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Cows have a dental pad instead of top teeth. They use their tounges to rip and tear grasses  and chew using their dental pad and bottom teeth. Cows are also ruminats meaning they have four stomaches, to help digestion cows regurgitate their food and chew the food some more.

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Three Neonatal Behviors of dairy cows after birth

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Three Neonatal Behviors of dairy cows after birth

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1. Lifting the head
2. standing time
3. suckling and teat finding

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Three Maternal Behaviors of dairy cows after giving birth.

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Three Maternal Behaviors of dairy cows after giving birth.

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1.Some cows will eat their youngs placenta.
2. Cows will also continuously lick their young to clean them and nuture them.
3. Cows need to stand up quickly after giving birth so they can clean their young

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Commonly observed female sexual behavior

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Commonly observed female sexual behavior

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Body licking is a common indicator of a female in estrus.

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Commonly observed male sexual behaviors.

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Commonly observed male sexual behaviors.

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A bull is mounting a dummy cow to prepare for seman collection

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Most common type of dominace hierarchy most frequently seen.

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Most common type of dominace hierarchy most frequently seen.

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Cows have a linear dominace hierarchy stystem with the most dominant animal at the top and the least at the bottom. Age and weight/size determin social ranks (University of Notttingham).

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In this picture you can see the cow butting the other cow with its head into the rear. It could be to show reproductive status or dominance towards to other cow.

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Dairy cows use many different form of communication. For visual, cows will mount each other as a sign of them in their estrus cycle. Auditory cows will call to their calves, there call is individulized enough for them to recognize each other (Press Association, 2014). Olfactory communication happens in cows when the bull smells the pheromones of cows estrus cycle and knows he can mate with her (NCBI,2014). Tactile communication in cattle can also be the same as visual, the cows will mount each other to recognize their heat cycle

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In the book "Principles & application of domestic animal behavior" by Edward O. Price, states that sensory biases in cattle hinder their ability to dig or forage like pigs can. Pigs' noses have the ability to dig while cattle do not have that ability. In the winter, pigs can easily dig through the snow for vegatation while cattle rely on their hooves (Price, 2008).

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Diary cows need to associate the milking parlor positively for better milk yeilds. Punishments should not happen at or near the milking parlors. Postivie reinforcement is the best way to associate the milk parlor positively. The cows go in to get milked and get relief by releasing the milk.

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Using operant conditioning in dairy cows

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Using operant conditioning in dairy cows

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Operant conditioning on dairy heifers to discriminate between their own herd mates and and members from an unfamiliar herd.

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The Milner Library proxy server will allow authorized individuals to use the indexes and databases when connecting through a computer off-campus.

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The sensitive period for dairy cows is three weeks prior and three weeks after calving, making the transition is important for lactation. (DeLaval, 2013).

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This article is titled "Gene expression patterns in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) relate to oestrus behaviour in high-producing dairy cows". It is about how the midbrain is affected by different gene expressions. Low oestrus cycles resulted in subfertility in dairy cows. Learning how genes affect the VTA can help problems with reproduction in the cows. The VTA affects sexual behavior which then affects how known the cows oestrus cylce is, " The aim of this study was to identify centrally expressed genes that are involved in the regulation of oestrus behaviour in dairy cows." ( J. Wyszyn´ ska-Koko1 , A.A.C. de Wit2 , B. Beerda2,3, R.F. Veerkamp2 & M.F.W. te Pas2)

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The Milner Library proxy server will allow authorized individuals to use the indexes and databases when connecting through a computer off-campus.