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• Use the ADVANCED SEARCH feature
• Use BOOLEAN OPERATORS
• Try MULTIPLE VARIATIONS of the terms
• Use a LARGE NUMBER of search terms
• Select FULL TEXT returns
• Read the ABSTRACT first
• Use the article's BIBLIOGRAPHY to guide further steps

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The C.R.A.A.P. test for evaluating information

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Skip to content

Interactive Practice Template

To build a works-cited-list entry, enter the elements present in your source into the template. You must include any necessary punctuation, capitalization, and italics. The entry will appear under "Your Citation," color-coded to correspond to the template.

The template is a tool for teaching and learning MLA style, not a citation generator. To verify that your entry is correct, consult the MLA Handbook.

To learn more about the template, read our works-cited quick guide and post on supplemental elements.

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Interactive Practice Template | MLA Style Center

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To build a works-cited-list entry, enter the elements present in your source into the template. You must include any necessary punctuation, capitalization, and italics. The entry will appear under "Your Citation," color-coded to correspond to the template. The template is a tool for teaching and learning MLA style, not a citation generator.

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Hint: You want SCHOLARLY sources

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Skip to Main Content

It looks like you're using Internet Explorer 11 or older. This website works best with modern browsers such as the latest versions of Chrome, Firefox, Safari, and Edge. If you continue with this browser, you may see unexpected results.

Subjects vs. Keywords

Subject headings describe the content of each item in a database. Use these headings to find relevant items on the same topic. Searching by subject headings (a.k.a. descriptors) is the most precise way to search article databases.

It is not easy to guess which subject headings are used in a given database. For example, the phone book's Yellow Pages use subject headings. If you look for "Movie Theatres" you will find nothing, as they are listed under the subject heading "Theatres - Movies."

Keyword searching is how you typically search web search engines. Think of important words or phrases and type them in to get results.

Here are some key points about each type of search:

When you search a database and do not get the results you expect, Ask Us for advice.

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GALILEO@UGA Subject Guides: AP Seminar: Searching Databases

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Skip to Main Content It looks like you're using Internet Explorer 11 or older. This website works best with modern browsers such as the latest versions of Chrome, Firefox, Safari, and Edge. If you continue with this browser, you may see unexpected results. Subject headings describe the content of each item in a database.

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Reports of an alleged Indian plot to assassinate a Sikh separatist in the United States could undermine India-U.S. relations and both country's efforts to counter China's growing influence.

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The Conversation: In-depth analysis, research, news and ideas from leading academics and researchers.

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Curated by professional editors, The Conversation offers informed commentary and debate on the issues affecting our world. Plus a Plain English guide to the latest developments and discoveries from the university and research sector.

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Also available through AP Classroom

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Log In | Jefferson County Public Library | BiblioCommons

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Explore Jefferson County Public Library. New titles, recently rated, and recently tagged by the library community.

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Helpful MLA guide here as well. APA also available.

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MLA is one of the most common citation styles used by students and academics. This quick guide explains how to cite sources according to the 9th edition (the most recent) of the MLA Handbook. You can also use Scribbr's free citation generator to automatically generate references and in-text citations.

An MLA citation has two components:

1. In-text citation: Every time you quote or paraphrase a source, you cite the author and the page number in parentheses.

2. Works Cited: At the end of your paper, you give a full reference for every source you cited, alphabetized by the author's last name.

MLA Works Cited list

The list of Works Cited (also known as the bibliography or reference page) gives full details of every source you cited in your text. Each entry is built from nine core elements:

Following this format, you can create a citation for any type of source-for example, a book, journal article, website, or movie. You only include information that's relevant to the type of source you're citing.

MLA citation examples

Using the interactive tool, you can see what an MLA citation looks like for different source types.

Missing information in MLA citations

Regardless of the source type, the most important elements of any MLA citation are the author, the source title, and the publication date. If any of these are missing from the source, the Works Cited entry will look slightly different.

No author

Start with the source title instead. Alphabetize by the first word (ignoring articles).

"Australia fires: 'Catastrophic' alerts in South Australia and Victoria." BBC News, 20 Nov. 2019, www.bbc.com/news/world-australia-50483410.

