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-small feminist movement had formed
-launched empire building enterprise
-went back to imperialism
-industrial revolution in 19th century
-successful war against China in 1894-1895 and Russia in 1904-1905

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-shoguns refused to open up to rest of world
-Japan sent away, killed, or imprisoned people to prevent modernization and protect the Shogun's power
-emperor wasn't doing much
-common people wanted more power

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-introduction of the first Ottoman paper banknotes in 1840
-launching of the first stock exchange in Istanbul in 1866

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-Sultan Abdulmecid issued an imperial edict, known as the Tanzimat Fermani

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Tanzimat Ottoman Empire Revolution (1839-1876)

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Tanzimat Ottoman Empire Revolution (1839-1876)

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                                   Outcomes:

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                                   Outcomes:

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-island of Saint-Domingue declared independent and renamed Haiti in 1804
-Haitian Declaration of Independence rejected France and racism
-Haiti became refuge for enslaved people of all kinds

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-Grand Blancs wanted new trade laws
-Gense de Coleur wanted racial equality
-Petit Blancs were mad when Gens de Coleur became equal
-slaves treated badly & thought they should be free after the French King's proclamation declaring racial equality for rich people of color in 1789

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February Revolution:
-abolished death penalty amnesty for prisoners and those in exile
-ended religious & ethnic discrimination
-granted freedom of civil liberty

October Revolution:
-Russian Civil War (1917-1922)
-Former Duma members formed Provincial Government that eventually ran the country communist movement began to move worldwide

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                                 Causes:

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                                 Causes:

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-people were suffering so activists from different parties helped to plan revolution
-Tsar Nicholas II forced to step down from throne
-soldiers deserted in substantial numbers
-trade unions helped to revolt
-workers took control over factories

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-Freedom from Spain
-many deaths
-Constitution- now able to make their own constitution with more relevant laws
-economically dependent- fixed trading laws so that they would buy from others inside their countries
-Caudillos: military leaders- took charge & ruled

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                                    Causes:

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                                    Causes:

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-Social Class Standings- Creoles were upset because Peninsulares were the only ones that could be in charge and hold office
-Enlightenment- inspired them, heard about it in papers
-Overthrow Colonial Rule- became tired of the Spanish ruling over them from far away
-Inspiration- French & American Revolution

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                                Outcomes:

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                                Outcomes:

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Slavery/Women:
-if they fight for them they'd get freedom
-slaves up to 30% of population
-women ran households & businesses, giving them more strength
Articles of Confederation:
-everybody got a say
-no power to tax
New Government:
-weak
-wealthy had most seats in power, but less influence
Land:
-owned only by wealthy males
-women and daughters eventually gained land

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                                     Causes:

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                                     Causes:

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-Britain taxed colonies in order to dig itself out of debt from war
-Proclamation of 1763
-Boston Tea Party
-Stamp Act, Quartering Act "no taxation without representation" - this angered colonists
-1st Continental Congress: 1st time reps from colonies got together to discuss issues in the region

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-Current day China still separated from revolution
-Remains to be run by The Republic of China
-Mao Zedong still highly respected

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-Chiang Kai-Shek breaks alliance between the Guomindang and CCP (Chinese Communist Party) in 1927 because he was against the idea of a socialist revolution
-needed to join fronts to fight Japan

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-hasn't had final end
-equal employment opportunity commission 1965
-1969 divorce reform act
-study programs for women
-1973 U.S. Supreme Court legalized abortion
-title IX education act

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                                  Causes:

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                                  Causes:

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-women wanted equality between both sexes
-women were/are being treated unfairly in rights such as voting, jobs, and pay

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-Spread of Enlightenment thinking across Europe as a result of Napoleon's attempted French Empire
-Ended monarchy in France and led to creation of French Republic

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Estates General= representative body in 3 sections: Clergy (1%), Nobility (1%), and commoners (98%)
-each estate got one vote, which was very unfair due to the big amount but little voice of the commoners
-Commoners created National Assembly in 1789, claiming the sole authority to make laws for the country
-also created Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen: states, "men are born and remain free and equal in rights"--- very similar to America who they're influenced by

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-King Louis XVI demanding taxes from commoners while they're in a time of weather severity
-The 3 Estates

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Revolutions:                                                 Revolutions:                                                  Revolutions:                                                      Revolutions:

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Revolutions:                                                 Revolutions:                                                  Revolutions:                                                      Revolutions:

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Potosi: "a portrait of hell"
-silver was found in a mountain & natives were forced to mine because they knew the land and had the training
-called hell because family members would die while in the mine and never come back

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-central theme was the idea of progress
-the age of enlightenment witnessed a reaction against too much reliance on human reason
-time of people really expressing themselves

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-caused by new ideas in science leading to new ideas in human reasoning and laws of the land 

