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1.They believed in this theory because since the early 1920s, scientists have conducted experiments and came to think that nuclear fusion might be possible at low temperatures. Because they have conducted so many experiments (that they thought had worked) and so many scientists (including Thomas Graham, Stanley Pons and Martin Fleischmann) have believed in that theory, more scientists have become interested in it and even the general public started to believe in it.
2. People no longer believe in this theory because of the large amount of criticism. Most of the people who criticized the experiments said that the heat measurements were erroneous. These criticizers have also conducted experiments themselves to prove the theory and previous scientists wrong. They have established counter-arguments such as the “Lack of expected reaction products” or “Repulsion forces”. This has led people and more scientists to think to stop believing in the theory.
3.The theory is definitely not irrelevant to science, in fact some scientists still think that the cold fusion theory might be possible one day, just not with the equipments we have today. It is important to know that the experiments previously made were not real cold fusion, but scientists can also learn from previous mistakes and try to make this theory work in the future.
4.This investigation tells us that scientific knowledge is never CERTAIN. There will always be “opponents” to some people’s theories and a theory might no stay correct forever as it can perhaps be proven wrong by future scientists.

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1. Why did people believe in this theory?

2. Why do people no longer believe in this theory?

3. Is this theory now irrelevant to science or has it led to refined versions of currently believed theories?

4. What does this investigation tell us about the nature of SCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGE?

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1. As the discovery of electrons and X-Rays were published in similar eras, it was almost expected for another type of ray to be discovered, which eventually led to the discovery of "N-Rays" by Prosper-Rene Blondlot in 1903.
2. When many scientists tried to replicate his process to prove the existence of N-Rays, many people failed to do so. When a scientist named Robert W. Wood was sent to confirm the weaknesses of this claim, he was able to prove that N-Rays were nothing more than a subjective phenomenon.
3. N-Rays are now often used as a cautionary tale to warn the dangers of having experimenter bias, and to show how a wrong model can negatively influence a scientist.
4. This shows that scientific knowledge can be heavily influenced by belief, and it can be challenged and modified through the process of getting evidence through experimental work. Also, this investigation also shows that scientific knowledge can never be confirmed as the truth unless it can be universally confirmed.

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1. Why did people believe in this theory?
-earth feels and looks flat
2. Why do people no longer believe in this theory?
-shadows on the moon (casted by earth)
-ships on the horizon
-looking at other plants
-different timezones
-sun’s light is not equality distributed everywhere
-image from space
3. Is this theory now irrelevant to science or has it led to refined versions of currently believed theories?
- earth is a sphere orbiting around the sun
4. What does this investigation tell us about the nature of SCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGE?
-scientific knowledge is constantly being challenged and reformed
-even though there might be sufficient evidence for one theory, not everyone will be convinced
-scientific knowledge only helps us believe a theory MORE, but does not necessarily prove that it will be true for everyone, forever

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1. Although simplified, it was logical. It also created a paradigm shift by claiming atoms took up space, which became widely accepted.
2. The gold foil experiment in the early 20th century refuted this theory. In this experiment, Ernest Rutherford "shot a beam of alpha particles at a sheet of gold foil, a few of the particles were deflected. He concluded that a tiny, dense nucleus was causing the deflections," not a "soup" of positively charged matter like what the plum pudding model suggested.
3. This theory is taught in introductory science courses because it's an easy to understand model. This has been refined to the Bohr-Rutherford model and the cloud model.
4. What we consider to be correct can change with time, especially as advanced technology allows us to take on different perspectives.