No title

Give a brief description of the source. Use sentence case and no italics or quotation marks.

Mackintosh, Charles Rennie. Chair of stained oak. 1897-1900, Victoria and Albert Museum, London.

No date

Leave out the publication date. Add the date you accessed the source at the end of the citation.

"Who are Scribbr Editors?" Scribbr, www.scribbr.com/about-us/editors/. Accessed 10 June 2019.

MLA in-text citations

MLA in-text citations are brief references that direct your reader to the full source entry. You include them every time you quote, block quote, paraphrase or summarize a source.

The in-text citation must match the first word of the Works Cited entry-usually the author's last name. It also includes a page number or range to help the reader locate the relevant passage.

1 author

Give the author's last name.

(Wallace 11-12)

2 authors

Give both author's last names.

(Wallace and Armstrong 11-12)

3+ authors

Name the first author followed by "et al."

(Wallace et al. 11-12)

Corporate author

If a source was created by an organization other than the publisher, use the organization name as author.

(U.S. Global Change Research Program 22)

No author

If the author is the same as the publisher, or if no author is credited, use the source title instead. Format the title the same as in the full Works Cited reference, and shorten if it is more than four words.

("Australia Fires")

Multiple sources by the same author

Include the title (or a shortened version) after the author's name in each source citation.

(Morrison, Beloved, 73)
(Morrison, Sula, 45)

If you already named the author in your sentence, include only the page number in parentheses:

claim that "MLA is the second most popular citation style" in the humanities. According to , social and demographic circumstances still have a major effect on job prospects .

Sources with no page numbers

If the source has no page numbers, you either use an alternative locator, or leave the page number out of the citation:

Audiovisual source (e.g. a movie or YouTube video)

Give the time range of the relevant section.

(Arnold 03:15-03:21).

Source with numbered sections (e.g. an online book)

Give a paragraph, section, or chapter number.

(Smith, par. 38)
(Rowling, ch. 6)

Source with no numbered sections (e.g. a web page)

Leave out the page number.

(Barker)

Tools and resources

Besides the MLA Citation Generator, Scribbr provides many more helpful tools and resources;

Citation generator: Generate flawless APA, MLA, and Harvard citations in seconds

Free plagiarism checker: Detect and correct plagiarism with the most accurate plagiarism checker for students

Paraphrasing tool: Avoid accidental plagiarism and make your text sound better.

Grammar checker: Eliminate pesky spelling and grammar mistakes.

Summarizer: Read more in less time. Distill lengthy and complex texts down to their key points.

AI detector: Find out if your text was written with ChatGPT or any other AI writing tool. ChatGPT 2 & ChatGPT 3 supported.

Proofreading services: Hire a professional editor to improve your writing

Guides and videos: Explore hundreds of articles, bite-sized videos, time-saving templates, and handy checklists that guide you through the process of research, writing, and citation.

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Scribbr MLA Citation Generator | Start citing!

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How to cite in MLA format MLA is one of the most common citation styles used by students and academics. This quick guide explains how to cite sources

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Get a Temporary Library Card right now.

You can start using the online research databases, then visit the library (in Clement Park) within three weeks with your photo ID to get a permanent library card.

Colorado residents who are 17 years of age or older can register with a current photo ID. Residents who are under 17 may do so with a parent or guardians signature.

Acceptable forms of ID for users 17+ to register for new library card:

State issued Driver’s License, ID card or digital ID in the MyColorado app

Passport, Military ID, or Matricula Consular card

University or School ID

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Our online library is always available! Request a temporary library card to start using most of our online resources.

İNuestra biblioteca siempre está disponible en línea! Solicite una tarjeta temporal de la biblioteca para empezar a usar la mayor parte de nuestros recursos de línea.

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Our online library is always available! Request a temporary library card to start using most of our online resources. İNuestra biblioteca siempre está disponible en línea! Solicite una tarjeta temporal de la biblioteca para empezar a usar la mayor parte de nuestros recursos de línea.

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Add the Google Scholar Extension to Chrome

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Add the Google Scholar Extension to Chrome

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Lookup scholarly articles as you browse the web.

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9.5 MILLION articles are archived in PMC.

