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What are Specific Learning Disabilities? Video - 2:38

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What are Specific Learning Disabilities? Video - 2:38

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https://www.youtube-nocookie.com/embed/KcuXaZGHIDg?playlist=KcuXaZGHIDg&autoplay=1&iv_load_policy=3&loop=1&modestbranding=1&start=

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Specific Learning Disability: Categories of Students with Disabilities - YouTube

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Specific Learning Disability: Categories of Students with Disabilities

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Understood.org is the lifelong guide for those who learn and think differently. This site is full of information, articles and resources. 

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Understood.org is the lifelong guide for those who learn and think differently. This site is full of information, articles and resources. 

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Smart Kids with Learning Disabilities - a website full of resources

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Smart Kids with Learning Disabilities - a website full of resources

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Why is My Child Struggling at School?

Learning that your child has LD or ADHD can be overwhelming. You suddenly find yourself in a world of unknowns, where everyone's speaking in terms you don't understand. Take a deep breath. The First Steps section of our website has you covered. Using straightforward, easy-to-understand language, this section provides the information you need to begin addressing your child's learning challenges.

What Are Learning Disabilities offers insights into specific learning disabilities and ADHD, including signs and symptoms, as well as the strengths associated with these difficulties to help you understand your child's unique learning profile.

Evaluating Your Child provides the guidance necessary to ensure that your child receives a comprehensive, reliable evaluation-the foundation upon which plans for his or her education will be built.

Tech Tools helps you evaluate the latest and best technologies designed to make learning easier in the classroom and at home.

Terms & Definitions is a glossary of commonly used words and phrases that may be unfamiliar to those new to LD and ADHD.

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Why is My Child Struggling at School? Learning that your child has LD or ADHD can be overwhelming. You suddenly find yourself in a world of unknowns, where everyone's speaking in terms you don't understand. Take a deep breath. The First Steps section of our website has you covered.

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Individuals with Disabilities Education Act IDEA - resources for families. IDEA is a law that ensures all children have access to education that is appropriate for their learning abilities. 

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Individuals with Disabilities Education Act IDEA - resources for families. IDEA is a law that ensures all children have access to education that is appropriate for their learning abilities. 

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Individuals with Disabilities Education Act

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Parents and families want the best for their family members. The Parents and Families Resource page brings together U.S. Department of Education-funded centers, department programs, and additional information of interest for parents and families.

Visit the IDEA Statute and Regulations and Policy Support pages for more specific, searchable IDEA law and policy information.

IDEA-Related Centers

The Department's Office of Special Education Programs ( OSEP) supports projects that provide information and technical assistance to families of infants, toddlers, children, and youth with disabilities.

These projects also support families whose children are suspected of having a disability or developmental delay or who may be inappropriately identified as needing special education and related services.

Information and assistance from these OSEP-funded projects are available free of charge. Families can find information about IDEA-specific topics through these centers.

The Parent Training and Information Centers (PTI) provide services in every state, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, the U.S. Virgin Islands and Pacific entities. PTIs are a rich source of information and training especially for parents, including parents whose primary language is not English or themselves have special training needs.

In addition, Community Parent Resource Centers (CPRC) throughout the country serve targeted, underserved communities.

To find the PTI or CPRC that serves your community or to locate additional informational materials for families, visit the Center on Parent Information and Resources.

For additional information about OSEP discretionary grant recipients, visit the Resource Centers' page or view OSEP IDEAs That Work.

IDEA Topic Areas

OSEP, along with other Department offices, Federal agencies, and OSEP discretionary grant recipients, provides numerous IDEA-topic area resources.

For Federal resources for IDEA stakeholders on college- and career-readiness standards, tool kits, topic issues in education, intervention IDEA briefs, and a resource library, visit OSEP IDEAs That Work.

For more specific resources on a variety of IDEA topics, visit the Topic Areas resource page. This resource page includes information and resources from the Department, other Federal agencies, and federally-funded technical assistance centers.

Early Learning

The Department has prioritized early learning in an effort to support our nation's youngest learners. A variety of resources and links to early learning-specific resources can be found on the Department's Early Learning Website.

