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Carpenter syndrome is a condition characterized by the premature fusion of certain skull bones (craniosynostosis), abnormalities of the fingers and toes, and other developmental problems.

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Segawa syndrome is a rare genetic disorder characterized by an uncoordinated or clumsy manner of walking (abnormal gait) and dystonia. Dystonia is a general term for a group of muscle disorders generally characterized by involuntary muscle contractions that force the body into abnormal, sometimes painful, movements and positions (postures). Dystonia in Segawa syndrome usually affects the legs, but some children may first develop dystonia in the arms. In some cases, usually in adolescents and adults, the symptoms of Segawa syndrome may become noticeably worse or more pronounced in the afternoon and evening than in the morning (marked diurnal fluctuation). The symptoms of Segawa syndrome usually become apparent by around six years of age. Intelligence is not affected. Children with Segawa syndrome usually show a dramatic and sustained improvement when treated with levodopa. Levodopa is an amino acid that is converted to dopamine, a brain chemical that serves as a neurotransmitter. Dopamine is deficient in children with Segawa syndrome. The disorder is caused by mutations of the GCH-1 gene. The GCH-1 gene mutation is inherited as an autosomal dominant trait.

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DOOR (deafness, onychodystrophy, osteodystrophy, and mental retardation) syndrome is a genetic disease which is inherited in an autosomal recessivefashion. DOOR syndrome is characterized by mental retardation, sensorineural deafness, abnormal nails and phalanges of the hands and feet, and variable seizures. A similar deafness-onychodystrophy syndrome is transmitted as an autosomal dominant trait and has no mental retardation. Some authors have proposed that it may be the same as Eronen Syndrome, but since both disorders are extremely rare it is hard to make a determination.[1]

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Barakat syndrome, also known as HDR syndrome, is a rare, genetic syndrome characterized by hypoparathyroidism, sensorineural deafness, and renal (kidney) disease. However, specific symptoms and severity can vary. About 65% of people with Barakat syndrome have all three of these features, while the others have various combinations of these features. Some people with Barakat syndrome have one or more of these as well as additional features.[1][2]

Hypoparathyroidism leads to low levels of calcium in the blood (hypocalcemia), which can cause symptoms such as muscle pain, muscle spasms, seizures, and rarely, cardiomyopathy. Hearing loss is the most consistent feature of Barakat syndrome. It is usually bilateral and can range from moderate to profound. The type of kidney disease present can vary from person to person. For example, some people with Barakat syndrome are born with structural kidney or urinary tract abnormalities (underdeveloped or abnormally-formed), while others may have functional abnormalities (such as nephrotic syndrome, hematuria, renal tubular acidosis, or chronic kidney disease).[1][2] Various additional features have been reported in some people with Barakat syndrome such as polycystic ovaries, distinctive facial features, ischemic stroke, retinitis pigmentosa, intellectual disability, growth failure, congenital heart disease, and other birth defects.[1][2][3]

Most cases of Barakat syndrome are caused by mutations in the GATA3 gene, or by a missing piece (deletion) of genetic material on chromosome 10 that includes the GATA3 gene.[1][2] Inheritance is autosomal dominant.[3][2] In some cases, the genetic cause is unknown. Barakat syndrome can be clinically diagnosed (without genetic testing) in a person with the complete triad of hypoparathyroidism, sensorineural deafness, and renal disease; or, in a person with two of these features who also has a positive family history. For those who have only deafness or renal disease, and for others who do not fit this criteria, genetic testing that identifies a GATA3 mutation is needed to confirm the diagnosis.[1][2]

Treatment for Barakat syndrome depends on the symptoms present and the severity in each person. Hypocalcemia may be treated with oral calcium and calcitriol, intravenous calcium gluconate, or parathyroid hormone injection. Hearing loss may be treated with hearing amplification and/or cochlear implantation.[1]Treatment of kidney disease depends on the abnormality present. Some minor abnormalities may not need to be treated while others may require medications, surgery, or kidney transplantation.[1][2] The long-term outlook (prognosis) usually depends on the severity of kidney disease, and those with minor kidney problems have a normal life expectancy.[1][2]Making a diagnosis for a genetic or rare disease can often be challenging. Healthcare professionals typically look at a person’s medical history, symptoms, physical exam, and laboratory test results in order to make a diagnosis. The following resources provide information relating to diagnosis and testing for this condition. If you have questions about getting a diagnosis, you should contact a healthcare professional.

