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- Cut
A visual transition in which one shot is instantaneously replaced on screen by another.

- Continuity Editing
Editing that creates action that flows smoothly across shots and scenes.

- Cross Cutting
Cutting back and forth quickly between two or more lines of action, indicating they are happening simultaneously.

- Dissolve
A gradual scene transition. The editor overlaps the end of one shot with the beginning of the next one.

- Fade
A visual transition between shots or scenes that appears on screen as a brief interval with no picture.

- Jump Cut
A cut that creates a lack of continuity by leaving out parts of the action.

- Establishing Shot
An establishing shot in filmmaking and television production sets up, or establishes the context for a scene by showing the relationship between its important figures and objects. It is generally a long or extreme-long shot at the beginning of a scene indicating where, and sometimes when, the remainder of the scene takes place.

- Cutaways and Cut ins
In film and television, a cutaway shot is the interruption of a continuously filmed action by inserting a view of something else. It is usually, although not always, followed by a cut back to the first shot.

- 30 Degree Rule
The 30 degree rule is a basic film editing guideline that states the camera should move at least 30 degrees relative to the subject between successive shots of the same subject.

- Shot/Reverse Shot
Shot reverse shot is a film technique where one character is shown looking at another character and then the other character is shown looking back at the first character. Since the characters are shown facing in opposite directions they viewer assumes that they are looking at each other.

- 180 Degree Rule
In filmmaking, the 180-degree rule is a basic guideline regarding the on-screen spatial relationship between a character and another character or object within a scene. By keeping the camera on one side of an imaginary axis between two characters.

- Eyeline Match
An eyeline match is a film editing technique associated with the continuity editing system. It is based on the premise that an audience will want to see what the character on-screen is seeing.

- Match on Action
Match on action refers to film and television editing techniques where the editor cuts from one shot to another view that matches the first shot's action.

- Montage
The technique of selecting, editing, and piecing together separate sections of film to form a continuous scene.

- Kuleshov Effect
The kuleshov effect is a mental phenomenon by which viewers derive more meaning from the interaction of two sequential shots than from a single shot in isolation.

- Parallel Editing
Parallel editing is the technique of alternating two or more scenes that often happen simultaneously but in different locations. If the scenes are simultaneous, they occasionally culminate in a single place, where the relevant parties confront each other.

- Freeze Frame
A freeze frame is a single frame forming a motionless image.

- Slow Motion
Slow motion is the action of showing film or playing back video more slowly than it was made or recorded, so that the action appears much slower than in real life.

- Split Screen
Split screen is where a cinema or television screen is split into two or more separate images.

- Wipes
A wipe is a type of film transition where one shot is replaced by another when it moves from one side to other.

- Dissolves
A dissolve is a gradual transition from one image to another. The terms fade-out and fade-in are used to describe a transition to and from a blank image.

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Verna Fields (Info)

In the horror film jaws the editor enhances the raw footage to create a movie.By using quick cuts this fits the horror/thriller genre and adds to what you would expect for this genre.The horror genre uses sound and editing to its advantage.

These include -
Shadows
Low Key Lighting
Diegetic Sound
Creating Tension Through Music
Quick Cuts
Slow Paced, Increases over time

The work of an editor is to remove the unimportant scenes that don't go with the plot line and to transform from one scene or camera angle to the other to make the film interesting and portray the emotion you want the viewers to feel. I believe that Verna Fields did this very well as when I was watching the film I was always engaged in the scene.

Cutting to continuity was used in the scene where Hooper, Brody and Quint were building the shark cage. This gave the viewer the idea of what they were doing without unnecessary details of assembly of the cage. Another important part of the film editing is it use of sound and music. The right amount of music and sound is used at the right time. The sound helps viewers create the required emotions during a scene. The terror sparks up in the viewers and they know the shark is attacking even when it can't be seen due to the terrifying background sound.

Lee Smith (Info)

Lee Smith was born in 1960 in Sydney. He is known for his work on inception, Dunkirk and The Dark Knight. He has worked in collaboration with Peter Weir and Christopher Nolan. He started out as a sound editor on Dead Calm, The Piano, The Portrait of a Lady and Holy Smoke. He then went on to edit Robocop 2.

Joker interrogation scene

0:00 - 1:38

Smith uses fairly long edits during this point. Smith also keeps the sequences going by focusing on one character even if another is speaking off camera. These long edits build up the tension of the scene before the action begins.

1:39 - 1:54

At Batman’s arrival, Smith uses faster edits than before which grabs the audience’s attention that the protagonist has arrived.

1:55 - 4:00

Here, Smith again adopts the same editing style as 0:00 – 1:38 with the two characters on-screen talking and only putting in the edits to cut between one character speaking then the other. There are no fast edits and the scene here still remains slow as the scene again builds up to the action. There are a few fast edits towards the end of this time frame when Batman turns hostile which alerts the audience.

Paul Hirsch (Info)

Paul Hirsch has edited over 40 films, among them the first "Star Wars" written and directed by George Lucas, for which he received an Academy Award in 1978, and "The Empire Strikes Back"; 11 films for Brian De Palma, including "Carrie", "Blowout" and "Mission: Impossible"; four for Herbert Ross, including "Footloose", "The Secret of My Success" and "Steel Magnolias"; three for John Hughes, including "Ferris Bueller's Day Off" and "Planes, Trains & Automobiles"; and "Falling Down" for Joel Schumacher. In 2005, he received his second Academy Award nomination for "Ray", a biopic based on the life of Ray Charles, directed by Taylor Hackford. The various genres in his resume include drama, action, horror, musical comedy, fantasy, suspense, mystery and comedy. In 2008, he reunited with Hackford on "Love Ranch", a character drama starring Helen Mirren and Joe Pesci. More recently, he edited "Source Code", directed by Duncan Jones and starring Jake Gyllenhaal and Michelle Monaghan, before segueing to "Mission: Impossible - Ghost Protocol", directed by Brad Bird. He has just completed "Warcraft", his second picture with director Duncan Jones, which was released in June 2016.

