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this blog gives the honest truth about Marijuana

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Hey, have you heard the news? Thanks to the THC patch, now you can get your daily dose of tetrahydrocannabinol without the need for , , , , , or . We know it sounds like science fiction, but it's not.

In fact, transdermal patches (a.k.a. transdermal delivery system or TDDS) have been around for almost 40 years. Way back in 1979, the FDA approved a scopolamine patch for motion sickness. Not long after that, the FDA approved the nitroglycerin patch for individuals with heart problems.

Other transdermal patches followed shortly thereafter. The most famous TDDS is the nicotine patch introduced in 1991 to help tobacco users kick the smoking habit.

With the legalization of medical and recreational cannabis in the early part of the 21st century, the next logical step was the THC patch. And now, they've finally arrived. But what are THC patches? And how exactly do they work? [Read more...]

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Hey, have you heard the news? Thanks to the THC patch, now you can get your daily dose of tetrahydrocannabinol without the need for , , , , , or . We know it sounds like science fiction, but it's not. In fact, transdermal patches (a.k.a.

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lots of money being made off of cannabis

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Big Money to be Made in the Cannabis Industry, According to Experts

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There is many different strains of Marijuana

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DIFFERENT KINDS OF CANNABIS AND THEIR EFFECTS

Cannabis is one of the earliest crops cultivated by humans. Up until recent prohibition, which is a historical anomaly, cannabis was unremarked as a day to day commonality, but remarkable as a multi-purpose industrial and medicinal plant.

Prehistoric archaeological excavations show cannabis has had a long and illustrious relationship with humans. Evidence of cannabis use is found in medieval Germany where it was a respected medicine. In ancient China, the hanzi for man was the same as for cannabis - attesting to how revered the plant was for its adaptability and breadth of purpose. Cannabis has been a global phenomenon for so long that the clock must be wound back over twelve thousand years to find it in it's home on the steppes of Central Asia.

There is some contemporary debate as to whether there really are three distinguishable subspecies of cannabis or if the different phenotypes are simply climatic variations of the genus. Having been hybridized for over ten thousand years and with prohibition short-circuiting our complete knowledge, it will be future genetic testing that answers the question once and for all.

Right now it will be simpler to use the vernacular common to cannabis culture and describe cannabis as a plant with three physically distinguishable subspecies: sativa, indica and ruderalis.

SATIVA

To find the best examples of cannabis sativa growing in its native climates, you would need to take a tropical adventure. Specimens of sativa thrive in the heat, high rainfall and long days of the tropical belt. Infamous sativas used to breed modern marijuana have their origins in the heat of Mexico and Colombia, the humidity of Thailand and India and the long days of central and northern Africa.

Aspect - The untopped sativa can grow extremely tall with some species easily reaching five metres in a single season. When vegetating in spring and summer there is a long distance between internodes which helps facilitate air movement. At the beginning of the flower cycle in autumn during differentiation, they can stretch to twice their vegetative height.

Leaf - Sativa leaves can grow to be bigger than a dinner plate with thirteen fingerlettes. Each fingerlette tends towards being long and thin with lots of shallow serrations along the leaf edge. Sativas, in general, have abundant leaves which thickly mulch the ground as the season comes to a close.

Flower - The tropical sativa is relatively photoperiod sensitive as there are minimal differences in summer and winter day lengths. They begin their long flowering when they have reached maturity set by internal genetic clocks. Generally, the flower structures are well spaced along long branches with extended spear like colas that turn up at the ends.

Sativas can vary widely. They can have very large and dense colas on the ends of branches only or single golf ball sized clusters distributed all over the plant. Sativa flowers display an obvious phi spiral in the inflorescence with the knuckles of buds alternately rotating up the branch into a point. The flowering season can be very long, sometimes stretching to fourteen weeks.

If plants were people a sativa would be the tall, skinny long distance runner.

INDICA

To observe an indica in its native habitat you would need to put on your hiking boots and wander the Himalayas from west to east, Karakoram to the Hindu Kush. These stout hardy plants are very cold and drought tolerant and enjoy lots of intense sunlight having evolved in the rarefied mountain air. Several notorious contemporary cannabis strains are the result of breeders crossing these types of indicas with tropical sativas in an effort to reduce flowering time without compromising quality.