Testing Resources
The Genetic Testing Registry (GTR) provides information about the genetic tests for this condition. The intended audience for the GTR is health care providers and researchers. Patients and consumers with specific questions about a genetic test should contact a health care provider or a genetics professional.
Orphanet lists international laboratories offering diagnostic testing for this condition.

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Bell’s palsy  is a type of facial paralysis that result in an inability to control the facial muscles on the affected side. 

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Bell’s palsy  is a type of facial paralysis that result in an inability to control the facial muscles on the affected side. 

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This will cause the child will not function on reasoning, thinking, judgment, memory, and speech.

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common

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obsessive compulsive disorder

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The cause of ADHD isn’t known. Researchers say several things may lead to it, including:

Heredity. ADHD tends to run in families.Chemical imbalance. Brain chemicals in people with ADHD may be out of balance.Brain changes. Areas of the brainthat control attention are less active in children with ADHD.Poor nutrition, infections, smoking, drinking, and substance abuse duringpregnancy. These things can affect a baby’s brain development.Toxins, such as lead. They may affect a child's brain development.A brain injury or a brain disorder. Damage to the front of the brain, called the frontal lobe, can cause problems with controlling impulses and emotions.
Sugar doesn’t cause ADHD. ADHD also isn’t caused by watching too much TV, a poor home life, poor schools, or food allergies.

ADHD can't be prevented or cured. But spotting it early, plus having a good treatment and education plan, can help a child or adult with ADHD manage their symptoms.

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Symptoms of ADHD can be managed with medication and therapy.

Medications called stimulants can help control hyperactive and impulsive behavior and increase attention span. For example:

Dexmethylphenidate (Focalin)

Dextroamphetamine (Adderall, Dexedrine)

Lisdexamfetamine (Vyvanse)

Methylphenidate (Concerta, Daytrana, Metadate, Methylin, Ritalin, Quillivant)

Stimulant medications don’t work for everyone with ADHD. So there has Nonstimulant medications may be prescribed for people older than 6. These include Atomoxetine (Strattera), Clonidine (Kapvay), Guanfacine (Intuniv).

Therapy are treatments focus on changing behavior.

Special education helps a child learn at school. Having structure and a routine can help children with ADHD a lot.

Behavior modification teaches ways to replace bad behaviors with good ones.

Psychotherapy (counseling) can help someone with ADHD learn better ways to handle their emotions and frustration. It can also help improve their self-esteem. Counseling may also help family members better understand the child or adult with ADHD.

Social skills training can teach behaviors, such as taking turns and sharing.

Support groups of people with similar problems and needs can help with acceptance and support. Groups also can provide a way to learn more about ADHD. These groups are helpful for adults with ADHD or parents of children with ADHD.

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Symptoms in Children

Symptoms are grouped into three categories:

Inattention. A child with ADHD:

Is easily distracted

Doesn't follow directions or finish tasks

Doesn't appear to be listening

Doesn't pay attention and makes careless mistakes

Forgets about daily activities

Has problems organizing daily tasks

Doesn’t like to do things that require sitting still

Often loses things

Tends to daydream

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Causes

Dyslexia tends to run in families. It appears to be linked to certain genes that affect how the brain processes reading and language, as well as risk factors in the environment.

Risk factors

Dyslexia risk factors include:

A family history of dyslexia or other learning disabilities

Premature birth or low birth weight

Exposure during pregnancy to nicotine, 🤬, alcohol or infection that may alter brain development in the fetus

Individual differences in the parts of the brain that enable reading

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Factor

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Your child can work with a reading specialist to learn how to:

Sound out letters and words (“phonics”)

Read faster

Understand more of what he reads

Write more clearly

A couple of reading programs are geared toward kids with dyslexia. They are:

Orton-Gillingham. This is a step-by-step technique that teaches kids how to match letters with sounds, and recognize letter sounds in words.

