# data[].attributes.body
Air pollution is a major concern of new civilized world, which has a serious toxicological impact on human health and the environment. It has a number of different emission sources, but motor vehicles and industrial processes contribute the major part of air pollution. According to the World Health Organization, six major air pollutants include particle pollution, ground-level ozone, carbon monoxide, sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides, and lead. Long and short term exposure to air suspended toxicants has a different toxicological impact on human including respiratory and cardiovascular diseases, neuropsychiatric complications, the eyes irritation, skin diseases, and long-term chronic diseases such as cancer. Several reports have revealed the direct association between exposure to the poor air quality and increasing rate of morbidity and mortality mostly due to cardiovascular and respiratory diseases. Air pollution is considered as the major environmental risk factor in the incidence and progression of some diseases such as asthma, lung cancer, ventricular hypertrophy, Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases, psychological complications, autism, retinopathy, fetal growth, and low birth weight. In this review article, we aimed to discuss toxicology of major air pollutants, sources of emission, and their impact on human health. We have also proposed practical measures to reduce air pollution

# data[].attributes.body
Hi everyone here's my answer for the question:
First of all to mitigate all air pollutants
DO NOT BURN PLASTICS OR ANY OBJECTS THAT CREATES SMOKE.
Because burning objects or plastics can produce to much smoke.
While smoke produce Air Pollution.
Second is:
Do not throw away garbages everywhere.
Beacuse throwing garbages everywhere also produces. AIR POLLUTION.
So stop throwing garbages everywhere!! and START to throw Garbages in a Proper Waste Disposal
Third
You should stop using Cars that blow out smoke.
Cars that blow out smoke can do produce AIR POLLUTION.
Stop using Cars!! and use instead of Bicycles that doesnt blow out smoke!!
Fourth
Dis you know that factories can also blow out black smoke?!
YES!! They do blow out thick black smoke!
and here's the reason why is it blowing THICK BLACK SMOKE!
FACTORIES blow out thick black smoke because of the machine that they are using like PRODUCING IRONS AND THOSE WHO ARE MANUFACTURING PLASTIC TOYS!.
Last but not the least..
When a person is smoking this can cause our environment break down apart AND IT CAUSES AIR POLLUTION.
THATS ALL THANK YOU!!!

# data[].attributes.body
All I suggest is:

• stop burning plastics, you can recycle it instead

• prohibit vehicles that emit black smoke even factories

•prohibit smoking
•you can also use bike or just walk instead of using vehicles that blowing smoke
•and also plant trees because they can help clean the air

# data[].attributes.body
We all know pollution is one of the most serious problems in our environment.Well pollution can actually destroy our environment.It can cause respiratory diseases like asthma, lung cancer and many more.It can also destroy the ozone layer which protects the earth from the ultraviolet rays of the sun.We actually do things that are not good and beneficial for the environment and also the people living on it,we burn solid fossil fuels, we smoke and use chemicals that cam cause air pollution.
Here are some things we should do to prevent air pollution:
1.Reduce the trips you take using car and other vehicles that can  produce smoke.
2.Avoid burning leaves, trash and other materials.
3.You can use bike or walk whenever possible.
4.Avoid using airspray and other chemicals that can contaminate the air.
5.Avoid smoking  to prevent air pollution.

# data[].attributes.body
Niebres,Justine Karl R.

Air pollution is a phenomenon where in the release of harmful chemichals in the atmosphere result in contamination of air. It is considered on of the most serious environmental issues in the world. It doesn't just lead to various health disorders in human but also destroys the ozone layer.

In order to prevent air pollution we must:
1. Reduce the use of vehicles - use bicycle or just walk.
2. Avoid burning fossil fuels - these fuels are the main cause of acid rain
3. Do not smoke inside your home - common indoor air pollution is cigarette smoke.
4. Plant trees - trees around your house and in your neighbor will help reduce air pollution.
5.Take good care of your fire place - it is important to burn the right wood in the right way to prevent the generation of unneccessary air pollution.
6. Decomposition of garbage and solid waste - disposal sites containing biodegradeble substances are known to emit methane gas into the atmosphere.

# data[].attributes.body
Effects of air pollution

A variety of air pollutants have known or suspected harmful effects on human health and the environment. In most areas of Europe, these pollutants are principally the products of combustion from space heating, power generation or from motor vehicle traffic. Pollutants from these sources may not only prove a problem in the immediate vicinity of these sources but can travel long distances.

The table below shows the types of health effects experienced by the most common pollutants at elevated levels:

Actions You Can Take to Reduce Air Pollution

Follow these Tips Every Day to Reduce Pollution:

Conserve energy - at home, at work, everywhere.

Look for the ENERGY STAR label when buying home or office equipment.

Carpool, use public transportation, bike, or walk whenever possible.

Follow gasoline refueling instructions for efficient vapor recovery, being careful not to spill fuel and always tightening your gas cap securely.

Consider purchasing portable gasoline containers labeled “spill-proof,” where available.

Keep car, boat, and other engines properly tuned.

Be sure your tires are properly inflated.

Use environmentally safe paints and cleaning products whenever possible.

Mulch or compost leaves and yard waste.

Consider using gas logs instead of wood.

On Days when High Ozone Levels are Expected, Take these Extra Steps to Reduce Pollution:

Choose a cleaner commute - share a ride to work or use public transportation.

Combine errands and reduce trips. Walk to errands when possible.

Avoid excessive idling of your automobile.

Refuel your car in the evening when its cooler.

Conserve electricity and set air conditioners no lower than 78 degrees.

Defer lawn and gardening chores that use gasoline-powered equipment, or wait until evening.

# data[].attributes.body
Air pollution occurs when harmful or excessive quantities of substances including gases, particulates, and biological molecules are introduced into Earth's atmosphere. It may cause diseases, allergies and even death to humans; it may also cause harm to other living organisms such as animals and food crops, and may damage the natural or built environment. Both human activity and natural processes can generate air pollution.

Indoor air pollution and poor urban air quality are listed as two of the world's worst toxic pollution problems in the 2008 Blacksmith Institute World's Worst Polluted Places report.[1] According to the 2014 World Health Organization report, air pollution in 2012 caused the deaths of around 7 million people worldwide,[2] an estimate roughly echoed by one from the International Ene

# data[].attributes.body
Protecting the atmosphere means limiting or preventing the emissions of harmful substances.  Maximum allowed concentrations of particular substances over different time periods have been defined to try and limit their damage.

Because pollutants are transported by the wind, air pollution problems in a particular location can be the result of emissions from many different sources, often far away.  To obtain information about pollution concentrations, national networks of environmental monitoring have been set up which gather, analyse and publish air quality data.

# data[].attributes.body
Air pollution is a very serious global public problem that we encountering today. Air pollution is caused by both natural as well as human activities like, burning and the smoke coming from the vehicles and factories, that can affect human health. But we can help to reduce air pollution by the following:
1. Conserve Energy - remember to turn off the lights, computers, and electric appliances when not in use.
2. Participate in your local utilities energy conservation programs.
3. Walking and Biking, instead of riding public transportations or driving car.
4. Avoid burning plastics or different garbages, it is better if you just bury them into the soil.
5. Planting trees can reduce air pollution.
6. Avoid smoke belching.
7. Be careful not to spill gasoline when pilling up your car.
8. Use electric or hand-powered equipment.
9. Seal consumers of household cleaners, workshop chemicals and solvents, and garden chemicals to prevent volatile organic compounds from evaporating into the air.

# data[].attributes.body
Air pollution is becoming a major health problem that affects millions of people worldwide. In support of this observation, the World Health Organization estimates that every year, 2.4 million people die because of the effects of air pollution on health. Mitigation strategies such as changes in diesel engine technology could result in fewer premature mortalities, as suggested by the US Environmental Protection Agency. This review: (i) discusses the impact of air pollution on respiratory disease; (ii) provides evidence that reducing air pollution may have a positive impact on the prevention of disease; and (iii) demonstrates the impact concerted polices may have on population health when governments take actions to reduce air pollution.

Effect sof air pollution to our environment
>Acid rain is precipitation containing harmful amounts of nitric and sulfuric acids. These
acids are formed primarily by nitrogen oxides and sulfur oxides released into the
atmosphere when fossil fuels are burned. These acids fall to the Earth either as wet
precipitation (rain, snow, or fog) or dry precipitation (gas and particulates). Some are
carried by the wind, sometimes hundreds of miles. In the environment, acid rain
damages trees and causes soils and water bodies to acidify, making the water
unsuitable for some fish and other wildlife. It also speeds the decay of buildings,
statues, and sculptures that are part of our national heritage. Acid rain has damaged
Massachusetts lakes, ponds, rivers, and soils, leading to damaged wildlife and forests.
Eutrophication is a condition in a water body where high concentrations of nutrients
(such as nitrogen) stimulate blooms of algae, which in turn can cause fish kills and loss
of plant and animal diversity. Although eutrophication is a natural process in the aging of
lakes and some estuaries, human activities can greatly accelerate eutrophication by
increasing the rate at which nutrients enter aquatic ecosystems.
Air emissions of
nitrogen oxides from power plants, cars, trucks, and other sources contribute to the
amount of nitrogen entering aquatic ecosystems.
Haze is caused when sunlight encounters tiny pollution particles in the air.
Haze
obscures the clarity, color, texture, and form of what we see. Some haze-causing
pollutants (mostly fine particles) are directly emitted to the atmosphere by sources such
as power plants, industrial facilities, trucks and automobiles, and construction activities.
Others are formed when gases emitted to the air (such as sulfur dioxide and nitrogen
oxides) form particles as they are carried downwind.

