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Tina is a struggling college graduate. She has been struggling with body confidence, finances, and  a sense of purpose. As a result, Tina has begun committing illegal activities for money, and seeing a fortune teller for advice. Explain how each of the following terms may impact Tina's situation. (Bulimia, Set Point Theory, Id, Barnum Effect, Self Actualization)

Bulimia: Since Tina is struggling with body confidence, it is possible she has turned to Bulimia in an attempt to overcome this. She may be binge eating and then purging in order to get rid of the food she just consumed.

Set Point Theory: Tina is struggling with body confidence because she has failed to understand Set Point Theory, or the idea that everyone has a different optimal body weight and temperature

Id: Tina may be turning to crime due to her Id, or the idea that we have a certain section of our personality that desires pleasure regardless of the consequences. Tina has turned to illegal activity in order to achieve money or happiness without considering the consequences of her actions.

Barnum Effect: Tina is most likely taking advice from a fortune teller due to the Barnum Effect, or the idea that people easily identify with information or ideas that benefit them. Tina is most likely being told that her circumstances aren't her fault, which she believes because that answer benefits her.

Self Actualization: Tina is not content with her circumstances, and therefore must work towards a place of Self Actualization, or a place where she has reached her full potential and become all she can be.

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The Power of Motivation: Crash Course Psychology #17

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Multiple Choice Question (Motivation Emotion Personality) 

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Multiple Choice Question (Motivation Emotion Personality) 

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Which of the following refer to the subconscious contest between the same gender in a family setting?

A) Oedipus complex
B) Superego
C) Womb Envy
D) Drive

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Top 5 Theorists (Motivation Emotion Personality) 

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Top 5 Theorists (Motivation Emotion Personality) 

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1. Sigmund Freud: Studied many internal ideas about subconscious
2. Abraham Maslow: Created Maslow's hierarchy of needs
3. Charles Darwin: Studied biological basis of personality
4. Carl Jung: Supporter of Freud who studied subconscious
5. Alfred Adler: Studied motivation and claimed everyone has sense of inferiority

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5 Problematic Terms (Motivation Emotion Personality) 

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5 Problematic Terms (Motivation Emotion Personality) 

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Barnum Effect: People easily identify with ideas and information that is favorable to them.

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5 Problematic Terms (Motivation Emotion Personality) 

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5 Problematic Terms (Motivation Emotion Personality) 

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Id: The inborn part of our personality that desires pleasure regardless of consequences

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5 Problematic Terms (Motivation Emotion Personality) 

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5 Problematic Terms (Motivation Emotion Personality) 

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Self Actualization: Where people have reached their full potential and become all they can be.

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5 Problematic Terms (Motivation Emotion Personality) 

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5 Problematic Terms (Motivation Emotion Personality) 

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Set Point Theory: Idea that everyone's body has an optimal range of weight and temperature

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5 Problematic Terms (Motivation Emotion Personality)

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5 Problematic Terms (Motivation Emotion Personality)

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Bulimia: Binge eating followed by purging

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Problem-Solving: Algorithms vs. Heuristics (Intro Psych Tutorial #91)

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Freud damaged his hippocampus and is unable to form new memories. What is responsible for this?

A) Proactive Interference
B)Retroactive Interference
C)Retrograde Amnesia
D)Anterograde Amnesia

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Prototype-A common example of something, represents something well

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Divergent Thinking-Explores different solutions, thinking outside the box

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Heuristic-General rule used for problem solving

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Retroactive Interference-New info makes it hard to recall old info

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State Dependent Memory-Recall is better when in same state of consciousness

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Schemata: Framework for understanding the world

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Brady gets home from a basketball tournament and is emptying his basketball bag when he realizes he has only one basketball shoe in his bag. The other is missing. Explain how each of the following terms could apply to his situation and how he might solve this issue. (state dependent memory, retroactive interference, divergent thinking, heuristic, prototype)

State Dependent Memory: State dependent memory may affect Bradys ability to recall where he left his shoe at. For example, if Brady was really tired when packing his basketball bag after his games but is really awake and alert when trying to remember where he left his shoe at, he will have a harder time recalling where it is at because he isn't in the same state of consciousness when trying to recall the information.

Retroactive Interference-Retroactive interference may play a role in Bradys ability to recall where he left his shoe at. The new information of where he puts the shoe he is currently in possession of may prevent him from recalling where he put the missing shoe. For example, if he put the shoe he currently has on a shelf, he may only be able to remember where that shoe is at and it prevents him from remembering where the other shoe is.

Divergent Thinking-Brady could go about solving the problem using divergent thinking if he were to think outside of the box of what people may normally do. For example, a normal person may just drive back to the court and search for the shoe looking for it relying on their eyes and what the shoe looks like. Brady may exhibit divergent thinking by looking for the shoe by relying not only on his eyes, but on his sense of smell. He may use his nose and smell the air looking for an unpleasant foot smell to help him locate the shoe.

Heuristic-Brady can use a heuristic to help him find his shoe by using a general rule or shortcut to find his shoe faster. For example, Brady may know that it's likely his shoe is on the court or in the locker rooms and so he searches for his shoes there instead of looking absolutely everywhere for them.