Multisensory instruction teaches kids how to use all of their senses – touch, sight, hearing, smell, and movement – to learn new skills. For example, your child might run his finger over letters made out of sandpaper to learn how to spell.

Extra Help

Talk to your child's school about getting help to address his unique learning needs. The law requires schools to set up special learning plans, called Individualized Education Plans (IEPs), for kids with learning disorders like dyslexia. An IEP describes your child's needs and how the school will help meet them. You and the school will update the plan each year based on your child's progress.
Extra help for kids with dyslexia can include:

Special education. A learning specialist or reading specialist can do one-on-one or group sessions, either in the classroom or in a separate room in the school.

Accommodations. An IEP outlines special services your child needs to make school easier. These might include audio books, extra time to finish tests, or text-to-speech—a technology that reads words out loud from a computer or book.

School isn't the only place where your child can learn. You can also help foster reading and writing skills at home. Read with your child whenever you can. Help him sound out words he has trouble with.

Learning Strategies

These tips can help both kids and adults with dyslexia:

Read in a quiet place with no distractions.

Listen to books on CD or computer, and read along with the recording.

Break up reading and other tasks into small pieces that are more manageable.

Ask for extra help from your teacher or manager when you need it.

Join a support group for kids or adults with dyslexia.

Get plenty of rest and eat healthy foods.

As your child gets older, he’ll learn how to manage his dyslexia. A learning disorder shouldn’t stop him from excelling in school, going to college, or later having a successful career.

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What is ADHD
ADHD is a mental disorder of the neurodevelopmental type. It is characterized by problems paying attention, excessive activity, or difficulty controlling behavior which is not appropriate for a person's age.

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Dyslexia is a specific learning disability that is neurobiological in origin. It is characterized by difficulties with accurate and/or fluent word recognition and by poor spelling and decoding abilities. These difficulties typically result from a deficit in the phonological component of language that is often unexpected in relation to other cognitive abilities and the provision of effective classroom instruction. Secondary consequences may include problems in reading comprehension and reduced reading experience that can impede growth of vocabulary and background knowledge.

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Symptoms

Signs of dyslexia can be difficult to recognize before your child enters school, but some early clues may indicate a problem. Once your child reaches school age, your child's teacher may be the first to notice a problem. Severity varies, but the condition often becomes apparent as a child starts learning to read.

Before school

Signs that a young child may be at risk of dyslexia include:

Late talking

Learning new words slowly

Problems forming words correctly, such as reversing sounds in words or confusing words that sound alike

Problems remembering or naming letters, numbers and colors

Difficulty learning nursery rhymes or playing rhyming games

School age

Once your child is in school, dyslexia signs and symptoms may become more apparent, including:

Reading well below the expected level for age

Problems processing and understanding what he or she hears

Difficulty finding the right word or forming answers to questions

Problems remembering the sequence of things

Difficulty seeing (and occasionally hearing) similarities and differences in letters and words

Inability to sound out the pronunciation of an unfamiliar word

Difficulty spelling

Spending an unusually long time completing tasks that involve reading or writing

Avoiding activities that involve reading

Teens and adults

Dyslexia signs in teens and adults are similar to those in children. Some common dyslexia signs and symptoms in teens and adults include:

Difficulty reading, including reading aloud

Slow and labor-intensive reading and writing

Problems spelling

Avoiding activities that involve reading

Mispronouncing names or words, or problems retrieving words

Trouble understanding jokes or expressions that have a meaning not easily understood from the specific words (idioms), such as "piece of cake" meaning "easy"

Spending an unusually long time completing tasks that involve reading or writing

Difficulty summarizing a story

Trouble learning a foreign language

Difficulty memorizing

Difficulty doing math problems

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ATTENTION DEFICIT HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER (ADHD)

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ATTENTION DEFICIT HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER (ADHD)