Aspect - Untopped indicas tend towards minimal side branching and a long central cola. Early punishing mountainous winters and cold growth inhibiting springs leave little vegetation time so the indica plant is stout with a thick stalk and calloused buttressing at the closely spaced internodes. Branch nodes are symmetrical around the stalk alternating north, south then east, west as the plant grows. Rarely growing taller than three metres and often only reaching one and a half, the indica central cola dominates the view.

Leaf - Indica leaves are almost cartoon-like with their bulbous and deeply serrated leaflettes voluptuously overlapping each other. Each half of each leaflette has a convex curve that accentuates the turgor of the plant as it reaches for the sun.

Flower - As penguins huddle on ice floes to keep warm, indica flowers cluster tightly together as the chilly autumn descends. Being absolutely photo determinate the indica begins to differentiate and flower as the days shorten. Calyxes fit closely together around the stalks and branches rather than along flower spikes.

The central cola is the feature of the indica and often at half of the plants height can be an impressive sight at peak fluorescence. Branches although usually minimal are finished similarly with dense flower clusters that display heavy trichome development. The flowering season is short with some species finishing in seven weeks.

If indicas were people they would be the stout, muscled powerlifter.

RUDERALIS

The strange cousin of the indica and sativa is the ruderalis. Initially classified in 1942 and inhabiting the steppes of Siberia the ruderalis strain is prized for the unique attribute of auto-flowering. With little to no psychotropic molecules produced by the strain contemporary interest lies in the plants ability to begin flowering after a specific vegetation time that does not rely on seasonal influences or day length. From the Latin "rudera", a ruderal species is one that is first to colonize cleared areas after competing plants are removed.

The plants short stature precludes it from being used as fibre hemp, but it has been used as an anti-depressant in Mongolian and Russian folk medicine for centuries.

Aspect - Ruderalis tend towards a squat bush that lacks the sun stretching enthusiasm of a sativa and the elegant symmetry of an indica. Siberia can be a cruel place so the plant grows as much as possible in every direction at once. Trying to make as many internodes for flowers as possible before the internal timer goes off and processes switch over to flower mode before Winter's freeze.

Leaf - The leaves of the ruderalis are obviously that of cannabis. The distinctive palmate shape composed of serrated leaflettes is a well-known silhouette that distinguishes the marijuana plant.

Flower - Ruderalis are not photo-determinate and will flower after a fixed vegetation time. With careful husbandry, the ruderalis plant produces buds indistinguishable from most contemporary marijuana only with one distinct difference. Ruderalis flowers are rich in cannabidiol (CBD) sometimes 20%, with a dearth of tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) making them ideal for cross breeding into medicinal marijuana. The flowering season is short finishing in seven to nine weeks.

If ruderalis were a human it would be the distant cousin Denisovan living in a cave.

SATIVA EFFECTS

Sativa and sativa dominant hybrids contain terpenes that act in concert with cannabinoids to produce effects that are cerebral in nature. The "high" attributed to cannabis is the heady sensation compliments of sativa strains.

Prior to the rise of the indoor phenomena sativas were the most commonly used species of cannabis mainly because it was imported, smuggled and muled from tropical countries. Many a seventies and eighties American only knew cannabis from Mexico or Central and Sth America, the tropics, sativa country.

Recreationally - Typically cerebral in nature the effects of sativas still vary considerably from spacey and creative to hyper-focused. Situations appropriate for sativas better describe their recreational functionality. Blaze it for parties and conversation, surfing or paragliding, creative inspiration and artistic focus or heightening the theatre or theme park experience.

Therapeutically - The pleasant, organic cerebral sensations are ideal for tackling anxiety and problems with depression or easing the side-effects of withdrawal from harder drugs. Used as an appetite stimulant and mood elevator sativa strains have potential for the treatment of eating disorders and battling nausea from chemotherapy. As prohibition becomes more and more a historical oddity the wide range of psychological applications for the use of cannabis sativa will be unveiled with further legal studies.

INDICA EFFECTS

Couch-lock is a term unique to cannabis culture and is used ubiquitously when describing the effects of indica and indica dominant hybrid strains. Typically heavy flowers have an abundance of trichomes that bear resins and other essential oils that combine to add an analgesic physical sensation to the cannabis high. Described as body load, felt as an extra gravity of pressure or like having blood of quicksilver.