Prototype-In the search for his shoe, Brady may feel he is irresponsible person. He may then decide he wants to be more responsible and emulate the traits of someone he deems responsible. He may then refer to a prototype he has in his mind of what a responsible person looks like. This prototype may be his sister, Taylor, who is a model student that always turns her work in on time and never loses things.

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Piaget's Theory of Cognitive Development

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Which of the following stages are most concerned with law and order?

A) Pre conventional stage
B) Conventional Stage
C) Post conventional stage
D) Formal Operations

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1. Konrad Lorenz: Austrian scientist who studied imprinting
2. Mary Ainsworth: Studied attachment styles
3. Harry Harlow: Used Harlow's monkeys to show importance of contact
4. Jean Piaget: Studied development and operational stages
5: Erik Erikson: Influenced by Freud, created 8 stages

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A scientist wants to study the development of a child from conception until adulthood. Explain how each of the following terms may affect the child or relate to the study. (Teratogens, Sensorimotor stage, Avoidant attachment, Schemata, Conventional stage).

Teratogens: Teratogens, or chemicals that can harm a fetus, may impact the child's development if the mother drinks or smokes while pregnant. The child may have mental disorders or other cognitive or physical conditions.

Sensorimotor stage: The child would undergo the sensorimotor stage from ages 0-2. During this stage, the scientist would expect the child to begin to experience sensory interaction like playing in a sandbox or banging items together.

Avoidant attachment: The child may show avoidant attachment when interacting with parents. If demonstrated, the child would be unaffected by the departure or return of its parents.

Schemata: Schemata, or framework for understanding the world, would be present when the child tries to solve problems. The child would begin to realize that square pegs would not fit into circular holes.

Conventional Stage: In terms of moral development, the child may undergo the conventional stage and begin adopting personal morals. This would allow the child to begin living life based on their own personal values and beliefs.

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Avoidant Attachment: Child doesn't care whether parents leave or return

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Sensorimotor Stage: Children are able to coordinate sensory experiences.

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Conventional Stage: Ability to adopt personal moral codes

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Discrimination-Only respond to original conditioned stimulus, not anything that's similar

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Elmo is trying to teach a toddler how to use the toilet. Explain how each of the following terms could be involved in the process. (reinforcement, secondary reinforcer, shaping, discrimination, second order conditioning)

Reinforcement-Elmo could use reinforcement to encourage certain behavior in the toddler. Once the toddler exhibits the desired behavior, Elmo could reinforce the behavior by presenting the child with something positive that would make the child want to continue to do the action.

Secondary reinforcer-Elmo could use a secondary reinforcer as a way of encouraging the child to exhibit the desired behavior. Elmo could use a secondary reinforcer by praising the baby, which is something that is learned to be appreciated and isn't a reward in itself such as something like food would be.

Shaping-Elmo could use shaping to teach the baby to use the toilet by reinforcing each step the baby takes toward completing the action. For example, Elmo would reinforce the child after the child says he has to use the bathroom, then after the child sits on the toilet, then after the child goes, and so on reinforcing each step.

Discrimination-Discrimination is involved in Elmo teaching the child to use the toilet. It is involved in how Elmo teaches the child to discriminate between going in the toilet versus other places such as in his diaper or on a chair that may resemble a toilet.

Second Order conditioning-Elmo could teach the child to use the toilet by using second order conditioning. For example, if Elmo classically conditioned the child to sit on the toilet using a potty song as the conditioned stimulus, he could then use the potty song as an unconditioned stimulus and pair it with the phrase "Do you need to go?". Then, the phrase "Do you need to go?" becomes the conditioned stimulus and instead of having to sing a whole song to get the child to sit on the toilet, he can get the child to do it by saying the phrase.

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Teratogens: Substances that can disrupt a fetus

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Shaping-Reinforcing every single step taken towards a goal behavior

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Reinforcement-Something used to make a behavior more likely to occur

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Behaviorism: Pavlov, Watson, and Skinner

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Second Order (Higher Order) Conditioning-Using a conditioned stimulus as an unconditioned stimulus to condition a response to a new stimulus

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Secondary Reinforcer-Things people learn to appreciate

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Which of the following describe learning that isn't demonstrated immediately?

A) Observational Learning
B) Latent Learning
C) Insight Learning
D) Modeling

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1. Ivan Pavlov: Studied classical conditioning with dogs
2. John Watson: Studied behaviorism
3. Rosalie Rayner: Wife of John Watson, and conducted "Little Albert" experiment
4. BF Skinner: Studied operant conditioning with Skinner box
5. Albert Bandura: Studied modeling with Bobo Doll Experiment

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Sensation & Perception: Top-Down & Bottom-Up Processing

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Which of the following is a binocular cue?