Effects of air pollution into people
>Breathing polluted air puts you at a higher risk for asthma and other respiratory diseases.
When exposed to ground ozone for 6 to 7 hours, scientific evidence show that healthy people’s lung function decreased and they suffered from respiratory inflammation.
Air pollutants are mostly carcinogens and living in a polluted area can put people at risk of Cancer.
Coughing and wheezing are common symptoms observed on city folks.
Damages the immune system, endocrine and reproductive systems.
High levels of particle pollution have been associated with higher incidents of heart problems.
The burning of fossil fuels and the release of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere are causing the Earth to become warmer. Read about the effects of Global Warming here.
The toxic chemicals released into the air settle into plants and water sources. Animals eat the contaminated plants and drink the water. The poison then travels up the food chain – to us.

# data[].attributes.body
Today air pollution is not a joke because the number of cars are increasing or should I say vehicle . We can prevent this air pollution using these different solutions, By not taking advantage of public transportation like cars, tricycles and even taxi. We shouldn't use packs of cigarettes that may cause people using or smelling it cancer. Also we should remind our elders and janitors to prevent burning of trash and other materials that can be burnt. If you think that we can reduce trash by this method, No making it worse because there are gasses added in the air that can harm us people. These will affect or harm the organisms. They can suffer from respiratory diseases, skin allergies and more. We can reduce air pollution by simply reducing combustion or burning of fossil fuels we can prevent this by using wind energy or power and more. So we should help each other and let's save our environment.

# data[].attributes.headline
Staying indoorsPersonal exposure to ambient air pollutants occurs in both indoor and outdoor environments, and the levels of exposure depend on the fractions of time an individual spends in various indoor and outdoor environments, as well as the concentrations of outdoor-source air pollutants in those indoor and outdoor environments. In the developed world, people spend about 90% of their daily time indoors on average, with about 70% of their daily time in residential homes (5). There is a lack of information on personal activity patterns in the developing world. Although ambient air pollutants such as particulate matter, ozone, and other gases infiltrate indoors from outdoors, concentrations are generally lower indoors compared to outdoors, and spending time indoors generally reduces exposure to ambient air pollutants. Indeed, environmental protection agencies in a number of countries advise members of the public to remain indoors as part of guidance to reduce exposure and thus acute health risk on high air pollution days (6). However, it is worth noting that infiltration rates vary widely due to differences in building structures, indoor surface materials, air handling systems, building operating conditions, and ambient environmental conditions (e.g., wind speed and direction, temperature, and air pollutant constituents). Concentrations of indoor air pollutants of ambient origin are primarily determined by the process of outdoor-to-indoor transport, which is a function of air exchange rate (building ventilation). Closed windows, usually associated with use of air conditioning in the developed world, can reduce air exchange rates by about 50% (7), leading to reduced infiltration of ambient air pollutants to the indoor environment.Personal exposure to ambient pollutants in the indoor environment is complicated by indoor air chemistry, through which some ambient pollutants are degraded (e.g., O3 and nitrate particles) and other new air pollutants are formed (e.g., aldehydes and ammonia) (8). Concentrations of ozone indoors have been found to range widely from 10% to 80% of outdoor concentrations, with means of 40-50%, due to loss of ozone by chemical reactions that occur primarily on interior surfaces (9). The effectiveness of staying indoors to reduce exposure to outdoor-source PM is more limited due to typical penetration factors which can approach unity in the absence of air conditioning (10), and relatively little loss of particles to surface deposition. Evidence that closing windows reduces penetration of PM and associated cardiovascular health risk came from a recent study of 300 healthy adults in Taipei who alternately opened and closed windows at home for 2-week periods. Lin et al.[2013] found associations between PM levels and adverse changes in markers of cardiovascular disease risk (increased plasma CRP and fibrinogen, and decreased heart rate variability) after periods with windows open, but no changes with windows closed (11).Recommendations to spend more time indoors or make buildings “tighter” to reduce penetration of ambient pollutants are further complicated by variable indoor sources of air pollutants and the theoretical net risk from the different air pollutants that may be encountered indoors from both indoor and outdoor sources (Figure 1). Staying indoors and decreasing home ventilation reduces personal exposures to pollutants of outdoor origin, but at the same time may potentially increase personal exposures and health risks from a variety of indoor-generated primary and secondary air pollutants, including volatile organic compounds from consumer products and building materials, and nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide and particulate matter from indoor combustion activities such as cooking, wood burning, and smoking tobacco products. For example, Huang et al. [2014] reported that levels of indoor PM were associated with decreased heart rate variability (HRV) among housewives. After adjustment for confounders, an interquartile range increase in PM2.5 was associated with statistically significant 1.25-4.31% decreases in standard deviation of normal to normal (SDNN) and 0.12-3.71% decreases in root mean squared of successive differences (rMSSD) HRV, and these effects were stronger during stir-frying, cleaning with detergent, and burning incense (12).￼Figure 1Schematic diagram illustrating the complex processes that determine exposure to air pollutants of outdoor and indoor origin, including infiltration of outdoor-source pollutants, generation of indoor-source pollutants, chemical reactions in the air and ...Cleaning indoor airPortable or central air cleaning systems can reduce concentrations of indoor air pollutants, of either outdoor or indoor origin. MacIntosh et al.[2008] conducted an indoor air quality study to characterize particle removal efficiencies of several types of central, in-duct air filters/cleaners (13). The authors observed that indoor particles with diameters 0.3-0.5 µm were effectively removed by either placing a 5-inch pleated media filter (model BAYFTAH26M, Trane Residential Systems) or an electrostatic air cleaner in the ventilation duct. The application of the 5-inch pleated media filter reduced the indoor/outdoor (I/O) ratio of 0.3-0.5 µm particles 0.8 to 0.2 (75% decrease, 95% CI: 74-76%), and the electrostatic air cleaner reduced the I/O ratio from 0.8 to 0.05 (a 94% decrease, 95% CI: 93-95%) under typical indoor settings specified in Meng et al., [2009] (7). Macintosh et al.[2008] further observed that PM2.5 can also be removed effectively by 1-inch and 5-inch pleated media filters (model BAYFTAH26M, Trane Residential Systems) in the ventilation duct (13). Under typical indoor settings, the 1-inch and 5-inch pleated media filters reduced I/O ratio of PM2.5from 0.40 to 0.27 (a 32.5% decrease, 95% CI: 29-36%) and from 0.40 to 0.08 (an 80% decrease, 95% CI: 79-81%), respectively (7). Practical considerations that may limit the use of increased filtration include added energy costs, noise, and wear and tear to the ventilation system.Macintosh et al. [2010] modeled the health benefits of using a whole house in-duct air cleaner (14). The indoor-outdoor ratio of PM2.5 will decrease from 0.57 with natural ventilation (passive air exchange through windows and other openings), to 0.35 with conventional in-duct filtration, to 0.1 with HEPA (high efficiency particle air) in-duct filtration. Based on modeling of the metropolitan areas of Cincinnati, Cleveland, and Columbus, Ohio, reduction in PM2.5 I/O ratio from 0.57 to 0.1 after adoption of in-duct HEPA filtration would lead to estimated annual decreases of 700 (0.014%) premature deaths, 940 (0.019%) hospital and ER visit, and 130,000 (2.6%) asthma attacksIn addition to filtration in heating ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) systems, portable filter-based air cleaners have also been used to reduce indoor levels of PM2.5and assess potential impacts of these reductions on acute health-related biomarkers in controlled experiments. Macintosh et al. [2008] reported that the PM2.5 can also be effectively removed with a single portable air cleaner with HEPA filter (13). Under typical conditions (7), the operation of a single portable air cleaner with HEPA filter led to a decrease of I/O ratio from 0.4 to 0.14 (a 65% decrease, 95% CI: 63-67%). The actual removal rate is expected to be dependent upon the size of interior space, the ventilation rate, and the flow rate of the portable air cleaner. Bräuner et al. [2008] conducted a randomized double-blind, crossover study to quantify the impact of a portable HEPA filter-based indoor air intervention on microvascular function for healthy elderly individuals in Copenhagen (15). The HEPA filter intervention reduced both indoor PM2.5 mass concentrations (from 12.6 to 4.7 µg/m3) and particle number concentrations (from 10,016 to 3,206 particles/cm3), leading to an 8.1% (95% CI: 0.4-26.3% improvement in microvascular function. Another study in an area with prevalent wood smoke (Vancouver, BC area) used a similar HEPA filter intervention and reported similar declines in indoor PM levels as well as improved microvascular function (16).