Indica plants have proven to be perfect for the indoor grower. The short grow season means a short breeding season. Some extreme examples of the thick indica flower type are being created by mad cannabis scientists every year.

Recreationally - Indicas are all about relaxation - chasing yourself down the rabbit hole on a two hour super focused writing spree. Falling asleep and dreaming fantastic dreams as you try to watch that movie, again. You know you have been there. Riffing deep with friends or freestyle rap marathons would be on an indica to do list. Indica flicks those kinds of switches.

Therapeutically - The anodyne physical effect is a desired characteristic for people seeking relief from arthritis and other osteo problems or fibromyalgia and migraine. The anti-nausea and appetite stimulating qualities of the indica strains bring a better quality of life for the terminally ill and those who struggle with chronic pain.

RUDERALIS EFFECTS

With little to no psychoactive compounds produced during the flowering period a different frame of reference is required for ruderalis. The cannabinoid CBD is quickly becoming a therapeutic superstar and is the predominant compound produced by ruderalis. This makes it an ideal plant for the production of high CBD cannabis hybrids that have the added quality of the therapeutic value of THC.

The other intrinsic value of ruderalis is in the breeding of auto-flowering cannabis hybrids. Skilled breeders can give powerful standard photoperiod plants the automatic flowering characteristic without compromising the individual recreational and medicinal strengths. These shorter maturing times are highly valued as two outdoor crops or an extra crop per year indoors can be accomplished.

THC & CBD CANNABINOID POWERHOUSES

The cannabinoid family of more than one hundred compounds along with many other complex molecules are produced in copious amounts by the cannabis plant during the weeks of maturing by the unfertilized flowers. Sinsemilla (seedless) cannabis continues producing resins in an effort to keep the flowers alive in the hope of pollination. These compounds are thought to act as part of the plants survival system in several ways including as an anti-desiccant, anti-fungal agent and insecticide.

The human endocannabinoid system has prolific receptors in the gut and brain. When cannabis is consumed both CBD and THC bind to neurotransmitters in the Basal Ganglia, Hippocampus and Cerebellum. CBD has therapeutic effect, but does not get you high. THC also has therapuetic effect and also gets you high. Interestingly CBD mitigates the effects of THC on the brain, where THC can cause drowsiness CBD causes alertness.

THC and CBD also bind to the CB1 and CB2 receptors distributed throughout the gut. Cannabinoids are important for gut motility, gastric secretion and regulation of food intake.

THC, CBD and the cannabinoid family as a whole have enormous therapeutic value. Studies conclude that these extremely valuable compounds have beneficial applications for human beings physiologically and psychologically.

THE EFFECTS OF THC

THC gets you high.

The cannabinoid delta 9 tetrahydrocannabinol or THC is the primary psychoactive ingredient in cannabis. The quantity of THC that a species has dictates the "strength" of the effects. Terpenes and flavonoids give the effects nuance and are why so many species can have their own distinctive highs or therapeutic applications.

THE EFFECTS OF CBD

CBD does not get you high.

CBD (cannabidiol) binds to the same receptors as THC but does not induce any psychotropic reaction. More often consumed as an extracted oil than smoked or vaporised, the value of CBD is entirely therapeutic. It has been shown to be potent and effective against a number of illnesses and disorders. CBD extracts are quite legal and can be mail ordered anywhere in the world.

EXCITING TIMES

The ridiculously antique notion of prohibition is slowly being erased in the western world. Without fear of prosecution scientists can now perform indepth clinical studies on cannabis and quantify the reasons for this plant being edified by human beings since the dawn of time.

A bright future lies ahead for cannabis as a remarkable medicine that is customizable, effective and non-addictive. The eventual and complete acceptance of recreational cannabis and recreational cannabis users will make generations of the future wonder what all the fuss was about.

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The Different Types Of Cannabis And Their Effects - Zativo

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Cannabis is one of the earliest crops cultivated by humans. Up until recent prohibition, which is a historical anomaly, cannabis was unremarked as a day to day commonality, but remarkable as a multi-purpose industrial and medicinal plant. Prehistoric archaeological excavations show cannabis has had a long and illustrious relationship with humans.

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Marijuana is now being used medically

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What is medical marijuana?

The term medical marijuana refers to using the whole, unprocessed marijuana plant or its basic extracts to treat symptoms of illness and other conditions. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has not recognized or approved the marijuana plant as medicine.