Military Families

The Military-Connected Children with Disabilities page highlights resources to support states, parents, families, and others to meet the unique needs of military-connected children with disabilities and ensure the timely provision of required early intervention and special education and related services.

Disability Specific Groups

Numerous national, state, and local disability-specific groups exist in support of infants, toddlers, children, and youth with disabilities and their families.

The Department does not endorse particular groups and organizations; however, parents and families are encouraged to contact their Parent Training and Information Center. Parents and families may also find it helpful to connect with research groups and organizations that provide information and support for their child's disability.

Other Resources

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Parents and Families - Individuals with Disabilities Education Act

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Parents and families want the best for their family members. The Parents and Families Resource page brings together U.S. Department of Education-funded centers, department programs, and additional information of interest for parents and families. Visit the IDEA Statute and Regulations and Policy Support pages for more specific, searchable IDEA law and policy information.

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Supporting Your Child with Learning Disabilities with Digital Learning Games - PBS

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Supporting Your Child with Learning Disabilities with Digital Learning Games - PBS

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Supporting Your Child With Disabilities With Digital Learning Games | Parenting Tips & Advice | PBS KIDS for Parents

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There's something for everyone in the new Cyberchase game Railway Hero, which was designed to be accessible for all abilities.

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Center for Parent Information and Resources

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Center for Parent Information and Resources

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Finding the motivation to make positive lifestyle changes can be hard for anyone. For teenagers, it can be especially difficult when parents are the ones telling them to do it. But if they've fallen into unhealthy habits like vaping or alcohol abuse, change can be beneficial. Motivational interviewing is a form of therapy that creates a safe, non-judgmental environment for teens to establish their own goals and values and see how changing unhealthy behaviors can benefit them in the long run.

This series of articles comes from the Child Mind Institute, with most available in English and Spanish. Why might teens be resistant to therapy and how can parents and others to help them get the treatment they need? The articles explain how motivational interviewing can help teens gain the self-confidence to make important behavioral changes. To read more about motivational interviewing, and to connect with the articles in both English and Spanish, please visit CPIR's abstract.

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Center for Parent Information and Resources | Your Central Hub for Parent Centers Serving Families of Children With Disabilities

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Finding the motivation to make positive lifestyle changes can be hard for anyone. For teenagers, it can be especially difficult when parents are the ones telling them to do it. But if they've fallen into unhealthy habits like vaping or alcohol abuse, change can be beneficial.

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Learning disabilities are due to genetic and/or neurobiological factors that alter brain functioning in a manner which affects one or more cognitive processes related to learning. These processing problems can interfere with learning basic skills such as reading, writing and/or math. They can also interfere with higher level skills such as organization, time planning, abstract reasoning, long or short term memory and attention. It is important to realize that learning disabilities can affect an individual's life beyond academics and can impact relationships with family, friends and in the workplace.
Since difficulties with reading, writing and/or math are recognizable problems during the school years, the signs and symptoms of learning disabilities are most often diagnosed during that time. However, some individuals do not receive an evaluation until they are in post-secondary education or adults in the workforce. Other individuals with learning disabilities may never receive an evaluation and go through life, never knowing why they have difficulties with academics and why they may be having problems in their jobs or in relationships with family and friends.

Learning disabilities should not be confused with learning problems which are primarily the result of visual, hearing, or motor handicaps; of intellectual disability; of emotional disturbance; or of environmental, cultural or economic disadvantages.

Generally speaking, people with learning disabilities are of average or above average intelligence. There often appears to be a gap between the individual's potential and actual achievement. This is why learning disabilities are referred to as "hidden disabilities": the person looks perfectly "normal" and seems to be a very bright and intelligent person, yet may be unable to demonstrate the skill level expected from someone of a similar age.

A learning disability cannot be cured or fixed; it is a lifelong challenge. However, with appropriate support and intervention, people with learning disabilities can achieve success in school, at work, in relationships, and in the community.

In Federal law, under the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA), the term is "specific learning disability," one of 13 categories of disability under that law.