# data[].attributes.subject
Staying indoorsPersonal exposure to ambient air pollutants occurs in both indoor and outdoor environments, and the levels of exposure depend on the fractions of time an individual spends in various indoor and outdoor environments, as well as the concentrations of outdoor-source air pollutants in those indoor and outdoor environments. In the developed world, people spend about 90% of their daily time indoors on average, with about 70% of their daily time in residential homes (5). There is a lack of information on personal activity patterns in the developing world. Although ambient air pollutants such as particulate matter, ozone, and other gases infiltrate indoors from outdoors, concentrations are generally lower indoors compared to outdoors, and spending time indoors generally reduces exposure to ambient air pollutants. Indeed, environmental protection agencies in a number of countries advise members of the public to remain indoors as part of guidance to reduce exposure and thus acute health risk on high air pollution days (6). However, it is worth noting that infiltration rates vary widely due to differences in building structures, indoor surface materials, air handling systems, building operating conditions, and ambient environmental conditions (e.g., wind speed and direction, temperature, and air pollutant constituents). Concentrations of indoor air pollutants of ambient origin are primarily determined by the process of outdoor-to-indoor transport, which is a function of air exchange rate (building ventilation). Closed windows, usually associated with use of air conditioning in the developed world, can reduce air exchange rates by about 50% (7), leading to reduced infiltration of ambient air pollutants to the indoor environment.Personal exposure to ambient pollutants in the indoor environment is complicated by indoor air chemistry, through which some ambient pollutants are degraded (e.g., O3 and nitrate particles) and other new air pollutants are formed (e.g., aldehydes and ammonia) (8). Concentrations of ozone indoors have been found to range widely from 10% to 80% of outdoor concentrations, with means of 40-50%, due to loss of ozone by chemical reactions that occur primarily on interior surfaces (9). The effectiveness of staying indoors to reduce exposure to outdoor-source PM is more limited due to typical penetration factors which can approach unity in the absence of air conditioning (10), and relatively little loss of particles to surface deposition. Evidence that closing windows reduces penetration of PM and associated cardiovascular health risk came from a recent study of 300 healthy adults in Taipei who alternately opened and closed windows at home for 2-week periods. Lin et al.[2013] found associations between PM levels and adverse changes in markers of cardiovascular disease risk (increased plasma CRP and fibrinogen, and decreased heart rate variability) after periods with windows open, but no changes with windows closed (11).Recommendations to spend more time indoors or make buildings “tighter” to reduce penetration of ambient pollutants are further complicated by variable indoor sources of air pollutants and the theoretical net risk from the different air pollutants that may be encountered indoors from both indoor and outdoor sources (Figure 1). Staying indoors and decreasing home ventilation reduces personal exposures to pollutants of outdoor origin, but at the same time may potentially increase personal exposures and health risks from a variety of indoor-generated primary and secondary air pollutants, including volatile organic compounds from consumer products and building materials, and nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide and particulate matter from indoor combustion activities such as cooking, wood burning, and smoking tobacco products. For example, Huang et al. [2014] reported that levels of indoor PM were associated with decreased heart rate variability (HRV) among housewives. After adjustment for confounders, an interquartile range increase in PM2.5 was associated with statistically significant 1.25-4.31% decreases in standard deviation of normal to normal (SDNN) and 0.12-3.71% decreases in root mean squared of successive differences (rMSSD) HRV, and these effects were stronger during stir-frying, cleaning with detergent, and burning incense (12).￼Figure 1Schematic diagram illustrating the complex processes that determine exposure to air pollutants of outdoor and indoor origin, including infiltration of outdoor-source pollutants, generation of indoor-source pollutants, chemical reactions in the air and ...Cleaning indoor airPortable or central air cleaning systems can reduce concentrations of indoor air pollutants, of either outdoor or indoor origin. MacIntosh et al.[2008] conducted an indoor air quality study to characterize particle removal efficiencies of several types of central, in-duct air filters/cleaners (13). The authors observed that indoor particles with diameters 0.3-0.5 µm were effectively removed by either placing a 5-inch pleated media filter (model BAYFTAH26M, Trane Residential Systems) or an electrostatic air cleaner in the ventilation duct. The application of the 5-inch pleated media filter reduced the indoor/outdoor (I/O) ratio of 0.3-0.5 µm particles 0.8 to 0.2 (75% decrease, 95% CI: 74-76%), and the electrostatic air cleaner reduced the I/O ratio from 0.8 to 0.05 (a 94% decrease, 95% CI: 93-95%) under typical indoor settings specified in Meng et al., [2009] (7). Macintosh et al.[2008] further observed that PM2.5 can also be removed effectively by 1-inch and 5-inch pleated media filters (model BAYFTAH26M, Trane Residential Systems) in the ventilation duct (13). Under typical indoor settings, the 1-inch and 5-inch pleated media filters reduced I/O ratio of PM2.5from 0.40 to 0.27 (a 32.5% decrease, 95% CI: 29-36%) and from 0.40 to 0.08 (an 80% decrease, 95% CI: 79-81%), respectively (7). Practical considerations that may limit the use of increased filtration include added energy costs, noise, and wear and tear to the ventilation system.Macintosh et al. [2010] modeled the health benefits of using a whole house in-duct air cleaner (14). The indoor-outdoor ratio of PM2.5 will decrease from 0.57 with natural ventilation (passive air exchange through windows and other openings), to 0.35 with conventional in-duct filtration, to 0.1 with HEPA (high efficiency particle air) in-duct filtration. Based on modeling of the metropolitan areas of Cincinnati, Cleveland, and Columbus, Ohio, reduction in PM2.5 I/O ratio from 0.57 to 0.1 after adoption of in-duct HEPA filtration would lead to estimated annual decreases of 700 (0.014%) premature deaths, 940 (0.019%) hospital and ER visit, and 130,000 (2.6%) asthma attacksIn addition to filtration in heating ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) systems, portable filter-based air cleaners have also been used to reduce indoor levels of PM2.5and assess potential impacts of these reductions on acute health-related biomarkers in controlled experiments. Macintosh et al. [2008] reported that the PM2.5 can also be effectively removed with a single portable air cleaner with HEPA filter (13). Under typical conditions (7), the operation of a single portable air cleaner with HEPA filter led to a decrease of I/O ratio from 0.4 to 0.14 (a 65% decrease, 95% CI: 63-67%). The actual removal rate is expected to be dependent upon the size of interior space, the ventilation rate, and the flow rate of the portable air cleaner. Bräuner et al. [2008] conducted a randomized double-blind, crossover study to quantify the impact of a portable HEPA filter-based indoor air intervention on microvascular function for healthy elderly individuals in Copenhagen (15). The HEPA filter intervention reduced both indoor PM2.5 mass concentrations (from 12.6 to 4.7 µg/m3) and particle number concentrations (from 10,016 to 3,206 particles/cm3), leading to an 8.1% (95% CI: 0.4-26.3% improvement in microvascular function. Another study in an area with prevalent wood smoke (Vancouver, BC area) used a similar HEPA filter intervention and reported similar declines in indoor PM levels as well as improved microvascular function (16).

