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Environmental Conditions: Ocean Water Acidity

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Environmental Conditions: Ocean Water Acidity

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Environmental Conditions: Rising Sea Levels

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Environmental Conditions: Rising Sea Levels

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Environmental Conditions: Melting Ice Caps

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Environmental Conditions: Melting Ice Caps

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An ecological concern for the ocean biome is global warming. Global warming has damaged many of the aspects of the ocean biome. The warming of the waters has caused for sea levels to rise since water expands when warm and since ice caps have melted due to the heat. Furthermore, the coral in reefs have become white, or in other words bleached. This has happened because they have let go of the algae zooxanthellae due to the warming of the sea water. In addition, the carbon dioxide has been absorbed by the ocean and it has caused for the ocean to become much more acidic. This is a big problem since it affects many organisms. It especially damages those that use calcium carbonate to form their skeletons and shells, since acidity affects calcium carbonate.

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An example of a predator-prey relationship in the ocean biome would be between sea stars and mussels. The sea stars are the predator while the mussels are the prey. This is an important relationship since without the sea stars, there wouldn't be any other natural predator for the mussels.

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Parasitism is when an organism attaches itself to another, and one benefits while the other organism does not gain, but loses.
- An example of this would be the relationship between a whale and an intestinal worm.  The intestinal worm resides inside the whale's intestines. The worm feeds on the nutrients inside of the whale's intestines, which can ultimately lead to the whale becoming malnourished.

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Mutualism is when an organism attaches to the other and both organism benefit from each other's company.
- An example of this would be the relationship between the large fish and the cleaner shrimp. The cleaner shrimp eats the parasites and the dead skin cells off of the large fish. While the large fish benefits by getting many of its parasites removed by the cleaner shrimp.

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Commensalism is when an organism attaches itself to another organism and it benefits from it. However, the other organism doesn't get hurt or benefit.
- An example of this would be the relationship between the sea cucumber and the pearl fish. The sea cucumber allows the pearl fish to reside in its intestines. This ultimately keeps the fish safe, but it doesn't really affect the sea cucumber.

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Whales migrate with their pods a lot during their lifetime, and they travel through many cold and hot waters. To cope with these temperature changes, they're warm blooded. In other words, they're body temperature is maintained at a constant without relying on the surrounding water's temperature.

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Octopuses have been able to adapt and survive in the ocean by camouflage. They are able to do this by using its pigmentation sacs called chromatophore. The color of the octopuses skin is determined by little muscles that bring to surface the color needed. In addition, the octopus is the one who decides what color and texture to wear.

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Awesome Armor: Unlike most creatures we commonly see, crabs don't have an internal skeleton. Instead, their skeletons are on the outside and are known as exoskeletons. The main part of their bodies, or their shells, are called carapaces. They provide a similar kind of structural rigidity that our skeletons provide us. They're also extremely hard and protect the crabs' internal organs, as well as making them less susceptible to attacks from predators.

Essential Claws: All crabs have eight regular legs and two specially adapted legs known as chelipeds or claws. These chelipeds have several important uses. They help them to feed and to catch prey. They're also useful when it comes to fighting and defending themselves from predators. Finally, male crabs of some species make use of their chelipeds during mating season, either to put on displays for females or to fight off other males to win some feminine attention.

The Trick Is to Keep Breathing: Those crabs that spend all or most of their time in the water breathe using gills. The problem comes when these crabs are on dry land, as they still need water to breathe. Some species have special plates they can close up tightly to keep water inside their bodies, which they can use to breathe; other drink water from pools or puddles or store water in their bladders or blood. True land crabs don't have gills, but rather have adapted large cavities inside their bodies that act in a similar way to lungs, allowing them to breathe air.

Good Senses: All crabs have both a set of antennae and antennules. The former allow them to feel the world around them, whereas the latter use chemoreception to let crabs smell and taste their environment They see through their eyes, which are located on the end of long eyestalks. The purpose of these eyestalks is to allow them a better field of vision -- they can see in front of themselves, behind themselves and to the sides -- which is an advantage when hunting or looking out for danger.

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Many ocean plants, such as different species of algae, cling tightly to rocks in order to avoid being swept away by ocean tides.

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Some algae have holdfasts that attach to the sea floor and anchor them down much like roots of a plant.

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Seagrasses have evolved to withstand various degrees of salinity. They can also tolerate temperatures ranging from minus 6 to 40 degrees C. Their horizontal stems, called rhizomes, enable them to cope with the tugging of currents and waves.

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Location:  The surface of the planet is approximately 71% water and contains (5) five oceans, including the Arctic, Atlantic, Indian, Pacific and Southern. Their borders are indicated on the world image (above) in varied shades of blue.

General Climate: The climate of the marine biome is mostly varied. Since it is the largest biome in the world, the climate varies from -40 degrees fahrenheit to over 100 degrees. The average temperature is 39 degrees fahrenheit, but it is warmer near the equator where the direct rays of sun can pierce the water and warm it. The coldest is in the north and south poles, where the water is close to freezing if not frozen (Glaciers). Also, the deeper the ocean is, the colder the water will be because the sunlight isn't directly piercing it. The weather of the marine biome is very harsh, due to the ocean currents. These ocean currents create massive hurricanes and typhoons. Another role in the weather of the marine biome is the wind. The wind over the ocean creates large waves. More than half of the world's rain fall over the ocean for two reasons: One, it's so large, and two, the water cycle runs faster because the biome is made of water. The average yearly precipitation can add up to over 100 inches.

Land Formations: The ocean floor contains all of the geographic features that can be found on the continents: Mountains, volcanoes, plains, valleys, and canyons. These underwater landforms are many times taller, deeper, longer, and wider than those on dry land.