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The History of race (North America, Europe)

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The History of race (North America, Europe)

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-Mid-17th Century-
The social position of Africans in the early colonies has been a source of considerable debate. Some scholars have argued that they were separated from European servants and treated differently from the beginning. Later historians, however, have shown that there was no such uniformity in the treatment of Africans. Records indicate that many Africans and their descendants were set free after their periods of servitude. They were able to purchase land and even bought servants and slaves of their own.

-End 17th century-
By the 1690s they had divided the restless poor into categories reflecting their origins, homogenizing all Europeans into a “white” category and instituting a system of permanent slavery for Africans, the most vulnerable members of the population. Recognizing the vulnerability of African labour, colonial leaders passed laws that increasingly bound Africans and their children permanently as servants and, eventually, as slaves.

White servants had the protection of English laws, and their mistreatment was criticized abroad. Africans, however, had no such recourse. By 1723 even free African Americans, descendants of several generations then of free people, were prohibited from voting and exercising their civil rights.

Legal slavery in the United States ended in 1865 with the passage of the Thirteenth Amendment to the Constitution, but the ideology of race continued as a new and major form of social differentiation in both American and British society.

In the 1860s, political party caucuses, labour unions, and other organizations railed against the immigration of the Chinese. Newspapers condemned the policies of employers, and even church leaders decried the entrance of the Chinese into what was seen as a land for whites only. In 1882, Congress passed the Chinese Exclusion Act

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Here, you will find the weekly Primer article and some curated resources to extend your learning. We will be discussing about "RACE".

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How racial issues can affect and are affected by gender issues (case study on black women)

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How racial issues can affect and are affected by gender issues (case study on black women)

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Race as a categorizing term referring to human beings was first used in the English language in the late 16th century. Until the 18th century it had a generalized meaning similar to other classifying terms such as type, sort, or kind. Occasional literature of Shakespeare’s time referred to a “race of saints” or “a race of bishops.” By the 18th century, race was widely used for sorting and ranking the peoples in the English colonies—Europeans who saw themselves as free people, Amerindians who had been conquered, and Africans who were being brought in as slave labour—and this usage continues today. The modern-day use of the term “race” is a human invention.

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1. What are the boundaries when talking about race (e.g., when does wearing a cultural costume cross into cultural appropriation?)
(see: mexico, the law and cultural appropriation)

2. What are the differences in the way we approach race when thinking of it as a social construct? (e.g. in the fields of politics, education and scientific research)
(see: critical race theory [definition])

3. How do we foster racial harmony? What is the difference between racial harmony and racial tolerance?
4. What are some of the failures in tackling racial issues? e.g. performative activism/political correctness?
5. When is racial activism taken to an extreme?
6. Should racism be punished by law (and to that extent, any form of discrimination?)
7. What are some common stereotypes associated with certain races? Why have they come about, and why are they not fair assumptions to make?
8. How is race used in politics?