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(Hanis Hanani)
A separation process in which the residue is separated by molecular weight (density), producing a low contaminant deasphalted oil (DAO) that is rich in paraffins.

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Process to remove contaminants perform on heavy HC to convert it to lighter fraction via hydrogen.

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Cracks vacuum resid to reduce its viscosity for fuel oil blending

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a process of converting light olefins gases into HC with higher MW and RON which can be used as gasoline blending stock. It combine 2 or more identical olefin molecule to form a single molecule with the same element with the help of catalyst at low temperature.

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(Hanis Hanani)

1. Separate product depends on temperature via heat.
2. Can protect the equipment from damage.

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a process used to convert n-butane to isobutane (light naptha) which has low octane number to higher octane number product.

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Heavier liquids, called gas oils, separate lower down in the distillation tower, while the heaviest fractions with the highest boiling points settle at the bottom of the tower

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Medium weight liquids, including kerosene and distillates, stay in the middle of the distillation tower

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The lightest fractions, including gasoline and liquefied refinery gases, vaporize and rise to the top of the distillation tower, where they condense back to liquids

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(Hanis Hanani)
Definition: Separate gas from distillation process for further process. (further process: gas sweetening and blending)

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Breaking the longer chemical bond of alkane into shorter chemical bond of alkane to produce gas lean. FCC is favor compare to thermal cracking because it produced higher octane rating product.

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-Farisa
There are 3 types of blending process:

In-line through a manifold system: The in-line blending is accomplished by injecting proportionate amounts of each component into the main where turbulence promotes thorough mixing.

Batch blending in tanks: All component is fed into mixing and stirred until a homogeneous blend is achieved

Onboard blending into marine vessels: Mixing operation of two products should only be undertaken whilst the ship is within port limits. The physical blending on board of bulk liquid products during a sea voyage to create new products is prohibited.

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Blended crude is a mixture of crude oils, blended in the pipeline to create a crude with specific physical properties. These fuels can be blended to give gasoline, jet fuel, diesel fuel, heating oil, and heavier fuel oils. Heavier (less volatile) fractions can also be used to produce asphalt, tar, paraffin wax, lubricating and other heavy oils. Refineries also produce other chemicals, some of which are used in chemical processes to produce plastics and other useful materials.

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Basically, conversion is a process of changing raw materials into other materials by via chemical properties such as changing the chemical structure.

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Combines a light olefin (butylene, propylene) with isobutane to form a high-quality gasoline blendstock

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Basically, fractionation is a physical process changing raw materials into other materials by via physical properties such as heat.

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Changes the molecular structure of heavy naphtha through creating more aromatics, naphthenic rings, and isomers to raise octane for blending into gasoline

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The Petroleum is heated up, and the gas produced enters the fractionating column. The column is very hot at the bottom and gets cooler as the gas travels up the column, this allows different fuels to drain out at different temperatures up the column, with the exception of Bitumen, which is used to surface roads, this stays liquid and is drained off at the bottom of the column

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Highest demand (and value) products in their local market

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Nature of the crude feedstock available

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-Safa-

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Breaking large molecules into smaller ones (cracking), joining small molecules into larger ones, or changing the shape of molecules without changing overall size.
-Safa-

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Safawati Zamri

Conversion convert one hydrocarbon stream into another by changing molecule size and structure. The objective is to shift the yield of the refinery away from less valuable products (e.g., residual fuel oil, LPG) and toward more valuable ones (e.g., gasoline, diesel).

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Function: Fractionation is a separation process where the mixture is divided into smaller quantities. Fractions are collected based on differences in a specific property of the individual components. Petroleum are separated out by fractional distillation.

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(Hanis Hanani)
Desalting is a process involve mixing of heated crude oil and washing water which will be contacted each other in desalter. the product will be desalted crude oil and by product will be brine sludge and desalter effluent.

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-Farisa
Blending is the last process in the refining that mixes the optimal combination of components (among various petroleum streams) to produce the final finished product. The main purposes of crude oil blending are to optimize commercial value, to upgrade or reduce oil consumption to meet specifications, and to facilitate oil movement. End product example: LPG, gasoline, diesel etc

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Based on the above figure, evaluate the unit operations and processes involved in fractionation, conversion and blending sections of refinery operation. In addition, discuss the function of each process and its benefit towards final products.