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-Congress has the power to establish Post Offices and post Roads
- Post Roads: Railroads, airways, and water w/in the United States
Benjamin Franklin- founder of present-day postal system

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- System of checks and balances
- Has expressed power to create all federal courts below the federal judiciary
-Congress also has power to define federal crimes and set punishment
-Congress has used its implied powers to establish more than one hundred other federal crimes

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Definition: Citizens of one country become citizens of another
-Congress has the exclusive power to establish an uniform Rule of Naturalized Citizens

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- In 1838 Congress set the English system of pound, foot, gallon, quart, etc
-In 1866 Congress created the National Bureau of Standards in the Commerce Department
Eminent Domain: the power to take property for public use

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Copyright definition: Exclusive right of an author to reproduce, publish, & sell their creative work
- Copyrights are registered by the Copyright Office in the Library of Congress
- Cover: magazines, book, newspapers, dramatic works, musical compositions, etc
-A patent grants a person the sole right to manufacture, use, or sell
-It is good for up to 20 years
-The term patent may be extended only by a special act of Congress

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-Congress shares power with chief executive
- Congressional war powers are extensive and substantial
-Only congress can declare war
- Congress has the power to raise ans support armies, provide and maintain the navy, and to make rules governing the land and naval forces.
- Has power to make rules concerning captures on land and water

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-Congress shares power with the President
- Because the States in the Union are not sovereign, they have no standing in international law
- The constitution does not allow them to take part in foreign relations
2 SOURCES of FOREIGN RELATIONS
1) Various expressed powers, especially the war powers & power to regulate foreign commerce
2) The U.S. is a sovereign state