# data[].attributes.headline
Personal exposure to ambient air pollutants occurs in both indoor and outdoor environments, and the levels of exposure depend on the fractions of time an individual spends in various indoor and outdoor environments, as well as the concentrations of outdoor-source air pollutants in those indoor and outdoor environments. In the developed world, people spend about 90% of their daily time indoors on average, with about 70% of their daily time in residential homes (5). There is a lack of information on personal activity patterns in the developing world. Although ambient air pollutants such as particulate matter, ozone, and other gases infiltrate indoors from outdoors, concentrations are generally lower indoors compared to outdoors, and spending time indoors generally reduces exposure to ambient air pollutants. Indeed, environmental protection agencies in a number of countries advise members of the public to remain indoors as part of guidance to reduce exposure and thus acute health risk on high air pollution days (6). However, it is worth noting that infiltration rates vary widely due to differences in building structures, indoor surface materials, air handling systems, building operating conditions, and ambient environmental conditions (e.g., wind speed and direction, temperature, and air pollutant constituents). Concentrations of indoor air pollutants of ambient origin are primarily determined by the process of outdoor-to-indoor transport, which is a function of air exchange rate (building ventilation). Closed windows, usually associated with use of air conditioning in the developed world, can reduce air exchange rates by about 50% (7), leading to reduced infiltration of ambient air pollutants to the indoor environment.Personal exposure to ambient pollutants in the indoor environment is complicated by indoor air chemistry, through which some ambient pollutants are degraded (e.g., O3 and nitrate particles) and other new air pollutants are formed (e.g., aldehydes and ammonia) (8). Concentrations of ozone indoors have been found to range widely from 10% to 80% of outdoor concentrations, with means of 40-50%, due to loss of ozone by chemical reactions that occur primarily on interior surfaces (9). The effectiveness of staying indoors to reduce exposure to outdoor-source PM is more limited due to typical penetration factors which can approach unity in the absence of air conditioning (10), and relatively little loss of particles to surface deposition. Evidence that closing windows reduces penetration of PM and associated cardiovascular health risk came from a recent study of 300 healthy adults in Taipei who alternately opened and closed windows at home for 2-week periods. Lin et al.[2013] found associations between PM levels and adverse changes in markers of cardiovascular disease risk (increased plasma CRP and fibrinogen, and decreased heart rate variability) after periods with windows open, but no changes with windows closed (11).Recommendations to spend more time indoors or make buildings “tighter” to reduce penetration of ambient pollutants are further complicated by variable indoor sources of air pollutants and the theoretical net risk from the different air pollutants that may be encountered indoors from both indoor and outdoor sources (Figure 1). Staying indoors and decreasing home ventilation reduces personal exposures to pollutants of outdoor origin, but at the same time may potentially increase personal exposures and health risks from a variety of indoor-generated primary and secondary air pollutants, including volatile organic compounds from consumer products and building materials, and nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide and particulate matter from indoor combustion activities such as cooking, wood burning, and smoking tobacco products. For example, Huang et al. [2014] reported that levels of indoor PM were associated with decreased heart rate variability (HRV) among housewives. After adjustment for confounders, an interquartile range increase in PM2.5 was associated with statistically significant 1.25-4.31% decreases in standard deviation of normal to normal (SDNN) and 0.12-3.71% decreases in root mean squared of successive differences (rMSSD) HRV, and these effects were stronger during stir-frying, cleaning with detergent, and burning incense (12).￼Figure 1Schematic diagram illustrating the complex processes that determine exposure to air pollutants of outdoor and indoor origin, including infiltration of outdoor-source pollutants, generation of indoor-source pollutants, chemical reactions in the air and ...Cleaning indoor airPortable or central air cleaning systems can reduce concentrations of indoor air pollutants, of either outdoor or indoor origin. MacIntosh et al.[2008] conducted an indoor air quality study to characterize particle removal efficiencies of several types of central, in-duct air filters/cleaners (13). The authors observed that indoor particles with diameters 0.3-0.5 µm were effectively removed by either placing a 5-inch pleated media filter (model BAYFTAH26M, Trane Residential Systems) or an electrostatic air cleaner in the ventilation duct. The application of the 5-inch pleated media filter reduced the indoor/outdoor (I/O) ratio of 0.3-0.5 µm particles 0.8 to 0.2 (75% decrease, 95% CI: 74-76%), and the electrostatic air cleaner reduced the I/O ratio from 0.8 to 0.05 (a 94% decrease, 95% CI: 93-95%) under typical indoor settings specified in Meng et al., [2009] (7). Macintosh et al.[2008] further observed that PM2.5 can also be removed effectively by 1-inch and 5-inch pleated media filters (model BAYFTAH26M, Trane Residents

# data[].attributes.subject
Personal exposure to ambient air pollutants occurs in both indoor and outdoor environments, and the levels of exposure depend on the fractions of time an individual spends in various indoor and outdoor environments, as well as the concentrations of outdoor-source air pollutants in those indoor and outdoor environments. In the developed world, people spend about 90% of their daily time indoors on average, with about 70% of their daily time in residential homes (5). There is a lack of information on personal activity patterns in the developing world. Although ambient air pollutants such as particulate matter, ozone, and other gases infiltrate indoors from outdoors, concentrations are generally lower indoors compared to outdoors, and spending time indoors generally reduces exposure to ambient air pollutants. Indeed, environmental protection agencies in a number of countries advise members of the public to remain indoors as part of guidance to reduce exposure and thus acute health risk on high air pollution days (6). However, it is worth noting that infiltration rates vary widely due to differences in building structures, indoor surface materials, air handling systems, building operating conditions, and ambient environmental conditions (e.g., wind speed and direction, temperature, and air pollutant constituents). Concentrations of indoor air pollutants of ambient origin are primarily determined by the process of outdoor-to-indoor transport, which is a function of air exchange rate (building ventilation). Closed windows, usually associated with use of air conditioning in the developed world, can reduce air exchange rates by about 50% (7), leading to reduced infiltration of ambient air pollutants to the indoor environment.Personal exposure to ambient pollutants in the indoor environment is complicated by indoor air chemistry, through which some ambient pollutants are degraded (e.g., O3 and nitrate particles) and other new air pollutants are formed (e.g., aldehydes and ammonia) (8). Concentrations of ozone indoors have been found to range widely from 10% to 80% of outdoor concentrations, with means of 40-50%, due to loss of ozone by chemical reactions that occur primarily on interior surfaces (9). The effectiveness of staying indoors to reduce exposure to outdoor-source PM is more limited due to typical penetration factors which can approach unity in the absence of air conditioning (10), and relatively little loss of particles to surface deposition. Evidence that closing windows reduces penetration of PM and associated cardiovascular health risk came from a recent study of 300 healthy adults in Taipei who alternately opened and closed windows at home for 2-week periods. Lin et al.[2013] found associations between PM levels and adverse changes in markers of cardiovascular disease risk (increased plasma CRP and fibrinogen, and decreased heart rate variability) after periods with windows open, but no changes with windows closed (11).Recommendations to spend more time indoors or make buildings “tighter” to reduce penetration of ambient pollutants are further complicated by variable indoor sources of air pollutants and the theoretical net risk from the different air pollutants that may be encountered indoors from both indoor and outdoor sources (Figure 1). Staying indoors and decreasing home ventilation reduces personal exposures to pollutants of outdoor origin, but at the same time may potentially increase personal exposures and health risks from a variety of indoor-generated primary and secondary air pollutants, including volatile organic compounds from consumer products and building materials, and nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide and particulate matter from indoor combustion activities such as cooking, wood burning, and smoking tobacco products. For example, Huang et al. [2014] reported that levels of indoor PM were associated with decreased heart rate variability (HRV) among housewives. After adjustment for confounders, an interquartile range increase in PM2.5 was associated with statistically significant 1.25-4.31% decreases in standard deviation of normal to normal (SDNN) and 0.12-3.71% decreases in root mean squared of successive differences (rMSSD) HRV, and these effects were stronger during stir-frying, cleaning with detergent, and burning incense (12).￼Figure 1Schematic diagram illustrating the complex processes that determine exposure to air pollutants of outdoor and indoor origin, including infiltration of outdoor-source pollutants, generation of indoor-source pollutants, chemical reactions in the air and ...Cleaning indoor airPortable or central air cleaning systems can reduce concentrations of indoor air pollutants, of either outdoor or indoor origin. MacIntosh et al.[2008] conducted an indoor air quality study to characterize particle removal efficiencies of several types of central, in-duct air filters/cleaners (13). The authors observed that indoor particles with diameters 0.3-0.5 µm were effectively removed by either placing a 5-inch pleated media filter (model BAYFTAH26M, Trane Residential Systems) or an electrostatic air cleaner in the ventilation duct. The application of the 5-inch pleated media filter reduced the indoor/outdoor (I/O) ratio of 0.3-0.5 µm particles 0.8 to 0.2 (75% decrease, 95% CI: 74-76%), and the electrostatic air cleaner reduced the I/O ratio from 0.8 to 0.05 (a 94% decrease, 95% CI: 93-95%) under typical indoor settings specified in Meng et al., [2009] (7). Macintosh et al.[2008] further observed that PM2.5 can also be removed effectively by 1-inch and 5-inch pleated media filters (model BAYFTAH26M, Trane Residents

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S

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Air Polution is one of a problem in our WORLD today.Today the air that we are breathing is full of TOXIC.One of the cause of these air pollution is human activities or natural phenomena..example!because of Burning of Fossil Fuels: Sulfur dioxide emitted from the combustion of fossil fuels like coal, petroleum and other factory combustibles are one of the major cause of air pollution.These air pollution is making our mother earth sapped its beauty...Breathing polluted air puts you at a higher risk for asthma and other respiratory diseases. When exposed to ground ozone for 6 to 7 hours, scientific evidence show that healthy people's lung function decreased and they suffered ifrom respiratory inflammation and  may CAUSE to death So if we want to live more then lets stop destroying our world with this air pollution.

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BUMANGLAG, ZHIARA ANGELA N. The air that we breath today is full of toxic and hazardous pollutants. Pollution in the environment could leave mother earth sapped of its beauty and biodiversity. The key to live a healthy life is to identify the sources of air pollution and implement practical ways so that you can help stop air pollution.

These are the solutions we can do to prevent air pollution in our environment:

•Quit smoking: quit smoking and encourage those around you to do the same. The smoke is terrible for you and for the air quality around you as well.

•Renewable fuel and clean energy production: the most basic solution for air pollution is to move away from fossil fuels, replacing them with alternative energies like solar, wind and geothermal.

•Emphasis on clean energey resources: clean energy technologies like wind, solar and geothermal are on high these days. Governments of various countries have been providing grants to consumers who are interested installing solar panels for their home. This will go along way to curb air pollution.

•Recycled and buy
recycled products: it takes more energy and natural resources to make new things, increasing the environmental footprint (including the air pollution) of those products, compared with those products that are made from recycle.

If we did that solutions, we can change our environment which is beautiful, clean and it has enough fresh air to breath.

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Air pollution occurs when harmful or excessive quantities of substances including gases, particulates, and biological moleculesare introduced into Earth's atmosphere. It may cause diseases, allergies and even death to humans; it may also cause harm to other living organisms such as animals and food crops, and may damage the natural or built environment. Both human activity and natural processes can generate air pollution.