However, scientific study of the chemicals in marijuana, called cannabinoids, has led to two FDA-approved medications that contain cannabinoid chemicals in pill form. Continued research may lead to more medications.

Because the marijuana plant contains chemicals that may help treat a range of illnesses and symptoms, many people argue that it should be legal for medical purposes. In fact, a growing number of states have legalized marijuana for medical use.

Why isn't the marijuana plant an FDA-approved medicine?

The FDA requires carefully conducted studies (clinical trials) in hundreds to thousands of human subjects to determine the benefits and risks of a possible medication. So far, researchers haven't conducted enough large-scale clinical trials that show that the benefits of the marijuana plant (as opposed to its cannabinoid ingredients) outweigh its risks in patients it's meant to treat.

Read more about the various physical, mental, and behavioral effects of marijuana in our Marijuana DrugFacts.

Medical Marijuana Laws and Prescription Opioid Use Outcomes

A new study underscores the need for additional research on the effect of medical marijuana laws on opioid overdose deaths and cautions against drawing a causal connection between the two. Early research suggested that there may be a relationship between the availability of medical marijuana and opioid analgesic overdose mortality. In particular, a NIDA-funded study published in 2014 found that from 1999 to 2010, states with medical cannabis laws experienced slower rates of increase in opioid analgesic overdose death rates compared to states without such laws.

A 2019 analysis, also funded by NIDA, re-examined this relationship using data through 2017. Similar to the findings reported previously, this research team found that opioid overdose mortality rates between 1999-2010 in states allowing medical marijuana use were 21% lower than expected. When the analysis was extended through 2017, however, they found that the trend reversed, such that states with medical cannabis laws experienced an overdose death rate 22.7% higher than expected. The investigators uncovered no evidence that either broader cannabis laws (those allowing recreational use) or more restrictive laws (those only permitting the use of marijuana with low tetrahydrocannabinol concentrations) were associated with changes in opioid overdose mortality rates.

These data, therefore, do not support the interpretation that access to cannabis reduces opioid overdose. Indeed, the authors note that neither study provides evidence of a causal relationship between marijuana access and opioid overdose deaths. Rather, they suggest that the associations are likely due to factors the researchers did not measure, and they caution against drawing conclusions on an individual level from ecological (population-level) data. Research is still needed on the potential medical benefits of cannabis or cannabinoids.

Read more in our Marijuana Research Report.

What are cannabinoids?

Cannabinoids are chemicals related to delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), marijuana's main mind-altering ingredient that makes people "high." The marijuana plant contains more than 100 cannabinoids. Scientists as well as illegal manufacturers have produced many cannabinoids in the lab. Some of these cannabinoids are extremely powerful and have led to serious health effects when misused. Read more in our Synthetic Cannabinoids (K2/Spice) DrugFacts.

The body also produces its own cannabinoid chemicals. They play a role in regulating pleasure, memory, thinking, concentration, body movement, awareness of time, appetite, pain, and the senses (taste, touch, smell, hearing, and sight).

Are People with Health- and Age-Related Problems More Vulnerable to Marijuana's Risks?

State-approved medicinal use of marijuana is a fairly new practice. For that reason, marijuana's effects on people who are weakened because of age or illness are still relatively unknown. Older people and those suffering from diseases such as cancer or AIDS could be more vulnerable to the drug's harmful effects, but more research is needed.

How might cannabinoids be useful as medicine?

Currently, the two main cannabinoids from the marijuana plant that are of medical interest are THC and CBD.

THC can increase appetite and reduce nausea. THC may also decrease pain, inflammation (swelling and redness), and muscle control problems.

Unlike THC, CBD is a cannabinoid that doesn't make people "high." These drugs aren't popular for recreational use because they aren't intoxicating. It may be useful in reducing pain and inflammation, controlling epileptic seizures, and possibly even treating mental illness and addictions. The FDA approved a CBD-based liquid medication called Epidiolex® for the treatment of two forms of severe childhood epilepsy, Dravet syndrome and Lennox-Gastaut syndrome.

Many researchers, including those funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), are continuing to explore the possible uses of THC, CBD, and other cannabinoids for medical treatment.

