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Image by Unknown author from Wikimedia Commons

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1923 - Declaration of the Turkish Republic  

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1923 - Declaration of the Turkish Republic  

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After the foundation of Turkish Republic, education of foreign language at schools was carried on in a systematic way (Sarıçoban & Sarıçoban, 2012). With the modernization movements, relationships with Europe and the USA accelerated the increase of ELT in the country (Kırkgöz, 2007).

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1924 - The Law on Unification of Education 

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1924 - The Law on Unification of Education 

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With The Law on Unification of Education, every education activity was unified under a single roof, which led to the development of more systematic language teaching policy; English, German, and French languages were taught in the schools instead of Arabic and Farsi languages which were taught in the Pre-Republic education institutions (Çakır, 2007)

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Image by Army Signal Corps photographer LT. Stephen E. Korpanty; restored by Adam Cuerden from Wikimedia Commons

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English superseded French, the diplomacy language previously, due to some economic and political developments after World War II (Çakır, 2007). In Turkey, English learning and teaching generated broader attention after World War II (Sarıçoban & Sarıçoban, 2012).

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Image by https://www.ntv.com.tr/ via Padlet 

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According to Sarıçoban and Sarıçoban (2012), at the Village Institutes, "group work and the functions of language" were emphasized in language teaching (p. 36).

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In 1943, foreign language teaching was mentioned at the National Education Summit for the first time (Sarıçoban & Sarıçoban, 2012).

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"E.V. Gatenby spread the use of the 'direct method' in the teaching of English throughout Turkey."(Demircan, 1988a, as cited in Sarıçoban & Sarıçoban, 2012). Moreover, according to Tarhan (1980), in 1945 - 1960, Direct Method was used in state schools in Turkey (as cited in Sarıçoban & Sarıçoban, 2012).

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"Turkey became a member of NATO in 1952 and still has some negotiations with European Union (EU) with the expectation of a full membership." (p. 25.); to improve and spread English learning and teaching, some policies were adopted by the governments (Sarıçoban & Sarıçoban, 2012).

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Image by Historic photographs, authors unknown from Wikimedia Commons

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In 1955, the first Anatolian High School was opened; they had one year English preparatory class, and English was used as a medium of instruction (Sarıçoban & Sarıçoban, 2012).

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Image by Orta Doğu Teknik Üniversitesi from Wikimedia Commons

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1956 - Middle East Technical University (METU)

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1956 - Middle East Technical University (METU)

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Middle East Technical University (METU) was the first state university with English-medium education, which was opened in 1956 (Kırkgöz, 2007; Sarıçoban & Sarıçoban, 2012).

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In 1965, with the Law of Private Education, it was permitted to establish schools which have its education with foreign language, and in 1975, there were twelve schools; in 1983, there were twenty three schools with foreign language education (Çakır, 2007).

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"The Grammar Translation method became the foremost approach in the late 1960s. The teaching of English was chiefly based on a teacher-centered transmission model until 1980s." (Sarıçoban & Sarıçoban, 2012, p. 37)

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Image by Paureinoson from Wikimedia Commons

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since 1966 (and first initiated in the 1980s) : Communicative Language Teaching

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since 1966 (and first initiated in the 1980s) : Communicative Language Teaching

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According to Demircan (1988a), The Council of Europe has encouraged implementing Communicative Language Teaching and has guided Turkey in its decisions on education of foreign language since 1966 within this perspective (as cited in Sarıçoban & Sarıçoban, 2012); the first implementation of communicative language teaching was in 1980s when an attempt was made for the revision of ELT syllabus (Sarıçoban & Sarıçoban, 2012).

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Image by Çağatay from  Wikimedia Commons

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With the Higher Education Law, it was feasible to establish private universities having English-medium instruction, and consequently in 1983, the first private university, Bilkent was opened in Ankara. (Kırkgöz, 2007)

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mid 1980s - Globalization & English Language 

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mid 1980s - Globalization & English Language 

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English has become the most important way of international communication; because English has become the lingua franca, it has had an accelerating place affected by globalization (Sarıçoban & Sarıçoban, 2012).

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1988 - a foreign language policy by BOED

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1988 - a foreign language policy by BOED

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"In 1988, a foreign language policy was first established by the BOED." (Sarıçoban & Sarıçoban, 2012, p.29).

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1990 - KPDS (The Language Proficiency Examination)

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1990 - KPDS (The Language Proficiency Examination)

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‘The Language Proficiency Examination’ for the State Personnel (KPDS) was the first national test initiated in 1990 with the purpose of assessing employees' (including academic staff) levels of English proficiency (Kırkgöz, 2007).

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Image by ElasticComputeFarm from Pixabay

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- Çakır, İ. (2007). Osmanlı'dan günümüze yabancı dil öğretimi süreci. Nüsha, 0(24), 37 - 45. . https://tinyurl.com/2p8v97jx
-  Demircan, Ö. (1988a). Dünden bugüne Türkiye’de yabancı dil. Remzi Kitabevi.
- Kirkgoz, Y. (2007). English language teaching in Turkey. RELC Journal, 38(2), 216–228. https://doi.org/10.1177/0033688207079696
- Sarıçoban, G., & Sarıçoban, A. (2012). Atatürk and the History of Foreign Language Education in Turkey. Journal of Language and Linguistic Studies, 8, 24-49. https://tinyurl.com/u57tubu

Visuals:
- Image by Unknown author from Wikimedia Commons
- Image by https://www.tarihbilimi.gen.tr/tevhid-i-tedrisat-kanunu/ via Padlet
- Image by Army Signal Corps photographer LT. Stephen E. Korpanty; restored by Adam Cuerden from Wikimedia Commons
- Image by https://www.ntv.com.tr/ via Padlet
- Image by 정훈 김 from Pixabay
- Image by Dirk Schulz from Pixabay
- Image by Mysid from Wikimedia Commons
- Image by Historic photographs, authors unknown from Wikimedia Commons
- Image by Orta Doğu Teknik Üniversitesi from Wikimedia Commons
- Image by Oli Lynch from Pixabay
- Image by PDPics from Pixabay
- Image by Paureinoson from Wikimedia Commons
- Image by Çağatay from  Wikimedia Commons
- Image by WikiImages from Pixabay
- Image by Hermann Traub from Pixabay
- Image by Alison wood from Pixabay
- Image by ElasticComputeFarm from Pixabay