Content provided in part by:

2849

Full Participation Journals

Journals deposit the complete contents of each issue or volume.

300

NIH Portfolio Journals

Journals deposit all NIH-funded articles as defined by the NIH Public Access Policy.

43

Selective Deposit Programs

Publisher deposits a subset of articles from a collection of journals.

New in PMC

Aug. 30, 2023

Early in the COVID-19 pandemic, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) collaborated with publishers and scholarly soci...

May 3, 2023

The National Library of Medicine (NLM) recently renamed the COVID-19 and Mpox Public Health Emergency Initiatives as t...

highlights

Second Phase of the NIH Preprint Pilot Launched

The second phase launched in January 2023 and expands the scope of the Pilot to include preprints resulting from all NIH-funded research.

Read More

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Content provided in part by: Journals deposit the complete contents of each issue or volume. Journals deposit all NIH-funded articles as defined by the NIH Public Access Policy. Publisher deposits a subset of articles from a collection of journals. New in PMC Aug.

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Log In | Jefferson County Public Library | BiblioCommons

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Explore Jefferson County Public Library. New titles, recently rated, and recently tagged by the library community.

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Scan along the timeline bar to see the various topics and watch the segments that are helpful for you. The first 5 min. cover how to narrow search terms . . . good plan!

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Use Google Scholar for Academic Research: Google Scholar Search Tips & Tricks

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1. Open World Cat screen, then type or copy & paste in name of article.
2. Type in the name of your article and add pdf at the end into Google

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Perform an advanced search on WorldCat, the global catalog of library collections that lets you find what you want in a library near you.

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Log In | Jefferson County Public Library | BiblioCommons

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Explore Jefferson County Public Library. New titles, recently rated, and recently tagged by the library community.

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Video explaining the basics of the embedded citation tool for Google Docs.

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Google Docs Quick Tip: How to Use the Citation Tool

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Science.gov searches over 60 databases and over 2,200 scientific websites to provide users with access to more than 200 million pages of authoritative federal science information including research and development results.

hoverintent Search field

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Science.gov: USA.gov for Science - Government Science Portal

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Science.gov searches over 60 databases and over 2,200 scientific websites to provide users with access to more than 200 million pages of authoritative federal science information including research and development results. hoverintent Search field

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Log In | Jefferson County Public Library | BiblioCommons

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Explore Jefferson County Public Library. New titles, recently rated, and recently tagged by the library community.

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The world’s largest library. View historic photos, maps, books and more. Contact experts for help with research. Plan a visit. Home of U.S. Copyright Office.

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Log In | Jefferson County Public Library | BiblioCommons

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Explore Jefferson County Public Library. New titles, recently rated, and recently tagged by the library community.

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The world's largest museum library system - serving the Smithsonian Institution, the American people, and the world.

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This detailed assignment lists the steps you will take throughout the process of researching and writing your paper.

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If you can't find what you need in the other databases, this is the alphabetical list of all the Jeffco Library databases.

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Part of the Learning Express Library online learning platform. Build math and reading skills, improve writing, speaking and grammar, and prepare for the U.S. citizenship exam. [alternate title: test prep]

Watch a tutorial.

Up-to-date and complete source of automotive repair information. Used by professional mechanics to diagnose and repair cars and trucks. Get the latest technical service bulletins and recall notices, and access OEM wiring diagrams, maintenance tables, diagnostic trouble codes, labor estimator and so much more. Available only inside the library. Temporary remote access has ended.

Ancestry is granting temporary remote access through the end of 2021.

A genealogy resource containing billions of census, vital, church, court and immigration records, and historical photos. Coverage spans from the 1500s - 2000s, and includes the United States, the United Kingdom, Canada, Europe and Australia.

Watch a tutorial.

Browse, check out, and download e-books and audiobooks to your computer or device.

A collection of primary source documents related to critical people and events in African American history intended to facilitate learning about the foundation of ongoing racial injustice in the U.S. - and the fights against it.
Grades 6 - adult

Reviews, recommendations, read-alikes, books by theme, author bios and interviews, resources for book clubs, and more, all for teens and young adults.