A) Relative Height
B) Convergence
C) Interposition
D) Linear Perspective

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1. Ernst Weber-Webers law
2. Gustav Fechner-Worked with Weber on Webers law
3.David Hubel-Feature detectors
4. Torsten Wiesel-Worked with Hubel
5. Eleanor Gibson-Visual cliff experiment

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Taylor is at the park at night. She decided to  play on the playground, and enjoyed herself on the monkey bars and balance beam. Taylor was late coming home and was unable to hear her mother calling her. While at the park, Taylor noticed beautiful flowers of many different colors, and spent 15 minutes staring at them. Explain how each of the following terms impacted Taylor's visit. (Rods, Vestibular sense, Conduction Deafness, After image, Trichromatic theory)

Rods: The rods in Taylors eyes allowed for her to see the park equipment at night because rods are optimized receptor cells for night vision and movement.

Vestibular Sense: Taylor's Vestibular Sense, or your sense of balance provided by semi circular canals of the inner ear, allowed for Taylor to walk on the balance beam without falling.

Conduction Deafness: Conduction Deafness, or damage to the mechanical ear may have been the reason Taylor didn't hear her mother calling. She may have fallen and landed on her head, which in turn caused damage to the ear and prevented sound from reaching the cochlea.

After Images: After images may have occurred after Taylor stared at the flowers. After staring at a certain image for a period of time, the image may have been perceivable even when not looking at it, so therefore Taylor could perfectly describe the flowers to her mother.

Trichromatic Theory: The beautiful colors of the flowers Taylor saw were all produced by Red, Green, and Blue, which allowed her to perceive all other colors.

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After Images: Perceive image even when not looking at it

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Conduction Deafness: Caused by damage to mechanical ear system so waves can't reach cochlea.

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Vestibular Sense: Sense of balance by inner ear canals

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Trichromatic Theory: RGB colors make up all other colors

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Rods: Receptors used for movement and night vision

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Brady is going for a run. Give examples of how each of the following terms could apply to this situation. (Somatic nervous system, reticular formation, limbic system, action potential, dopamine)

Somatic Nervous System: Brady uses his somatic nervous system when on his run because it is responsible for his voluntary movements. Brady is using the information from his sensory and motor neurons and making the decision to move his body in a way so that he can run.

Reticular formation: Bradys reticular formation is what is responsible for helping him be alert enough to go on a run. It also is responsible for focus. Therefore, it may help him focus on how his body feels so he can pace himself properly.

Limbic system: The limbic system is responsible for emotion and memory. Bradys limbic system may play a role if he experiences something emotional during his run. Perhaps he trips and cuts his knee which makes him feel sad. His limbic system may be the area of the brain where this memory gets stored since it is associated strongly with an emotion, in this case, sadness.

Action Potential: Action potentials are what help neurons fire and send signals to other neurons. Positively charged ions rush into the cell during an action potential. Brady experiences multiple action potentials during his run as his neurons constantly are receiving and sending signals.

Dopamine: Dopamine is a neurotransmitter responsible for motor movement and that makes you feel good. During his run, dopamine is released to help Brady move and this release also results in him feeling happy.

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1. Roger Sperry: Won Nobel prize for split brain research
2. Paul Broca: Studied language and speech in the brain
3. Carl Wernicke: Studied comprehension of language
4. Michael Gazzaniga: Studied split brain with Sperry
5. Thomas Bouchard: Studied identical twins (nature vs nurture)

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Which of the following images of the brain shows both function and structure?

A) PET Scan
B) MRI Scan
C) EEG Scan
D) fMRI Scan

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Limbic System: Parts of brain dealing with emotion and memory

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Reticular Formation: Nerve network that controls arousal and ability to focus

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Somatic Nervous system: Controls voluntary movements, composed of sensory and motor neurons

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Dopamine: Neurotransmitter for motor movement and alertness, makes you feel good

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Action Potential: When positive ions rush into the cell

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Which psychological school of thought is based on observations?

A) Functionalism
B) Structuralism
C) Behaviorism
D) Introspection

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Measures of Central Tendency: Describes center of a data set

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Coercion: Persuading someone by force or threat

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Hawthorne effect: A change in behavior due to perceived attention received

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A scientist wants to create a study which explores participant behavior when responding to prompts on a survey. He also wants the study to incorporate data and explain possible flaws within the study. Explain how the following terms may influence the study. (Functionalism, Structuralism, Coercion, Hawthorne effect, , Measures of Central Tendency)

Functionalism- Functionalism can be used to examine the big picture. For example, when looking at participant responses, he can chose to examine the data as whole set, rather than individually.

Structuralism: Structuralism can be used to examine only certain parts of the study, for example, looking at individual responses rather than the group as a whole.

Coercion: Coercion may play a role if a participant was pressured to respond a certain way by other participants.

Hawthorne Effect: The Hawthorne Effect may have influenced participant response because their behavior may have changed when they were being watched or received attention.

Measures of Central Tendency: Measures of Central Tendency may be utilized by the study to examine the mean, median, and mode of the responses, or response time.

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Functionalism: Looking at the big picture

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Structuralism: Looking at only certain parts of the mind

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1. Wilhelm Wundt-structuralism, set up first psych lab
2. William James-functionalism
3. Sigmund Freud-Psychoanalytic theory
4. John B. Watson-Behaviorism, Baby Albert
5. Abraham Maslow-Humanist, Hierarchy of needs