For instance, recent animal studies have shown that marijuana extracts may help kill certain cancer cells and reduce the size of others. Evidence from one cell culture study with rodents suggests that purified extracts from whole-plant marijuana can slow the growth of cancer cells from one of the most serious types of brain tumors. Research in mice showed that treatment with purified extracts of THC and CBD, when used with radiation, increased the cancer-killing effects of the radiation.

Scientists are also conducting preclinical and clinical trials with marijuana and its extracts to treat symptoms of illness and other conditions, such as:

diseases that affect the immune system, including:

HIV/AIDS

multiple sclerosis (MS), which causes gradual loss of muscle control

inflammation

pain

seizures

substance use disorders

mental disorders

Read more about the NIH's marijuana research:

Using Medical Marijuana During and After Pregnancy

Some women report using marijuana to treat severe nausea they have during pregnancy. But there's no research that shows that this practice is safe, and doctors generally don't recommend it.

Pregnant women shouldn't use medical marijuana without first checking with their health care provider. Animal studies have shown that moderate amounts of THC given to pregnant or nursing women could have long-lasting effects on the child, including abnormal patterns of social interactions and learning issues. Read more in our Substance Use in Women Research Report.

What medications contain cannabinoids?

Two FDA-approved drugs, dronabinol and nabilone, contain THC. They treat nausea caused by chemotherapy and increase appetite in patients with extreme weight loss caused by AIDS. Continued research might lead to more medications.

The United Kingdom, Canada, and several European countries have approved nabiximols (Sativex®), a mouth spray containing THC and CBD. It treats muscle control problems caused by MS, but it isn't FDA-approved.

Points to Remember

The term medical marijuana refers to treating symptoms of illness and other conditions with the whole, unprocessed marijuana plant or its basic extracts.

The FDA has not recognized or approved the marijuana plant as medicine.

However, scientific study of the chemicals in marijuana called cannabinoids has led to two FDA-approved medications in pill form, dronabinol and nabilone, used to treat nausea and boost appetite.

Cannabinoids are chemicals related to delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), marijuana's main mind-altering ingredient.

Currently, the two main cannabinoids from the marijuana plant that are of interest for medical treatment are THC and cannabidiol (CBD).

The body also produces its own cannabinoid chemicals.

Scientists are conducting preclinical and clinical trials with marijuana and its extracts to treat symptoms of illness and other conditions.

Learn More

For more information about marijuana and its health effects, visit our:

References

1. Bachhuber MA, Saloner B, Cunningham CO, Barry CL. Medical cannabis laws and opioid analgesic overdose mortality in the United States, 1999-2010. JAMA Intern Med. 2014;174(10):1668-1673. doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2014.4005

2. Chelsea L. Shover, Corey S. Davis, Sanford C. Gordon, and Keith Humphreys, Association between medical cannabis laws and opioid overdose mortality has reversed over time, PNAS June 25, 2019 116 (26) 12624-12626.

3. Scott KA, Dalgleish AG, Liu WM. The combination of cannabidiol and Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol enhances the anticancer effects of radiation in an orthotopic murine glioma model. Mol Cancer Ther. 2014;13(12):2955-2967. doi:10.1158/1535-7163.MCT-14-0402

4. Trezza V, Campolongo P, Cassano T, et al. Effects of perinatal exposure to delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol on the emotional reactivity of the offspring: a longitudinal behavioral study in Wistar rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2008;198(4):529-537.doi:10.1007/s00213-008-1162-3

5. Antonelli T, Tomasini MC, Tattoli M, et al. Prenatal exposure to the CB1 receptor agonist WIN 55,212-2 causes learning disruption associated with impaired cortical NMDA receptor function and emotional reactivity changes in rat offspring. Cereb Cortex N Y N 1991. 2005;15(12):2013-2020. doi:10.1093/cercor/bhi076

6. Mereu G, Fà M, Ferraro L, et al. Prenatal exposure to a cannabinoid agonist produces memory deficits linked to dysfunction in hippocampal long-term potentiation and glutamate release. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2003;100(8):4915-4920.doi:10.1073/pnas.0537849100

This publication is available for your use and may be reproduced in its entirety without permission from NIDA. Citation of the source is appreciated, using the following language: Source: National Institute on Drug Abuse; National Institutes of Health; U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.

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The term medical marijuana refers to using the whole, unprocessed marijuana plant or its basic extracts to treat symptoms of illness and other conditions. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has not recognized or approved the marijuana plant as medicine.

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