Online brain-training system designed by an international team of neuroscientists. Improve your brain health with fun exercises and games that continuously adapt to your unique performance. Think faster, focus better, and remember more.
Alternate title: brain hq
Watch a tutorial.

Nearly 40 e-books from the Gale Virtual Reference Library that provide targeted resources and guidance for teens and young adults on mental health and wellness. Download PDF chapters to your computer or mobile device.

Part of the Learning Express Library online learning platform. Guidance for starting a new career or advancing in your current field. Prepare for entrance, occupational, and military exams, learn job search and workplace skills, and prepare for the WorkKeys Assessments. [alternate title: test prep]

Watch a tutorial.

Part of the Learning Express Library online learning platform. Strengthen academic skills, prepare for placement tests, and get ready for graduate school entrance exams. [alternate title: test prep]

Watch a tutorial.

Interactive e-books from the Spotlight on Colorado series. This series combines videos, activities, interactive timelines, primary sources, and teaching tools to provide a comprehensive understanding of the land, people, and rich history of Colorado State.
Grades 3-6

Concise, reliable, and up-to-date cultural information on countries across the globe. Country reports go beyond mere facts and figures and include the background, customs, and lifestyles of the world's people. Contains maps, images, statistics, flags, and more.
World Edition: Grades 6-12
Kids and States Editions: Grades 4-6 Alternate title: culture grams

Check out magazines to read on your computer or on your mobile device. Magazine topics include academic, business, entertainment, family and kids, fitness and health, food and cooking, hobbies and DIY, home and garden, lifestyle, news and politics, religion, science and technology, sports, travel and regional, and women's interest.

Need help?

Check out magazines to read on your computer or on your mobile device. Enjoy magazines such as Ranger Rick, Zoobooks, Horn Book Magazine, Muse, Ask, Click, Highlights, and Cricket.

Need help?

Interactive program that provides step-by-step email, internet, and device guides for seniors with no computer experience. Website not available from home, but the apps are available for home use. Includes "Memories: Generation to Generation," a feature specially designed to link school children with seniors.

Part of the Learning Express Library online learning platform, with skill-building resources for classroom and homework success. Helps students in elementary and middle school prepare for important tests, get extra help with assignments, and boost their skills in important subjects. Previously part of School Center.

Watch a tutorial.

Online homework help, with tutors available 2 p.m. - 11 p.m. Get help in English, Writing, Math, Science, Social Studies, Language Studies and Adult Education topics. Services include a writing lab, skill building lessons, language lab, virtual study rooms, and flashcards.
alternate title: tutoring
Watch a tutorial.lternate keywords: tutoring

Genealogy resources including census records, wills and probates, city directories, military records, immigration records, family histories, local histories and primary sources.
Alternate title: Heritage Quest

Part of the Learning Express Library online learning platform. Guided support and preparation to help you earn a high school equivalency credential. Prepare for the GED, GED en Español, HiSET, and TASC. [alternate title: test prep]
Watch a tutorial.

Part of the Learning Express Library online learning platform, with skill-building resources for classroom and homework success. Helps high school students prepare for important tests, get extra help with assignments, and boost their skills in important subjects. Previously part of School Center.

Watch a tutorial.

Check out, stream, or download video, music, audiobooks, comics, and e-books. Only available to Jefferson County residents.

The Kanopy Kids collection of streaming movies is appropriate for children ages 2 - 8. Only available to Jefferson County residents.

Watch over 26,000 independent, international, classic, or documentary films, including the Great Courses. Only available to Jefferson County residents.

Online learning platform with resources for career preparation, high school equivalency, college admissions test preparation, and adult core skills building. Includes practice tests and test prep for the GED, ACT, CLEP, U.S. Citizenship, college entrance exams, graduate school admissions exams, and more.

Watch a tutorial.
Alternate title: Learning Express Library

Have reading recommendations delivered right to your inbox. Choose from 24 genres or topics.
Alternate title: Library Aware

Access to billions of historical documents, millions of historical photos and other resources in thousands of databases that span the past five centuries.
"Patron ID" is your library card number.
Alternate title: My Heritage

Full-text articles from the New York Times from 1851 to 2017.