Indoor air pollution and poor urban air quality are listed as two of the world's worst toxicpollution problems in the 2008 Blacksmith Institute World's Worst Polluted Places report.[1] According to the 2014 World Health Organization report, air pollution in 2012 caused the deaths of around 7 million people worldwide,[2] an estimate roughly echoed by one from the International Energy Agency.[3][

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The air that we breathe today is full of toxic and hazardous pollutants. Pollution in the environment could leave mother earth sapped of its beauty and biodiversity. The key to live a healty life is to identify the sources of air pollution and implement practical ways so that you can help stop air pollution.

These are the solutions we can do to prevent pollution in our environment:

•Quit smoking:quit smoking and encourage those around you to do the same. The smoke is terrible dor

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The air that we breathe today is full of toxic and hazardous pollutants. Pollution in the environment could leave mother earth

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Air pollution is defined as all destructive effects of any sources which contribute to the pollution of the atmosphere and/or deterioration of the ecosystem. Air pollution is caused by both human interventions and/or natural phenomena. It is made up of many kinds of pollutants including materials in solid, liquid, and gas phases.Air pollutions of indoors will not be specifically considered in this article.Effects of air pollutants on living organism will not only be limited to the human and animal health but also include the whole environment. Different geographical conditions, global climate changes, and the environmental variations affect the human health and the environment.Air pollution is now fully acknowledged to be a significant public health problem, responsible for a growing range of health effects that are well documented from the results of an extensive research effort conducted in many regions of the world. Whilst there is no doubt that rapid urbanisation means that we are now exposed to unhealthy concentrations and a more diverse variety of ambient air pollutants, palaeopathological research suggests the problem, in the form of smoke, plagued our oldest ancestors. Computerised tomography imaging studies on the bodies of ancient mummies have detected evidence of pneumonia, emphysema, pulmonary oedema and atherosclerosis (Zweifel et al. 2009; Thompson et al. 2013), whilst autopsies have described extensive carbon deposits in the lung (Zimmerman et al. 1971). This in turn has led to a speculative link to the daily inhalation of smoke in confined spaces from fuels used for warmth, cooking and lighting.

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Ecologically, air pollution can cause serious environmental damages to the groundwater, soil, and air.[23,24] It is also a serious threat to the diversity of life. Studies on the relationship between air pollution and reducing species diversity clearly show the detrimental effects of environmental contaminants on the extinction of animals and plants species.[25] Air suspended toxicants may also cause reproductive effects in animals.[26,27] Acid rain, temperature inversion, and global climate changes due to the emissions of greenhouse gasses to the atmosphere are other major ecological impacts of air pollution.[28]

Air pollutants and their toxicities

Every material in the air which could affect human health or have a profound impact on the environment is defined as air pollutants. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), particle pollution, ground-level O₃, CO, sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides, and lead (Pb) are the six major air pollutants which harm human health and also the ecosystem. There are many pollutants of suspended materials such as dust, fumes, smokes, mists, gaseous pollutants, hydrocarbons, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and halogen derivatives in the air which at the high concentrations cause vulnerability to many diseases including different types of cancers.[29,30,31,32] The most important air pollutants and their toxic effects on different human body organs and related diseases.

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Air pollution brings the world that we live in, in peril. I believe its not yet too late to save our mother earth. There are many ways. I suggest that the government should think of ways on how to lessen the use of vehicles for it is one of the most common sources of air pollutants because of the smoke they emit. Factories should also think of their own way to limit the excessive smoke coming from them. In our own homes, we can also do something. We should practice proper waste management and avoid burning trashes like plastic or dried leaves. We should adapt what other schools do with their waste such as having an Eco-Composting Receptacle in our backyard.

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Air pollution is one of the common problems that humankind is suffering from.Everyone is well aware that the air we breathe is full of harmful air pollutants that can cause severe health problems.Air pollution is very hazardous for human health and can lead to breathing problems.
HEALTH EFFECTS
Air pollution can harm us when it accumulates in the air in high enough concentrations.People exposed to high enough levels of certain air pollutants may experience cancer and damage to the immune ,neurological, reproductive and respiratory systems.It can also cause death.
ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS
-Acid rain
-Eutrophication
-Haze
-Effects on wildlife
-Ozone depletion
-Crop and forest damage
-Global climate change
SOLUTION
-Reduce the air pollution of your automobile
-Save energy
-Use eco-friendly products in your home
-Do not smoke inside your home
-Plant trees
-Keep air-cleaning houseplants
-Take a good care of your fireplace
-Recycle and buy recycled products
-Choose sustainable products
-Become interested in local matters

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Air pollution is a major problem of recent decades, which has a serious toxicological impact on human health and the environment. The sources of pollution vary from small unit of cigarettes and natural sources such as volcanic activities to large volume of emission from motor engines of automobiles and industrial activities.[1,2]Long-term effects of air pollution on the onset of diseases such as respiratory infections and inflammations, cardiovascular dysfunctions, and cancer is widely accepted;[3,4,5,6] hence, air pollution is linked with millions of death globally each year.[7,8,9] A recent study has revealed the association between male infertility and air pollution.The effects of air pollutions on living organism will not only be limited to the human and animal health but also include the whole environment. Different geographical conditions, global climate changes, and the environmental variations affect the human health and the environment including the animal life.
Ecologically, air pollution can cause serious environmental damages to the groundwater, soil, and air. It is also a serious threat to the diversity of life. Studies on the relationship between air pollution and reducing species diversity clearly show the detrimental effects of environmental contaminants on the extinction of animals and plants species.The effect of air pollution in people are irritation of the eyes,nose,throat,wheezing,coughing,breathing difficulties,worsening of existing lung and heart problems,such as asthma.

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Though my own initiative and action, i will mitigate the consumption of electronics and machines, like computers, air conditioner,and generators at home. These machines produce clhoro flouro carbon (cfc) which contributes to ozone depletion in the upper atmosphere. The cfc can be likened to a green house gas, with a much higher potential to enhance the greenhouse effect them co2. Due to these facts i will use the machines only if it is necessary,turn them off night after I use them and to maintain a good health.i will also campaign against air pollution and support its movement, be it on social media, though private sector or governmental campaigns. We are in the advent of modernization and youths like me, should be aware of the current standing of our environment. We are the hope, hence, we are responsible for its protection.

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When you think of air pollution, you most likely don’t conjure up images of the inside of your home or office. But because we spend so much time indoors — especially in colder weather — keeping the air quality as clean as possible in your home, car and workplace is important for your health. And, unfortunately, we bring most of those pollutants indoors ourselves. °Cigarette smoke Experts say that one of the most common indoor air pollutants is cigarette smoke. “The residual gas and particles from cigarette smoke that settle … [do] pose health hazards, particularly in rooms with a lot of fabric or carpeting,”  She says the risks are disproportionately high in children, who are more likely to be playing on the ground, and in people with chronic heart and lung problems. “We all have heard of second-hand smoke; this is called third-hand smoke.” °Household cleaners Household cleaning supplies are another common cause of indoor pollution. Harsh chemicals that give off fumes can irritate your nose, mouth and lungs, as well as your skin. “Those with sensitive lungs and upper airways, like people with asthma and chronic sinusitis, may notice their symptoms getting worse,” The fumes can cause inflammation that can make it more difficult for people with chronic lung conditions to heal from infections. It can also worsen inflammation due to other triggers, such as allergies. Other indoor pollutants that exacerbate asthma or other chronic lung conditions include: 1. Particulates from candles and incense 2. Irritating perfumes 3. Odors from harsh household cleaners 4. Craft and office supplies, such as paints, glues and toner ink 5. Fumes from dry cleaned garments (many solvents used are carcinogenic) 6. Allergens, such as mold, pollen, pet dander and dust mites 7. Wood-burning fireplaces or stoves 8. Improper ventilation in homes (can increase levels of radon and carbon monoxide gas 9. Gas stoves that are not not well ventilated with hoods to outside (can increase exposure to nitrogen dioxide (NO2), carbon monoxide and formaldehyde) 10. Materials used in older buildings such as asbestos, formaldehyde and lead. °Illnesses caused by indoor air pollution... Indoor air pollution can increase a person’s chances of having flares of chronic lung problems, such as asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). There are also likely longer-term effects from ongoing exposure that are more difficult to measure, such as the likelihood of lung cancer from radon exposure, as well as secondhand and thirdhand smoke. “In addition to worsening the symptoms of asthma and other chronic respiratory problems, indoor air pollution can also cause irritation of the nose, throat, eyes and lungs,” °Role of ventilation, air filters Although opening windows helps ventilate your home, car or office, that’s not always possible due to allergies or extreme temperatures. Consider using air filters and getting your HVAC (heating, ventilation and air conditioning systems) checked regularly. Also, air purifiers and aromatherapy can often make air quality worse unless they are the the right kind, Dr. Khatri says. They need to be HEPA (high-efficiency particulate arresting) air filters. °How to cut down your risk Fortunately, there are ways you can minimize air pollution in your home, car or at work, Here are some simple steps you can take: 1. Avoid smoking indoors (quitting smoking is the best answer for overall health) 2. Use craft supplies in well-ventilated areas 3. Make sure your gas stove is well-ventilated 4. Minimize clutter 5. Remove carpeting if possible 6. Use a dehumidifier and/or air conditioner to reduce moisture 7. Keep trash covered to avoid attracting pests 8. Remove shoes at the door 9. Have car emissions tested regularly 10. Minimize air freshener use 11. Test your home for radon 12. Use carbon monoxide detectors 13. Fix water leaks 14. Dust surfaces and vacuum frequently 15. Wash bedding weekly in hot water 16. Make sure exhaust fans are functioning in your bathrooms and kitchen 17. Keep a lid on scented candles Taking some simple precautions can help boost air quality in your home and improve your health.

