view, because we did not saw any of the characters thoughts.

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Plot are the events that made up a story.

They are divided into
Introduction: The readers meet characters, and understand the conflict. The readers also understand the setting in introduction.

Rising action: Rising actions are series of events that lead to climax. Usually it is the longest part.

In the climax of short story ' Fatty legs' Olemaun, burned her red stockings, and was ready to face consequences.

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Stuational irony is a  literary device that authors often use in their writing. When something happened that was not expected from audience, characters, or both.

The story 'The Neacklace' is a great example of stiountional irony.
In the end of the story, the couple found out that the necklace that they paid it debt for more than ten years, was fake.

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Setting is the time and place in which the story takes place. Setting can also include social statuses, weather, historical period, and details about immediate surroundings. There are two types of settings emotional, and physical.
Physical setting is the physicial place where the story took in.

Emotional setting is how characters feel emotionally in the stories.

In the story 'Built a Fire' both emotional and physical setting of the story emphizes the theme.

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Is the reason between a character's behaivior and actions.  There are two types of motivations: implicit  which is characters dreams and pleasures; it is more close to normal life.

In the short story 'Fatty Legs' Olemaun, is motiavtons for learning helped her to get through her hard experins in residential schools.

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When a writer decicedes to describe something that appelas to one or more of our five sences, they have used imagery.

In the story " Fatty Legs' the author deasicirebed Olemaun's home town and residential school she attended.
The author discarded Olemaun's physical appearance.

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Personification is a figure of speech   in which a non-human is given human characteristics.
. It can include verb of actions that humans are only capable of doing, or adjectives that only  adjectives that describe a human condition. The characteristics can also be emotions, feelings, or motives given to objects incapable of thought.

For example in the story ' Borders' the protagonist said that the American flag was flapping ; however, flags can not flap since they are not alive nor birds.

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Metaphor is a figure of speech that makes a hidden comparison between two subjects.

Example from 'Two Islands'

"Even though the island was small, it kept up with the world, and life on Graynel moved at the pace of the shipping timetables, the factory clocks and the traffic lights."

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Simile is a figure of speech that shows a caparison between two elements.
It uses the word 'like' or 'as' to  show the relationship between two things.

"When she drove up onto the street, the stream of twilight traffic was just about keeping pace with the pinstriped pedestrians who, like worker ants, were hurrying toward the nearest hole in the ground."
this is the example of simile in the short story called ' Never Stop on The Motorway'

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Theme is the message an artist express through their work. Usually, stated in one or two sentences. Theme of a story can be described as the lesson which can be learned from the events occurring in the story.

In story 'Built a Fire' London emphasizes the theme by choosing a harsh theme.

Major theme of ' Built a Fire:
Always listen to the people who have more experience than you. Never let your pride blind you from the truth  since we are all humans, and we make mistakes.

The man's pride ended up taking his life like a wood which burns turned hi