Browse, check out, and download e-books and e-magazines to your computer or device.

A public self-publishing platform that allows you to create, edit, format and generate print-ready and e-book formats for your book.

Watch a tutorial.

All-you-can-read digital newsstand with thousands of the world's most popular newspapers and magazines.

Watch a tutorial.

Herramientas de aprendizaje, carrera y ciudadanía en español. Este centro ofrece a los adultos que están muy ocupados los recursos para mejorar sus habilidades básicas, ganar sus credenciales de GED ® o ser ciudadano estadounidense.

School Center has been divided into two learning centers: Grades 4-8 Educator Resources and High School Students.

Part of the Learning Express Library online learning platform, with skill-building resources for classroom and homework success. Helps students in elementary, middle, and high school prepare for important tests, get extra help with assignments, and boost their skills in important subjects. [alternate title: test prep]

Watch a tutorial.

Searchable catalog of books, periodicals and other materials in libraries worldwide. Request items found in this catalog through our Interlibrary Loan service.

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Part of the Learning Express Library online learning platform. Build math and reading skills, improve writing, speaking and grammar, and prepare for the U.S. citizenship exam. [alternate title: test prep] Watch a tutorial. Up-to-date and complete source of automotive repair information. Used by professional mechanics to diagnose and repair cars and trucks.

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A curated list of the JCPL databases that you may find more helpful

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This is a clever, backhanded way to access college databases and potentially find hidden gem resources.

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How to Find Free Academic Articles Online | Spotting Scholarly Sources

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Stanford's Squirrel Nerd don't lie

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Wiley is . . . good

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Useful parts: "Using Sources" tab: "Evaluating Sources" and "Integrating Sources"

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The HarvardKey system, and the systems, data, and other resources that require HarvardKey authentication for access, are only for legitimate Harvard University users. Use may be monitored, and improper use of the HarvardKey system or those resources may result in disciplinary action and civil and criminal charges.

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HarvardKey - Harvard University Authentication Service

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The HarvardKey system, and the systems, data, and other resources that require HarvardKey authentication for access, are only for legitimate Harvard University users. Use may be monitored, and improper use of the HarvardKey system or those resources may result in disciplinary action and civil and criminal charges.

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You should use . . . both

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Understanding Primary & Secondary Sources

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Legal citations

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Legal and Legislative Sources in MLA 8 & MLA 9

For published US government reports, see the section on Reports from Corporate, Government & Non-Governmental Organization Authors on the Common Web Resources page of this guide. If you have any questions, ask a friendly librarian.
The Declaration of Independence and the Constitution
According to the Georgetown University Library, it is necessary to cite the Declaration of Independence or the Constitution in your Works Cited as they are such well known works. You must cite them in your text.

Here is how the Georgetown Library recommends citing them in-text:

Declaration of Independence

The first time you mention the Declaration of Independence in your text, add the institutional author (US) and date (1776) in parentheses.

Example: The Declaration of Independence states that the government's "just power" is derived "from the consent of the governed" (US 1776).

When you refer to the document after that, you can omit the (US 1776).
U.S. Constitution
When you are citing the U.S. Constitution, if you are citing a particular section of the document, you should mention the specific article, section, and clause in your document. There is no standardized method provided by the MLA, so the Georgetown Library recommends the following methods.

Example 1: The Constitution of the United States, Article I (sec. 7, cl. 1) dictates that all revenue bills must originate in the House of Representatives.

Example 2: The U.S. Constitution (art. 1, sec. 7, cl. 1) dictates that all revenue bills must originate in the House of Representatives.

See the Georgetown Library's answer page for more information on citing these two documents .
Laws, Acts, and Similar Political Documents
Because we are a high school, the GBS Library recommends keeping entries for these types of legal resources simple. If you wish to include the bill number and the number of the Congressional session, place them at the end as you would any Optional Elements. If you are interested in more sophisticated legal citations, MLA recommends consulting the Chicago Manual of Style.
Key things to keep in mind: Do not italicize the titles of laws, acts, or similar political documents or put them in quotation marks. Capitalize them as you would any other source title.
Librarian of Congress Succession Modernization Act of 2015

Microbead-Free Waters Act of 2015.
When citing government entities as authors, begin with the largest and proceed to the smallest with commas between them:
United States, Congress, House.