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Air pollution occurs when harmful or excessive quantities of substances including gases, particulates, and biological molecules are introduced into Earth's atmosphere. It may cause diseases, allergies and even death to humans; it may also cause harm to other living organisms such as animals and food crops, and may damage the natural or built environment. Both human activity and natural processes can generate air pollution.

Solutions,to prevent air pollution:
#1 SAVE ENERGY:When you save energy, whether it is at home, at work, or while you are traveling, you will be reducing air polluting particulates as well as carbon emissions that pollute the air.
#2 USE ECO-FRIENDLY PRODUCTS IN YOUR HOME:When purchasing household products for your home and your yard, opt for the cleanest and greenest products that don’t contain any harmful polluting chemicals.
#3 DO NOT SMOKE INSIDE YOUR HOME:Cigarette smoke contains up to 70 carcinogenic substances and toxins that remain in the indoor air for a long time. Exposure to this second hand smoke can cause serious health problems to other family members.
#4 PLANT TREES:Trees around your house and in your neighborhood will help reduce air pollutants. Trees have the unique ability to clean the air of gaseous pollutants, such as nitrogen dioxide, carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, and ozone, as well as particulate pollutants.
#5 KEEP AIR-CLEANING HOUSE PLANTS:Similarly like trees, some plants have the ability to remove pollutants such as benzene and formaldehyde from the indoor air.
#6 RECYCLE AND BUY RECYCLED PRODUCTS:It takes more energy and natural resources to make new things, increasing the environmental footprint (including the air pollution that is produced) of those products, compared with those products that are made from recycled materials.
#7 BECOME INTERESTED IN LOCAL MATTERS:Support public policies and representative politicians who will work to protect the air and the environment.

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Air pollution is one of the most dangerous forms of pollution. A biological, chemical, and physical alteration of the air occurs when smoke, dust, and any harmful gases enter into the atmosphere and make it difficult for all living beings to survive as the air becomes contaminated. Burning of fossil fuels, agriculture related activities, mining operations, exhaust from industries and factories, and household cleaning products entail air pollution. People release a huge amount of chemical substances in the air every day. The effects of air pollution are alarming. It causes global warming, acid rains, respiratory and heart problems, and eutrophication. A lot of wildlife species are forced to change their habitat in order to survive.Air pollution is a major concern of new civilized world, which has a serious toxicological impact on human health and the environment.

How to prevent the effects of major airt pollutants:

for industry: clean technologies that reduce industrial smokestack emissions; improved management of urban and agricultural waste, including capture of methane gas emitted from waste sites as an alternative to incineration (for use as biogas);

for energy: ensuring access to affordable clean household energy solutions for cooking, heating and lighting;

for transport: shifting to clean modes of power generation; prioritizing rapid urban transit, walking and cycling networks in cities as well as rail interurban freight and passenger travel; shifting to cleaner heavy duty diesel vehicles and low-emissions vehicles and fuels, including fuels with reduced sulfur content;

for urban planning: improving the energy efficiency of buildings and making cities more green and compact, and thus energy efficient;

for power generation: increased use of low-emissions fuels and renewable combustion-free power sources (like solar, wind or hydropower); co-generation of heat and power; and distributed energy generation (e.g. mini-grids and rooftop solar power generation);

for municipal and agricultural waste management: strategies for waste reduction, waste separation, recycling and reuse or waste reprocessing; as well as improved methods of biological waste management such as anaerobic waste digestion to produce biogas, are feasible, low cost alternatives to the open incineration of solid waste. Where incineration is unavoidable, then combustion technologies with strict emission controls are critical.

·         Adoption of rules that reduce emissions from existing stationary sources;

·         Mitigation of any increase in emissions resulting from new or modified point sources in the District;

·         Development of transportation control measures in conjunction with transportation agencies throughout the Valley;

·         Health protective programs such as the Real-time Air Quality Network (RAAN) and the Air Quality Flag Program give the public tools to make daily decisions about air quality;

·         Grant Programs such REMOVE and the Medium and Heavy Duty Engine Emission Reduction Incentive Program;

·         Public education programs such as the Healthy Air Living Program;

·         State and federal clean vehicle and clean fuel programs.

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industrilization and urbanization have intersified environmental risks and pollution, especially in developing countries .Air pollution , lead poisoning , inadequate water supply , sanitation and hygiene, and hazardous waste cause debilitating and fatal illness, create harmful living condition and destroy ecosystem. Pollution stunts economic growth and exacerbates poverty and inequality in both urban and rural areas. Poor people who cannot afford to protect themselves from negative impacts of air pollution, often suffer the most.
Air pollution have major impacts on human health , triggering and inducing many desease leading to high morbidities and moralities particularly in the developing countries like iran. therefore air pollution control is vital and should be on the top of priority list of governments . The policy makers and legislatorians in these countries must update all laws and regulations related to air pollutions. Coordination between different departments involving in air pollution must be leaded by a powerful environmental protection organization. An effective environmental protection organization must have budgets for administrations , research , development , monitoring and full control of the rnvironment including air pollution and we have to cooperate in each other to reduce the effects of air polution to hava a better future.

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Air pollution is a major concern of new civilized world, which has a serious toxicological impact on human health and the environment. It has a number of different emission sources, but motor vehicles and industrial processes contribute the major part of air pollution. According to the World Health Organization, six major air pollutants include particle pollution, ground-level ozone, carbon monoxide, sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides, and lead. Long and short term exposure to air suspended toxicants has a different toxicological impact on human including respiratory and cardiovascular diseases, neuropsychiatric complications, the eyes irritation, skin diseases, and long-term chronic diseases such as cancer. Several reports have revealed the direct association between exposure to the poor air quality and increasing rate of morbidity and mortality mostly due to cardiovascular and respiratory diseases. Air pollution is considered as the major environmental risk factor in the incidence and progression of some diseases such as asthma, lung cancer, ventricular hypertrophy, Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases, psychological complications, autism, retinopathy, fetal growth, and low birth weight. In this review article, we aimed to discuss toxicology of major air pollutants, sources of emission, and their impact on human health. We have also proposed practical measures to reduce air pollution in Iran.
Air pollution is a major problem of recent decades, which has a serious toxicological impact on human health and the environment. The sources of pollution vary from small unit of cigarettes and natural sources such as volcanic activities to large volume of emission from motor engines of automobiles and industrial activities.[1,2] Long-term effects of air pollution on the onset of diseases such as respiratory infections and inflammations, cardiovascular dysfunctions, and cancer is widely accepted;[3,4,5,6] hence, air pollution is linked with millions of death globally each year.[7,8,9] A recent study has revealed the association between male infertility and air pollution.[10]

Air pollution has now emerged in developing countries as a result of industrial activities and also increase the quantity of emission sources such as inappropriate vehicles.[11,12,13] About 4.3 million people die from household air pollution and 3.7 million from ambient air pollution, most of whom (3.3 and 2.6 million, respectively) live in Asia.[14] In Iran, as a developing country, the level of air pollutants has increased gradually since the beginning of industrialization in the 1970s, but it has reached a very harmful level in some megacities such as Tehran, Mashhad, Tabriz, Isfahan, Ahvaz, Arak, and Karaj over the past two decades. Iran is the world's third main polluted country in the world, which results in 16 billion $ annual loss.[15] In fact, four of the top ten air-polluted cities are in Iran. Ahvaz is the most air polluted city in the world with microdust blowing in from neighboring countries, and particulate levels three times that of Beijing, and nearly 13 times that of London.[16] Air pollution caused almost 4460 deaths in 2013 only in Tehran although the reality seemed higher and is getting worse every year.[17] Therefore, it is of great importance to describe the problem, particularly its toxic effects on human health and provide recommendations as a basis for environmental guidelines and standard protocols in the field of air pollution in Iran.

The present article is neither a systematic review nor a descriptive, educational study. It is a problem-based descriptive review in which the authors try to explain a problem which is the major health and ecological problem in developing countries like Iran. In this review, we have tried to summarize the toxicology of air pollutants and related diseases with a possible mechanism of action and appropriate management of the patients. Therefore, it shall be useful for the environmental and health professionals particularly policy makers, emergency physicians, and other clinicians who may be involved in air pollution and related diseases. In this paper, we also discuss sources of air pollution and proposed some feasible solutions which may be beneficial for the environmental legislators and decision makers.
Air pollution is defined as all destructive effects of any sources which contribute to the pollution of the atmosphere and/or deterioration of the ecosystem. Air pollution is caused by both human interventions and/or natural phenomena. It is made up of many kinds of pollutants including materials in solid, liquid, and gas phases.[18] Air pollutions of indoors will not be specifically considered in this article.