"Learning Disabilities" is an "umbrella" term describing a number of other, more specific learning disabilities, such as dyslexia and dysgraphia. Find the signs and symptoms of each, plus strategies to help below.

Types of Learning Disabilities

Related Disorders

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Learning disabilities are due to genetic and/or neurobiological factors that alter brain functioning in a manner which affects one or more cognitive processes related to learning. These processing problems can interfere with learning basic skills such as reading, writing and/or math.

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Dyslexic Advantage | What is Dysgraphia ?

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What are non-verbal learning disabilities? Video - 1:27

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What are non-verbal learning disabilities? Video - 1:27

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What Is a Non-Verbal Learning Disorder? | Child Psychology

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What are oral/written language disorder and specific reading comprehension deficit?

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What are oral/written language disorder and specific reading comprehension deficit?

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Affects an individual's understanding of what they read or of spoken language.

Individuals with Oral / Written Language Disorder and Specific Reading Comprehension Deficit struggle with understanding and/or expressing language often in both oral and written forms.

These individuals often exhibit Specific Language Impairment related to deficits in semantic processing and syntactic processing.

Semantic processing relates to encoding the meaning of words. Syntactic processing relates to the understanding of the order of words and how that can change meaning. For example, the sentences "The blanket is on the baby" and "The baby is on the blanket" use the same words, but have different meanings.

Affects an individual's understanding of what they read or of spoken language.

Individuals with Oral / Written Language Disorder and Specific Reading Comprehension Deficit struggle with understanding and/or expressing language often in both oral and written forms.

These individuals often exhibit Specific Language Impairment related to deficits in semantic processing and syntactic processing.

Semantic processing relates to encoding the meaning of words. Syntactic processing relates to the understanding of the order of words and how that can change meaning. For example, the sentences "The blanket is on the baby" and "The baby is on the blanket" use the same words, but have different meanings.

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Oral / Written Language Disorder and Specific Reading Comprehension Deficit

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Individuals with Oral / Written Language Disorder and Specific Reading Comprehension Deficit struggle with understanding and/or expressing language often in both oral and written forms. These individuals often exhibit Specific Language Impairment related to deficits in semantic processing and syntactic processing. Semantic processing relates to encoding the meaning of words.

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What is ADHD? ADHD is not considered a learning disability although, research indicates that 30-50 percent of children with ADHD also have a specific learning disability. These two conditions can interact to make learning challenging.

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What is ADHD? ADHD is not considered a learning disability although, research indicates that 30-50 percent of children with ADHD also have a specific learning disability. These two conditions can interact to make learning challenging.

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https://thrivingwithadhd.com.au/

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I dream of a world in which every person with ADHD is understood, embraced and supported. Where information and good quality treatment is easily accessible. And in which individuals with ADHD thrive and flourish, achieve their dreams, and live full and happy lives.

Lou Brown, Doctor of Philosophy (Nursing) Candidate & ADHD Advocate
Perth, Western Australia

This website as well as the Thriving with ADHD blog is my gift to the ADHD community. It is dedicated with love to everyone whose life has ever been touched by ADHD, especially my son Jack and my partner Iain.

Please note: I am no longer offering ADHD Coaching and Consultancy services as I have transitioned into full-time Ph.D. studies. My decision was driven by my insatiable desire to advocate for my community and it is in the realm of academia that I feel I can make the biggest impact.

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I dream of a world in which every person with ADHD is understood, embraced and supported. Where information and good quality treatment is easily accessible. And in which individuals with ADHD thrive and flourish, achieve their dreams, and live full and happy lives.

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What is executive functioning? Executive functioning is not a learning disability but different patterns of weakness in executive functioning are almost always seen in the learning profiles of individuals who have specific learning disabilities or ADHD.

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What is executive functioning? Executive functioning is not a learning disability but different patterns of weakness in executive functioning are almost always seen in the learning profiles of individuals who have specific learning disabilities or ADHD.

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The executive functions all serve a "command and control" function; they can be viewed as the "conductor" of all cognitive skills.

Executive functions help you manage life tasks of all types. For example, executive functions let you organize a trip, a research project, or a paper for school.