United States, Congress, Senate.

Format for Federal Legislation (on the Web):

United States, Congress, House or Senate. Title of Legislation. Year Law was Enacted (if applicable).

United States, Congress, House. Microbead-Free Waters Act of 2015. 2015. Congress.gov,

www.congress.gov/bill/114th-congress/house-bill/1321.
When citing several entities from the same government in your Works Cited, substitute three hyphens for each entity listed previously:
United States, Congress, House. Microbead-Free Waters Act of 2015. 2015. Congress.gov

www.congress.gov/bill/114th-congress/house-bill/1321.

---, ---, Senate. Librarian of Congress Succession Modernization Act of 2015. 2015. Congress.gov,

www.congress.gov/bill/114th-congress/senate-bill/2162.

Unlike laws and acts, the names of court cases are italicized:

Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka

Because the MLA does not give specific guidance with regards to citing court cases, we recommend the following citation format.

Format for US Supreme Court Cases (on the Web):

United States, Supreme Court. Name of Plaintiff v. Name of Defendant. Year of Court Decision. Title of Website
(Container 2), Location (URL).
United States, Supreme Court. Romer v. Evans. 1996. FindLaw, caselaw.findlaw.com/us-supreme-court/517/620.html.

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LibGuides: MLA Citation Resources: Legal & Legislative Resources (laws, acts, US Supreme Court cases, US Constitution)

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Legal and Legislative Sources in MLA 8 & MLA 9 For published US government reports, see the section on Reports from Corporate, Government & Non-Governmental Organization Authors on the Common Web Resources page of this guide. If you have any questions, ask a friendly librarian.

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Various Gov't source citations and models

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Skip to Main Content

It looks like you're using Internet Explorer 11 or older. This website works best with modern browsers such as the latest versions of Chrome, Firefox, Safari, and Edge. If you continue with this browser, you may see unexpected results.

Government Publication

When an entry starts with a government agency as the author, begin the entry with the name of the government (e.g. United States), followed by a comma and the name of the agency. Between them, add any organizational unites of which the agency is part (as, e.g., the House of Representatives is part of Congress). All the names are arranged from the largest entity to the smallest.

For the parenthetical citation, also list all of the administrative units in order from largest to smallest. Abbreviate commonly abbreviated words like Dept.

Material Type

In-text Citation

Works Cited

Print government document

(United States, Congress, House, Committee on the Judiciary 14)

United States, Congress, House, Committee on the Judiciary. Federal Rules of Bankruptcy Procedure, December 1, 2015. Government Printing Office, 2015.

Including the number and session of Congress, the chamber, and the type and number of the publication is optional and is added to the end of entry.

---, ---, Senate.

When documenting two or more works by the same government, substitute three hyphens for any name repeated from the author in the previous entry.

[---, ---, ] replaces [United States, Congress,]

---, Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

[---,] replaces United States,

Online government document

(United States, Dept. of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 3)

United States, Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. "Controlling Mosquitoes at Home." Zika Virus, 5 May 2016, www.cdc.gov/zika/prevention/controlling-mosquitoes-at-home.html.

Online government document with a personal author

(United States, Dept. of Criminal Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention 2)

United States, Department of Criminal Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention. "Law Enforcement and Juvenile Crime." National Criminal Justice Reference Service, by Howard Snyder, Dec. 2001, www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/ojjdp/191031.pdf.

One page of a government website

(United States, Dept. of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics 2)

United States, Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics. "Art Directors." Occupational Outlook Handbook, 8 Aug. 2018, www.bls.gov.ooh/arts-and-design/art-directors/htm.

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LibGuides: MLA Style Guide, 8th & 9th Editions: Government Publication

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Skip to Main Content It looks like you're using Internet Explorer 11 or older. This website works best with modern browsers such as the latest versions of Chrome, Firefox, Safari, and Edge. If you continue with this browser, you may see unexpected results.

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Discover a faster, simpler path to publishing in a high-quality journal. PLOS ONE promises fair, rigorous peer review, broad scope, and wide readership - a perfect fit for your research every time.