The Pollutant Standard Index (PSI) is a numerical value and indicator of pollutants that is normally used to facilitate risk assessment. It is a numeric value between zero to 500.[19] PSI is a guideline for reporting air quality which was first introduced by Thom and Ott in 1974.[20] Hence, it would provide a method of comparing the relative contribution of each pollutant to total risk.[21] The calculation of PSI is based on the concentration of five major air pollutants including particulate matters (PMs), sulfur dioxide (SO₂), nitrogen dioxide (NO₂), carbon monoxide (CO), and ozone (O₃) in the air.

According to Johnson et al., “air quality index (AQI) is defined as a measure of the condition of air relative to the requirements of one or more biotic species or to any human need.”[22] AQI is divided into ranges, in which they are numbered, and each range is marked with color codes. It provides a number from healthy standard level of zero to a very hazardous level of above 300 to indicate the level of health risk associated with air quality. Based on PSI, air quality is classified into six major indices, which is marked by color codes and each color corresponds to a different level of health concerns. Principally, green is defined as a color indicator for healthy air quality; while yellow, orange, red, purple, and maroon colors indicate as moderate, unhealthy for sensitive groups, unhealthy, very unhealthy, and hazardous air quality, respectively. These ranges and codes may differ in the different methods of classifications in different countries.[22] Effects of air pollutants on living organism will not only be limited to the human and animal health but also include the whole environment. Different geographical conditions, global climate changes, and the environmental variations affect the human health and the environment including the animal life. Ecologically, air pollution can cause serious environmental damages to the groundwater, soil, and air.[23,24] It is also a serious threat to the diversity of life. Studies on the relationship between air pollution and reducing species diversity clearly show the detrimental effects of environmental contaminants on the extinction of animals and plants species.[25] Air suspended toxicants may also cause reproductive effects in animals.[26,27] Acid rain, temperature inversion, and global climate changes due to the emissions of greenhouse gasses to the atmosphere are other major ecological impacts of air pollution. Every material in the air which could affect human health or have a profound impact on the environment is defined as air pollutants. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), particle pollution, ground-level O₃, CO, sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides, and lead (Pb) are the six major air pollutants which harm human health and also the ecosystem. There are many pollutants of suspended materials such as dust, fumes, smokes, mists, gaseous pollutants, hydrocarbons, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and halogen derivatives in the air which at the high concentrations cause vulnerability to many diseases including different types of cancers.[29,30,31,32] The most important air pollutants and their toxic effects on different human body organs and related diseases have been briefly described below.

# data[].attributes.body
Air pollution is a major problem of recent decades, which has a serious toxicological impact on human health and the environment. The sources of pollution vary from small unit of cigarettes and natural sources such as volcanic activities to large volume of emission from motor engines of automobiles and industrial activities.[1,2] Long-term effects of air pollution on the onset of diseases such as respiratory infections and inflammations, cardiovascular dysfunctions, and cancer is widely accepted;[3,4,5,6] hence, air pollution is linked with millions of death globally each year.[7,8,9] A recent study has revealed the association between male infertility and air pollution.[10]

Air pollution has now emerged in developing countries as a result of industrial activities and also increase the quantity of emission sources such as inappropriate vehicles.[11,12,13] About 4.3 million people die from household air pollution and 3.7 million from ambient air pollution, most of whom (3.3 and 2.6 million, respectively) live in Asia.[14] In Iran, as a developing country, the level of air pollutants has increased gradually since the beginning of industrialization in the 1970s, but it has reached a very harmful level in some megacities such as Tehran, Mashhad, Tabriz, Isfahan, Ahvaz, Arak, and Karaj over the past two decades. Iran is the world's third main polluted country in the world, which results in 16 billion $ annual loss.[15] In fact, four of the top ten air-polluted cities are in Iran. Ahvaz is the most air polluted city in the world with microdust blowing in from neighboring countries, and particulate levels three times that of Beijing, and nearly 13 times that of London.[16] Air pollution caused almost 4460 deaths in 2013 only in Tehran although the reality seemed higher and is getting worse every year.[

# data[].attributes.body
Air pollution is a major concern of new civilized world, which has a serious toxicological impact on human health and the environment. It has a number of different emission sources, but motor vehicles and industrial processes contribute the major part of air pollution. According to the World Health Organization, six major air pollutants include particle pollution, ground-level ozone, carbon monoxide, sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides, and lead. Long and short term exposure to air suspended toxicants has a different toxicological impact on human including respiratory and cardiovascular diseases, neuropsychiatric complications, the eyes irritation, skin diseases, and long-term chronic diseases such as cancer. Several reports have revealed the direct association between exposure to the poor air quality and increasing rate of morbidity and mortality mostly due to cardiovascular and respiratory diseases. Air pollution is considered as the major environmental risk factor in the incidence and progression of some diseases such as asthma, lung cancer, ventricular hypertrophy, Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases, psychological complications, autism, retinopathy, fetal growth, and low birth weight. In this review article, we aimed to discuss toxicology of major air pollutants, sources of emission, and their impact on human health. We have also proposed practical measures to reduce air pollution in Iran.

Keywords: Air pollution, cardiovascular diseases, environment, human health, respiratory tract diseases, toxicology

# data[].attributes.body
Your answer must at least 100 words. Deadline will be
until sunday midnight.

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When you think of air pollution, you most likely don’t conjure up images of the inside of your home or office. But because we spend so much time indoors — especially in colder weather — keeping the air quality as clean as possible in your home, car and workplace is important for your healthAnd, unfortunately, we bring most of those pollutants indoors ourselves.

Cigarette smoke
Experts say that one of the most common indoor air pollutants is cigarette smoke.

“The residual gas and particles from cigarette smoke that settle … [do] pose health hazards, particularly in rooms with a lot of fabric or carpeting,” says pulmonologist Sumita Khatri, MD.

She says the risks are disproportionately high in children, who are more likely to be playing on the ground, and in people with chronic heart and lung problems.

“We all have heard of second-hand smoke; this is called third-hand smoke.”

Household cleaners
Household cleaning supplies are another common cause of indoor pollution. Harsh chemicals that give off fumes can irritate your nose, mouth and lungs, as well as your skin.

“Those with sensitive lungs and upper airways, like people with asthma and chronic sinusitis, may notice their symptoms getting worse,” Dr. Khatri says.

The fumes can cause inflammation that can make it more difficult for people with chronic lung conditions to heal from infections. It can also worsen inflammation due to other triggers, such as allergies.

Dr. Khatri recommends using natural cleaning supplies and elbow grease to minimize risks.

Other indoor pollutants that exacerbate asthma or other chronic lung conditions include:

Particulates from candles and incense
Irritating perfumes
Odors from harsh household cleaners
Craft and office supplies, such as paints, glues and toner ink
Fumes from dry cleaned garments (many solvents used are carcinogenic)
Allergens, such as mold, pollen, pet dander and dust mites
Wood-burning fireplaces or stoves
Improper ventilation in homes (can increase levels of radon and carbon monoxide gas
Gas stoves that are not not well ventilated with hoods to outside (can increase exposure to nitrogen dioxide (NO2), carbon monoxide and formaldehyde)
Materials used in older buildings such as asbestos, formaldehyde and lead
Illnesses caused by indoor air pollution
Indoor air pollution can increase a person’s chances of having flares of chronic lung problems, such as asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).

There are also likely longer-term effects from ongoing exposure that are more difficult to measure, such as the likelihood of lung cancer from radon exposure, as well as secondhand and thirdhand smoke.

“In addition to worsening the symptoms of asthma and other chronic respiratory problems, indoor air pollution can also cause irritation of the nose, throat, eyes and lungs,” Dr. Khatri says.

Role of ventilation, air filters
Although opening windows helps ventilate your home, car or office, that’s not always possible due to allergies or extreme temperatures.

Consider using air filters and getting your HVAC (heating, ventilation and air conditioning systems) checked regularly.

Also, air purifiers and aromatherapy can often make air quality worse unless they are the the right kind, Dr. Khatri says. They need to be HEPA (high-efficiency particulate arresting) air filters.

How to cut down your risk
Fortunately, there are ways you can minimize air pollution in your home, car or at work, Dr. Khatri says.

Here are some simple steps you can take:

•Avoid smoking indoors (quitting smoking is the best answer for overall health).
•Use craft supplies in well-ventilated areas.
•Make sure your gas stove is well-ventilated.
•Minimize clutter.
•Remove carpeting if possible.
•Use a dehumidifier and/or air conditioner to reduce moisture.
•Keep trash covered to avoid attracting pests.
•Remove shoes at the door.
•Have car emissions tested regularly.
•Minimize air freshener use.
•Test your home for radon.
•Use carbon monoxide detectors.
•Fix water leaks.
•Dust surfaces and vacuum frequently.
•Wash bedding weekly in hot water.
•Make sure exhaust fans are functioning in your bathrooms and kitchen.
•Keep a lid on scented candles.
Taking some simple precautions can help boost air quality in your home and improve your health..