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-caused by new ideas in science leading to new ideas in human reasoning and laws of the land 

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Trading Post Empire= controlling commerce/trade by use of force, not necessarily populations or large areas of land
-tried to control the SPICE trade, but never were able to control more than 1/2
-Instead of selling European goods, they sold Asian goods and their shipping services to the people of India and Asia
-By 1600 the Portuguese trading post empire was in steep decline

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-established themselves in the Philippines
-Set up colonial rule there instead of ports because of proximity to China and Spice Island, the small and militarily weak societies around it, and the lack of competing powers
-Spanish were determined to bring Catholicism to the islands
-This resulted in much turmoil between the Spanish and Chinese people. Spanish ended up massacring 20,000 people in 1603

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-women's roles did not change much from that of the Catholic Church - closed convents, promoted reading the Bible
-Protestantism subdivided into many sections: Lutheran, Calvinist, Anglican, Quaker, Anabaptist
-This Reformation results in dramatic religious conflicts throughout Europe and a schism (split) in the Church

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Luther's beliefs:
-The Bible should be interpreted according to one's conscience
-He went against needing the authority of the Church and said that people only need the Bible
-wrote 95 theses against the Church
-Results of this Reformation are the 30 Years War, Huguenots dying France, and Church of England
-Huguenots= Protestant minority in France

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-Martin Luther (1483-1546) was the started it
-Pope Leo X- pope at the time who loved the arts and put the Church in great debt

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-formulated the modern laws of motion and inertia & invented calculus
-known for studying universal gravitation
-findings remained unchallenged until 20th century

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-studies mainly revolved around Aristotle and his views on Philosophy
-he challenged the way people look at the world around them
-created the four idols (of Tribe, Cave, Marketplace, and Theater) and classified the sciences
-made popular through the printing press

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-studied philosophy
-the mind can have knowledge of things that haven't been experienced
-Person is defined as the motivation of their actions
-Consequences didn't matter
Deontological Moral Theory= the rightness and wrongness of actions does not defend on consequences, but on whether one fulfills their duty

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-"Father of anatomy"
-made detailed drawings of human body based on dissection
-family was physicians and pharmacists
-dissections led to the contradiction of Galen's philosophies
-Knowledge helped surgeries and modern medical field

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-studied astronomy and physics
-believed in the heliocentric model
-was a mathematician and inventor
-developed and improved telescope which helped future astronomers
-discovered moons and stars
-formed the Law of Falling Bodies
-Experimented with inertia

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-mathematician and astronomer
-stated that the sun is the center of the solar system and all planets revolve around it
-created original idea about how the solar system functions

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-introduced the idea that competition spurred wealth and profit
-believed in individualism and created the "Invisible Hand" which guided supply and demand to equilibrium
-studied the economy, and capitalism

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-believed that there are two separate blood systems in the body, and properties of being pumped to the brain and body to the heart
-the first person to accurately describe the function of the heart and blood circulation of blood around the body

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-developed elaborate legal system that was distinct from the Catholic Church
-development of large universities that were largely autonomous
-pulled heavily on the previous teachings of the Islamic world

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-was considered a Revolution because thinkers challenged the fundamental understanding of the universe

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-changing of how humans fit into the world - created and discussed by European intellectuals and elites *Europe was unique from Asia or the Middle East

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-changing of how humans fit into the world - created and discussed by European intellectuals and elites *Europe was unique from Asia or the Middle East

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-Italy was a central area of activity
-Italy had a lot of money due to trade with the Ottoman Empire & pulled their ideas from region of M.E.
-The Renaissance was really only an event for scholars, artists, etc. because they were upper class; life for lower class people was still normal without change for a long time

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-The Rediscovery of art, scholarship, social science, philosophy

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-The Rediscovery of art, scholarship, social science, philosophy

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-stated that the sun is the center of the solar system, earth rotates on axis, and earth and planets revolve around the sun

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-Came mostly from Canada and eventually shifted to Europe
-Countries involved= French, British, Dutch, Russians
-People involved= Native Americans, Hurons
-Effects on indigenous people & environment= prior to fur trade, because of agriculture, population increased; people then travel elsewhere. Also made less fur-bearing animals which led to people looking for more furs from Native Americans. People made friends with N.A., gave them metal work in exchange for fur in return. They then gave the Native Americans diseases and alcohol, resulting in alcoholism, introduction of guns, warfare, and less fur-bearing animals
Main difference in the fur trade on both continents:
-Native Americans in North America had diseases & Native Americans in Russia experienced less disease

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**-fur is seen as soft gold

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-In exchange for slaves, African sellers sought European & Indian textiles: metal goods, firearms and gunpowder, tobacco, gems, and alcohol.
African Diaspora= African people being forcefully spread around the glob