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Manipulate Time

- Speed Up
Fast cutting is a film editing technique which refers to several consecutive shots of a brief duration, approximately three seconds. This technique is used in tv shows such as arrow and flash. This is because both shows revolve around action and drama.

- Slow Down
Slow cutting is a editing technique which uses shots of long duration. A famous use of slow cutting is in Stanley Kubrick's "A Clockwork Orange" where the segment lasts three minutes and fifteen seconds.

- Compress Time
When you compress time in a video, you are making the duration shorter than real-time. Time compression is at the heart of video editing and is used in most productions to an extent. This techniques is used in many Doctor Who episodes as it is an easy and effective way to jump back and forth in time.

- Stretch Time
When you expand time in a video, you are making the duration of the video sequence longer than real time. This is relatively rare as it is not often you want your audience to see something happen slower than it actually happened.

Perception of Space

-  Space needs to be controlled as it creates a logical and believable connection between the characters and/or objects that don't share the same shot.

Rhythm and Pace

- Pacing
Rapid pacing suggests intensity and excitement while slower pacing  is more relaxed.

- Rhythm
Sequences where shots are the same length have no rhythm. In a sequence, rhythm requires that the length of shots should vary. The three main editing techniques used to keep rhythm are straight cuts, jump cuts and dissolves.

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Create Narrative

- Creating Motivation
A motivated edit is an edit which is motivated by what you see or hear. it breaks the illusion of continuity. When there is a reason for a different shot, a motivated cut is the least disruptive. When an actor looks to one side in a dramatic scene, it cuts to whatever the actor is supposed to be looking at.

- Development of Drama
The way footage is edited can determine the intensity of the shots in a film where drama is key. When creating and developing drama in your film, its depends on a few things such as the camera shots. In drama films, they use a lot of reaction shots, this is to signify how one or more characters act to a situation that has occurred.

- Providing Information
Depending on what editing techniques are used depends on how information is portrayed throughout a film. If a shot focuses on an object for a substantial amount of time, it clearly shows the viewer that the object has a focal point in the narrative and/or has a significant meaning to the main character.

Create Continuity

- Following the Action
A follow shot is used to track the motion of the subject, making it seem like the subject is being pursued by the camera.

- Changing Location
A jump cut going into a long shot is used to change from one location to the other, this makes the transition quite fast and easy for the viewer to follow as its simple.

- Changing Time Frames
Either a fade or a dissolve are usually used to transition between time zones or to fast forward to next important scene. (A day, A week, A month ect.)

Create Audience Reaction

- Creating Suspense
Constant pace throughout helps keep suspense and tension high. The quicker it is the better, this is because the audience has less time to take in shots. Therefore making them confused and keeping them on the edge of their seats.

- Creating Pace
Creating pace is done through fast editing and many jump cuts, a song with a high tempo also helps as it keep the pace.

Create Meaning

- Juxtaposing Elements
Juxtaposition is the placing of elements side by side, leaving it up to the reader to establish connections and discover or impose a meaning.

Creating Empathy

- What to Show
To create empathy, you don't need to show the viewer everything.

- Overlaying Sound
In The Godfather, for example, as Michael Corleone sits in the restaurant talking to the men who tried to kill his father with a gun in his pocket, we don’t just hear the sound of the restaurant or the men talking; we hear a train in the background. The train builds the tension and perfectly reflects Michael’s mindframe before he stands up, the sound of the train stops, and gunshots are heard instead.

- Creating Bias
Bias is created when the editor tries to persuade the viewer to pick a side when watching the film.

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- 1890(The Kinetograph)
Thomas Edison and William Dickson help pioneer the use of celluloid film to create motion pictures with their innovative camera, the Kinetograph.

- 1900(The First Cuts)
The first movies with multiple scenes debut, cut with scissors and tape on editing tables. Films soon include color, close-ups, wipe transitions and special effects.

- 1916(Technicolor)
Technicolor revolutionized the way color is added to film.

- 1924(Moviola)
Moviola, the world's first successful editing machine, is invented by Iwan Serrurier.

- 1934(An Academy Award)
The Academy of motion picture arts and sciences awards its first oscar for film editing.

- 1956(First Video Recorder)
The first ampex video tape recorder is released, allowing television to be recorded and edited using magnetic tape, replacing earlier film.

- 1958(VTR 1000)
Ampex VTR 1000's are widely used, encouraging new editing methods for a magnetic medium with no visible frames.

- 1960(New Editing Tables)
Traditional film editing evolves beyond early Steenbeck flatbed machines with new intercine and KEM editing tables.

- 1961(Eeco 900 + Electronic Editors)
The EECO 900 electronic editing controller appears, using precise time codes. The Ampex electronic editor makes it possible to edit film and videotape without physical slicing or cutting.

- 1971(Cmx 600)
The first computerized nonlinear editor, the CMX 600, is introduced for offline editing, requiring disk drives the size of washing machines.

- 1984(Editdroid)
Lucasfilm creates the editDroid, a computer workstation that uses multiple analog laser discs to enable random access editing.

- 1988(Editing Software)
EMC and Avid introduce the world to nonlinear film editing software, followed by adobe premiere, ushering in an era of professional digital editing suites.

- 2000(Multicore CPU)
Multicore CPUs grant ordinary computers the resource to edit digital video at progressively higher resolutions.

- 2015(Digital Dominance
Digital movie cameras, digital film distribution and projection and digital editing software now dominate the industry.