Often, when we think of problems with executive functioning, we think of disorganization. However, organization is only one of these important skills.

The term "executive functioning" has become a common buzzword in schools and psychology offices. This is more than just a passing fad. In fact, neuropsychologists have been studying these skills for many years. We believe that the focus on executive functioning represents a significant advancement in our understanding of children (and adults!) and their unique profile of strengths and weaknesses.

A Formal Definition of Executive Functioning

Now (drum roll please), here is a formal definition of executive functioning:

The executive functions are a set of processes that all have to do with managing oneself and one's resources in order to achieve a goal. It is an umbrella term for the neurologically-based skills involving mental control and self-regulation.

What mental control skills are covered under this umbrella? Different researchers and practitioners have their own favorite lists, although the overall concept is basically the same. We use the list proposed by Drs. Gerard A. Gioia, Peter K. Isquith, Steven C. Guy, and Lauren Kenworthy. These psychologists developed their understanding of executive functions through sound research and created a rating scale that helps parents, teachers, and professionals understand a particular child and think more specifically about how to help.

Before looking at the list of specific characteristics encompassed by the broad category of executive functions, we'd like to provide an example that makes the concepts more concrete.

Understanding Executive Functions by Looking at Life without Them

Thinking about what life is like for someone with weak executive functioning gives us a better understanding of the way these core skills affect our ability to manage life tasks. In the interest of making the concepts immediately relevant and meaningful, our example focuses on an adult, since we assume that most people reading this book are adults, too. Throughout the rest of the book we've included mostly examples of executive functioning in younger people.

The Road Trip without a Map

We'd like to tell you a story about our friend, Robin, who lives life without the benefit of strong executive functioning. Robin is a composite of many individuals we have known, and she struggles with weaknesses in executive skills, despite her well-intentioned efforts to reform herself.

One day in May, Robin gets a phone call from her Aunt Sue in Merryville, Missouri. Aunt Sue is planning a family reunion in July, and she wants to know if Robin and her family can come. All of the extended family will be there. The little town will be overrun with relatives and it is going to be a great corralling of the family from all across the United States. Robin is excited at the prospect and eagerly says, "Of course we'll be there! We wouldn't miss it!"

Aunt Sue gives Robin all the particulars, including the dates of the reunion and places to stay. Robin rummages around in the kitchen junk drawer for a pencil while her aunt talks, but she never does find one with a point on it. She promises to herself to find a pencil and write down all the details just as soon as she gets off the phone. But by the time she hangs up, she can't remember the specifics. She makes a mental note to call back soon to get the dates.

That evening, Robin excitedly tells her husband and two children about the reunion. Her husband asks when it will take place. "Some time in July. I don't remember exactly." He says, "Well, please find out this week because I have to request vacation time at work." Their fifteen-year-old son exclaims, "Hey, I thought July was when I was supposed to go to Band Camp!" "Didn't you remember?" Robin's daughter practically shouts, "I'm going to Ocean City with Julie and her family sometime in July." Robin blows up at them all, yelling, "Why are you all being so negative? This is supposed to be fun!"

About once a week, Robin's husband reminds her to get the information about the reunion. She promises to do so. (And she really means to get around to it!) Finally, in June, Robin's husband gets very annoyed and says, "Do it now! I'm going to stay right here in the kitchen until you call!" Robin makes the call and gets the dates as well as the other particulars. Her husband harrumphs around the house the rest of the evening because now he has only three weeks left before the requested time-off. Luck is on their side, though, because he manages to arrange the vacation around work, and the reunion dates do not conflict with the kids' activities.

Over the next three weeks, thoughts about the trip float through Robin's head from time to time. She thinks about how the kids will need to have things to do in the car since it's a long trip. She thinks about taking food and snacks for the ride. She thinks about getting her work at the office cleared up in advance so she can be free of commitments for the vacation. She thinks, "I really should take care of that stuff."

A few days before it is time to leave for the two-day drive to Missouri, she starts piling stuff into the van, including clothes and other supplies. (You can only imagine what the inside of this van looks like!)

