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Dramatic Irony: This irony occurs when the author shares with the reader information not known by a character. As a result, the reader becomes aware that a character's actions may be inappropriate for the actual circumstances, that what is to come is the reverse of what a character expects, or that the character has unknowingly made a comment which anticipates the outcome.

THE PAINTED DOOR- Sinclair Ross
The fact that Ann had no idea that John had walked into the room and see her sleeping with Steve.

Verbal Irony: This occurs when a contrast is evident between what a character says and what that character actually means. Usually the opposite is stated for emphasis.
HAPPINESS MACHINE- Ray Bradbury
"And for the first time in six months we have a fight! Happiness, and for the first time in twenty years it's not bread, it's charcoal for supper!" (177)

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A central idea of a story, usually implied rather than directly stated. It is the author's idea about life and can be implied or directly stated through the voice of a character or through the narrator. It should not be confused with moral or plot. A theme is traditionally stated in a sentence without reference to specific characters or events.

NEVER STOP ON THE MOTORWAY- Jeffrey Archer
Never judge someone by the way they look, they could be trying to save your life

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The representation through language of sense experience. The image most often suggest a mental picture, but an image may also represent a sound, smell, taste, or tactical experience.

HAPPINESS- Guy de Maupassant
"Italy-where each place, full of masterpieces, is itself a masterpiece; where marble, wood, bronze, iron, all metals and stones attest to the genius of man; where the smallest old objects laying around in the old houses reveal this divine care for gracefulness-is for us all the sacred patrimony that we love because it shows us, the effort, the grandeur, the power and the triumph of creative intelligence." (2)

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A symbol has two levels of meaning, a literal level and a figurative level. Character, objects, events, and settings can all be symbolic in that they represent something else beyond themselves. They dove literally is a bird, but has come to figuratively represent peace.

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This is what causes a character to do what he or she does. Circumstances and temperament usually determine the actions of a character, however, characters must also have sufficient and plausible motivation in order for the reader to find a story realistic or effective.

THE PAINTED DOOR- Sinclair Ross
Ann’s motivation of destroying her loyalty with Hohn and sleeping with Steve. If she had more motivation to sleep with Steve, then why was she feel so guilty when finding out John caught them?

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Suspense is the feeling of anxiety and uncertainty experienced by the reader about the outcome of events or the protangonist’s destiny.

NEVER STOP ON THE MOTORWAY- Jeffrey Archer
The suspense during the story when Diana was being followed by an indimidating man in a black van only to realize their was a killer in the back seat of her car and the man in the van was only trying to save her.

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This device gives a hint of what is to happen later in the story. It prepares the reader for the climax, the resolution, and for changes, or lack of changed, in character’s attitudes.

THE LANDLADY- Ronald Dahl
« You see, it isn’t very often I have the pleasure of taking a visitor into my little nest. » (173)

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Language used in such a way as to force words out the literal meaning and, by emphasizing their connotations, to bring new insight and feeling to the subject desired.

HAPPINESS MACHINE- Ray Bradbury
"It was the kind of sound that might be heard coming from a giants kitchen on a summer day."(178)

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Is most often considered to mean the time and place in which a story is placed; however, equally important aspects are the social environment or values generally shared by the society, the minor characters who form a realistic backdrop with which the main characters must act and react. Finally, setting also include atmosphere or mood which descriptive details create.

THE PAINTED DOOR- Sinclair Ross
« Straight across the hills it was five miles from John’s farm to his fathers. But in winter, with the roads impassable, a team had to make a wide detour and skirt the hills, so that the five the distance was more than trebled to seventeen. » (1)

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The storyline or organization of incidents in a story is called the plot. It consists of episode and conflict. Plots usually have rising and falling action.
Conflict
Rising action
Crisis
Climax
Falling action
Conclusion

NEVER STOP ON THE MOTORWAY- Jeffrey Archer
Conflict: Diana is being followed by a man in a black van.
Rising Action: She runs over a cat and buries it near a ditch.
Crisis: She tries to drive away from the van by speeding, but it does not work.
Climax: She makes it home and tells Daniel to get a gun.
Falling Action: The man gets out of the car and Daniel tells him to get away from them, but he does not listen.
Conclusion: The man was only trying to warn Diana that there was a man who was hiding the back seat.

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An allusion is a direct or indirect reference to a familiar figure, place, or event from history, literature, mythology, or from the Bible. Most allusions expand or develop a significant idea, impression, or mood.

THE LANDLADY- Ronald Dahl
« I’m almost positive it was in the newspaper I saw them. » (356)

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The perspective from which a story is told.
First person: Is told after considerable time has elapsed and the narrator will have a more balanced perspective.
Third person: The narrator is similar to a television camera in that he/she only reports what is seen and heard without entering the minds of characters or presenting the authors ideas and observations

THE PAINTED DOOR- Sinclair Ross
FIRST PERSON
« I know- I’m not really afraid. » (1)

THIRD PERSON
She was putting in a fire now, and he could no longer see her face. (1)

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This is a term used to describe the fictional persons who carry out the action of a story. It also refers to the personality and moral attitudes of a fictional person. Characters may be classified as any of the following:
Dynamic
Static
Flat

THE PAINTED DOOR- Sinclair Ross
Dynamic: Ann is seen as a lonely woman who does not know what she wants in life.
Static: John is a loyal man who has to visit his father and leaves Ann alone in the house.
Flat: Steve is a untrustworthy man who joins Ann in playing cards and decides to sleep with her.

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A flashback is a plot device which shifts the story from the present to the past, usually done in order to illustrate an important point or to reveal a change in character.

THE PAINTED DOOR- Movie
The flashbacks of Ann and Steve dancing together brings them to the moment where they sleep together.

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The atmosphere is the prevailing feeling that is created in a story. The atmosphere usually sets up the readers expectations about the ending or outcome of the plot. Atmosphere is usually created through the dialogue and the imagery.

HAPPINESS- Jeff Taylor
« The sweet melancholy of twilight slowed their speech, caused a tender emotion to well up in their souls. » (1)