# data[].attributes.body
Air pollution is a major concern of new civilized world, which has a serious toxicological impact on human health and the environment. It has a number of different emission sources, but motor vehicles and industrial processes contribute the major part of air pollution. According to the World Health Organization, six major air pollutants include particle pollution, ground-level ozone, carbon monoxide, sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides, and lead. Long and short term exposure to air suspended toxicants has a different toxicological impact on human including respiratory and cardiovascular diseases, neuropsychiatric complications, the eyes irritation, skin diseases, and long-term chronic diseases such as cancer. Several reports have revealed the direct association between exposure to the poor air quality and increasing rate of morbidity and mortality mostly due to cardiovascular and respiratory diseases. Air pollution is considered as the major environmental risk factor in the incidence and progression of some diseases such as asthma, lung cancer, ventricular hypertrophy, Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases, psychological complications, autism, retinopathy, fetal growth, and low birth weight. In this review article, we aimed to discuss toxicology of major air pollutants, sources of emission, and their impact on human health. We have also proposed practical measures to reduce air pollution in Iran.

# data[].attributes.body
Air pollution is one of the biggest threats for the environment and affects everyone: humans, animals, crops, cities, forests, aquatic ecosystems.
Air pollution can be defined as an alteration of air quality that can be characterized by measurements of chemical, biological or physical pollutants in the air. Therefore, air pollution means the undesirable presence of impurities or the abnormal rise in the proportion of some constituents of the atmosphere. It can be classified in 2 sections: visible and invisible air pollution.

EFFECTS:

ON THE ENVIRONMENT

Air pollution has a major impact on the process of plant evolution by preventing photosynthesis in many cases, with serious consequences for the purification of the air we breathe. It also contributes to the formation of acid rain, atmospheric precipitations in the form of rain, frost, snow or fog, which are released during the combustion of fossil fuels and transformed by contact with water steam in the atmosphere.

GLOBAL WARMING

On top of that, air pollution is a major contributor to global warming and climate change. In fact, the abundance of carbon dioxide in the air is one of the causes of the greenhouse effect. Normally, the presence of greenhouse gases should be beneficial for the planet because they absorb the infra-red radiation produced by the surface of the earth. But the excessive concentration of these gases in the atmosphere is the cause of the recent climate change.

ON HUMAN HEALTH

Our continual exposure to air pollutants is responsible for the deterioration of human health.

Air pollution is indeed a significant risk factor for human health conditions, causing allergies, respiratory and cardiovascular diseases as well as lung damage.

SOLUTIONS:
1.Renewable fuel and clean energy production

The most basic solution for air pollutionis to move away from fossil fuels, replacing them with alternative energies like solar, wind and geothermal.

2.Energy conservation and efficiency

Producing clean energy is crucial. But equally important is to reduce our consumption of energy by adopting responsible habits and using more efficient devices.

3.Eco-friendly transportation

Shifting to electric vehicles and hydrogen vehicles, and promoting shared mobility (i.e carpooling, and public transports) could reduce air pollution.

4.Green building

From planning to demolition, green building aims to create environmentally responsible and resource-efficient structures to reduce their carbon footprint. :)

# data[].attributes.body
Air pollution is serious global public health problem that is managed most effectively by collective (societal) action to control emissions of both primary air pollutants. Unfortunately, in many areas of the world, concentration of ambient air pollutants currently exceed levels believed to substantially increase of acute and chronic adverse human health effects. Affected areas include many of the urban communities where a majority of the world's population now lives and works. While waiting for the government acts, or control to be implemented, are there personal actions that can be taken by individuals to effectively reduce the risks of adverse health effects from air pollutions?

However, personal-level interventions may have varying degrees of effectiveness for reducing exposure and/or reducing risk, and there has been a death of research on actual health outcomes after personal interventions. This is due, atleast in part, to difficulties in evaluating the effects of personal interventions on air pollution-attributable health events, which, despite their public significance, have relatively low frequencies across board populations.

# data[].attributes.body
I prefer to prevent the effects of major air pollutants by:

Conserve energy – remember to turn off lights, computers, and electric appliances when not in use.

Use energy efficient light bulbs and appliances.

Participate in your local utility’s energy conservation programs.

Limit driving by carpooling, using public transportation, biking and walking.

Combine errands for fewer trips.

Keep your automobile well tuned and maintained. Follow the manufacturer’s instructions on routine maintenance, such as changing the oil and filters, and checking tire pressure and wheel alignment.

Avoid excessive idling of your automobile.

Use electric or hand-powered lawn care equipment.

Be careful not to spill gasoline when filling up your car or gasoline powered lawn and garden equipment.

Run dishwashers and clothes washers only when full.

Choose environmentally friendly cleaners.

Use water-based or solvent free paints whenever possible and buy products that say "low VOC".

Seal containers of household cleaners, workshop chemicals and solvents, and garden chemicals to prevent volatile organic compounds from evaporating into the air.

Purchase and use low-polluting outboard marine engines and personal watercraft (4-stroke and direct fuel injection 2-stroke outboard marine engines).

Advocate for emission reductions from power plants and more stringent national vehicle emission standards. AIR POLLUTION IS A WORLDWIDE HEALTH PROBLEM SO LET US HELP OUR SKIES CLEAN AGAIN.

# data[].attributes.body
In many areas of the world,concentration of ambient air pollutants exceed levels associated with increase risk of acute and chronic health problems.While effective policies to reduce emissions at their sources are clearly preferable,some evidence supports the effectiveness of individual actions to reduce exposure and health risk.Personal exposure to ambient air pollution can be reduced on high air pollution day by staying indoors,reducing outdoor air infiltration to indoors,cleaning indoor air with air filters,limiting physical exertion,specially outdoors and near air pollution sources.Limited evidence suggests that the use of respirators maybe be effective in some circumstances.Awareness of air pollution levels is facilitated by a growing number of public air quality alert systems.Avoiding exposure to air pollutants is specialy important for susceptible individual with chronic cardiovascular or pulmonary diseas,children and the eldery.AIR POLLUTION IS A SERIOUS GLOBAL PUBLIC HEALTH PROBLEM THAT IS MANAGED MOST EFFECTIVELY BY COLLECTIVE (SOCIETAL) ACTION TO CONTROL EMISSIONS OF BOTH PRIMARY AIR POLLUTANTS AND PRECURSORS THAT REACT TO FORM SECONDARY AIR POLLUTANTS.UNFORTUNATELY, IN MY AREAS OF THE WORLD,CONCENTRATIONS OF AMBIENT AIR POLLUTANTS CURRENTLY EXCEED LEVELS.

# data[].attributes.headline
Good question,Air pollution is the worst single environmenta health problem in the world, here’s a guide of six simple measures that city administrations can take to reduce the burden starting today.Air pollution is much worse than many of us realise. This year the World Health Organisation (WHO) named air pollution as the world’s largest single environmental health risk. Yet many of us remain unconcerned. Here are a combination six things that all city administrations should be actively working on to improve air quality:1. Reduce Traffic By Promoting Walking & Cycling:Making the city more accessible for cyclists and pedestrians is the most effective way of incentivising walking and cycling and discouraging car use.2. Eliminate Polluting Vehicles With Limited Access Zones:The concentration of polluting vehicles all in one place rapidly deteriorates air quality, and it is these concentrations of emissions that is truly problematic for health. Limited Access Zones in cities have been successful tools in reducing both congestion and pollution.3. Establish A Construction Industry That Respects Air Quality :A clean construction industry is a key aspect of improving air quality in cities, both in the energy efficiency of new buildings as well as the process of construction itself. 4. Stop Building Roads:Road building has been historically employed by cities to fight congestion and add capacity. As with many other historical phenomena, road building with this purpose continues to repeat itself today. 5. Retrofit Polluting Vehicles :Nowadays m

# data[].attributes.subject
Good question,Air pollution is the worst single environmenta health problem in the world, here’s a guide of six simple measures that city administrations can take to reduce the burden starting today.Air pollution is much worse than many of us realise. This year the World Health Organisation (WHO) named air pollution as the world’s largest single environmental health risk. Yet many of us remain unconcerned. Here are a combination six things that all city administrations should be actively working on to improve air quality:1. Reduce Traffic By Promoting Walking & Cycling:Making the city more accessible for cyclists and pedestrians is the most effective way of incentivising walking and cycling and discouraging car use.2. Eliminate Polluting Vehicles With Limited Access Zones:The concentration of polluting vehicles all in one place rapidly deteriorates air quality, and it is these concentrations of emissions that is truly problematic for health. Limited Access Zones in cities have been successful tools in reducing both congestion and pollution.3. Establish A Construction Industry That Respects Air Quality :A clean construction industry is a key aspect of improving air quality in cities, both in the energy efficiency of new buildings as well as the process of construction itself. 4. Stop Building Roads:Road building has been historically employed by cities to fight congestion and add capacity. As with many other historical phenomena, road building with this purpose continues to repeat itself today. 5. Retrofit Polluting Vehicles :Nowadays m