Finally, it's time to pile the people into the van, too. On the way out of the house, one of the kids asks, "Who will be taking care of the cats while we're gone?" Robin moans, "Oh no! I forgot about that. We can't just leave them here to die and there's no one to take care of them! Now we can't go. What will we tell Aunt Sue?" Her husband takes over, and starts calling around the neighborhood until he finds a teenager who can do the pet sitting. The crisis passes. The cats will be fine.

So, they're off. Robin's husband drives the first shift. He pulls out of the neighborhood, gets onto the main highway, and then asks, "So, what's the game plan? What's the route?" Robin answers, "Missouri is west, so I know we have to go west." He looks at Robin incredulously and says, "You don't know any more details than that? Well, get out the map. We can't just head west with no more information that that!" And, of course, Robin says, "What map? I don't have a map." Robin's husband sighs and shakes his head. "Oh no! Another road trip without a map! Why didn't you tell me you were having trouble getting it all organized? I could have helped." Robin replied, "I didn't have any trouble. Everything is fine. We're in the car, aren't we? We'll get there. What are you so upset about?"

Do you think Robin had made reservations for where to stay along the way? Do you think she had planned out how much cash they would need for the trip or made it to the bank ahead of time? These and many other details, of course, had escaped planning.

A List of Executive Functions

With this example as a base, let's turn back to the question of what specific abilities are covered under the umbrella term of executive functioning. Below is the list of executive functions from Dr. Gioia and his colleagues. We've included a specific illustration of each executive function from our case study of Robin in parentheses after each definition.

1. Inhibition - The ability to stop one's own behavior at the appropriate time, including stopping actions and thoughts. The flip side of inhibition is impulsivity; if you have weak ability to stop yourself from acting on your impulses, then you are "impulsive." (When Aunt Sue called, it would have made sense to tell her, "Let me check the calendar first. It sounds great, but I just need to look at everybody's schedules before I commit the whole family.")

2. Shift - The ability to move freely from one situation to another and to think flexibly in order to respond appropriately to the situation. (When the question emerged regarding who would watch the cats, Robin was stymied. Her husband, on the other hand, began generating possible solutions and was able to solve the problem relatively easily.)

3. Emotional Control - The ability to modulate emotional responses by bringing rational thought to bear on feelings. (The example here is Robin's anger when confronted with her own impulsive behavior in committing the family before checking out the dates: "Why are you all being so negative?")

4. Initiation - The ability to begin a task or activity and to independently generate ideas, responses, or problem-solving strategies. (Robin thought about calling to check on the date of the reunion, but she just didn't get around to it until her husband initiated the process.)

5. Working memory - The capacity to hold information in mind for the purpose of completing a task. (Robin could not keep the dates of the reunion in her head long enough to put them on the calendar after her initial phone call from Aunt Sue.)

6. Planning/Organization - The ability to manage current and future- oriented task demands. (In this case, Robin lacked the ability to systematically think about what the family would need to be ready for the trip and to get to the intended place at the intended time with their needs cared for along the way.)

7. Organization of Materials - The ability to impose order on work, play, and storage spaces. (It was Robin's job to organize the things needed for the trip. However, she just piled things into the car rather than systematically making checklists and organizing things so important items would be easily accessible, so the space would be used efficiently, and so that people and "stuff" would be orderly and comfortable in the car.)

8. Self-Monitoring - The ability to monitor one's own performance and to measure it against some standard of what is needed or expected. (Despite the fact that they're off to Missouri without knowing how to get there, with almost no planning for what will happen along the way, and without a map, Robin does not understand why her husband is so upset.)

The executive functions are a diverse, but related and overlapping, set of skills. In order to understand a person, it is important to look at which executive skills are problematic for her and to what degree.

For strategies to help children with Executive Function Disorder, also excerpted from Late, Lost, and Unprepared by Joyce Cooper-Kahn, Phd. and Laurie Dietzel, Ph.D., go to:

For more information about Executive Functioning, go to:

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The term "executive functioning" has become a common buzzword in schools and psychology offices. This is more than just a passing fad. Find out what executive function is, and what specific abilities are covered under the umbrella term of executive functioning.