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Outlines by the JCT

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Density

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Measurenment

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Out with metals, in with carbon fibre

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Racing cars used to be made of the same sort of materials as road cars, that is steel, aluminum, and other metals. In the early 1980s, however, Formula 1 underwent the beginnings of a revolution that has become its hallmark: the use of carbon composite materials to build the chassis.

Today, most of the racing car chassis - the monocoque, suspension, wings and engine cover - is built with carbon fiber.

This material has four advantages over every other kind of material for racing car construction:

It is super lightweight.

It is super strong.

It is super stiff.

It can be easily molded into all kinds of different shapes.

Carbon Fiber Sheets

The first step along the way to making a carbon fiber car looks more like a clothing factory than a car factory. In each Formula 1 team factory is a room with large tables on which vast sheets of what looks like cloth are laid out and cut to size. Taken from large textile-like rolls, these sheets are highly pliable, flexible, and unlike textiles, will end up looking nothing like their original form.

Carbon Fiber Molds

Once the material is cut out from the cloth-like roll, it is taken to a design room and placed into molds. The position of the cloth within the mold is important, as it affects the strength of the final component.

Many of the carbon fiber components are built with a light aluminum honeycomb interior, around which the cloth is wrapped, to strengthen the final component.

Big Ovens Cook the Carbon Fiber

So how does the carbon fiber go from its cloth-like state in a mold into becoming one of the most solid materials fabricated by man? John Howett, the president of the Toyota F1 team, explains. From the design room the carbon fiber moves into another room where it will spend many hours transforming into that rock hard substance:

"It looks a bit like a bank vault but it is actually an autoclave," John said. "After the parts are completed in the lay-out room they are placed in a bag, the bag is placed under vacuum and they are then baked under high pressure and temperature in an oven. These ovens work 24 hours a day, seven days a week."

That's right, it is a little bit like baking a cake - except that the carbon composite components that emerge are so hard that while they may be quite inedible, for an F1 team serve a much better purpose: they are almost unbreakable. There is little better to ensure the safety of the drivers.

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How Is Carbon Fiber Used to Make Formula 1 Cars?

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Racing cars used to be made of the same sort of materials as road cars, that is steel, aluminum, and other metals. In the early 1980s, however, Formula 1 underwent the beginnings of a revolution that has become its hallmark: the use of carbon composite materials to build the chassis.

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How it affected my planning

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SpringBoard Magazine Story for Children Eureka Eureka Who was Archimedes? Displacement of water

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While he was still pondering on the matter, Archimedes went to a public bath to relax. When he stepped in the tub of water, he saw that some water spilled out of the tub. Then the more his body sank in the tub, more water ran out.

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How do Life Jackets Work? - BoatSafe Kids!

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Density - Why does oil float on water? | #aumsum #kids #science #education #children

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The materials used in manufacturing of aircraft have changed significantly from the construction of the first aircraft. With its objective of flying using air support while, resisting gravitational forces, the materials used for construction of aircraft must have a small weight, high specific strength, heat resistant, fatigue load resistant, crack resistant and corrosion resistant. Back in the days, aircrafts were constructed using wood and fabrics. But aircrafts that are made up of wood and fabric were subject to rapid deterioration and high maintenance. Thus, the search for better materials began. Now, aluminium, steel, titanium and composite materials are preferred in the construction of aerospace structures.

Materials used in manufacturing of aircrafts
Aluminium is used due to its low density (2.7 g/cm3), high strength properties, good thermal and electric conductivity, technological effectiveness and high corrosion resistance. But because aluminium loses its strength at high temperatures, it is not used in the skin surface of an aircraft.
Steel is an alloy of iron and carbon and can be three times stronger and heavier than aluminium. It is usually used in a landing gear due to its strength and hardness as well as in the skin surface of aircrafts due to its high heat resistance.

Titanium and its alloys are commonly used in the construction of aircraft due to its high strength properties, high temperature resistance and high corrosion resistance compared to steel and aluminium. Despite being expensive, titanium is used in aircraft construction due to its excellent material properties. It is used in panel and swivel wing assemblies, hydraulic systems and other parts.
Product manufacturing company also favors composite materials in the production of aircrafts due to their high tensile strength, high compression resistance, low weight and high resistance to corrosion. Composite materials are composed by a base material and resin that strengthens the material as a whole. Composite materials improve fuel efficiency and performance of the aircraft as well as lessen direct operating costs of aircrafts. The most common composite material used is fiberglass that is made up of glass fibers as the base material and a resin matrix. The disadvantages of using composite materials, however, include high cost and immediate repair are needed in case of damage. It is also important to avoid fire when using composite materials because the resin used weakens and causes release of toxic fumes.
Future materials for aircraft building
Magnesium had been gaining popularity again due to new developments regarding its corrosion and flammability properties. Magnesium is a lightweight metal but was banned in aircraft construction because it easily catches fire. Now, various research studies made progress in developing magnesium alloys that can meet aerospace corrosion and flammability requirements and succeeded in lifting the ban of magnesium usage. Due to its low weight property, high strength and ductility, magnesium alloys improve efficiency of the aircraft.
Nano Adaptive Hybrid Fabric (NAHF-X) or fuzzy fibers have good structural, electrical and thermal properties. Once incorporated into resin products, it will have the ability to be produced in continuous sheets to desired sizes like other fabrics. Fuzzy fibers can be used in small Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) where weight will be reduced when the conductive "skin" of fuzzy fiber serves for the aircraft's power, sensor systems and communications.
Fiber metal laminates (FML) have high strength, low density and high elasticity modulus with improved toughness, corrosion resistance, good fire resistance and fatigue properties. Furthermore, fiber metal laminates have low weight compared to other metallic structures. Lesser amounts of FML is needed to build a component compared to other materials. With these properties, cost is dramatically reduced in the construction and maintenance of aircrafts.

Other materials that can improve the performance and reduce cost of aircraft manufacturing are CentrAl reinforced aluminum (CentrAl) and ceramic matrix composites (CMCs). CentrAl has 25% more tensile strength than high-strength aluminum alloys, high fatigue resistance and highly damage-tolerance. It also has a lighter weight compared to aluminum alloys that will decrease the weight of the aircraft and lower the fuel consumption. CMCs have high resistance to temperatures that exceed the properties of other materials. Its utilization in CFM LEAP high-bypass turbofan engine has reduced fuel consumption by 16%.
Various studies are still being implemented in order to find materials that will be highly suitable with the requirements needed for materials used in the construction of aircraft and will reduce overall costs while improving the efficiency of the aircraft.

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Latest Materials Used for Aircraft Manufacturing - The Atlas Group

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The materials used in manufacturing of aircraft have changed significantly from the construction of the first aircraft. With its objective of flying using air support while, resisting gravitational forces, the materials used for construction of aircraft must have a small weight, high specific strength, heat resistant, fatigue load resistant, crack resistant and corrosion resistant.

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Change in use of materials in aeroplanes over time

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Change in use of materials in aeroplanes over time

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Materials used now are strong but light weight.

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The specialized design of the frequency-controlled TB turbo blower makes it suitable for small and medium volume flow operations while achieving a reduction in energy consumption that keeps it ahead of the competition.

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The Materials Used in the Design of Aircraft Wings

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The specialized design of the frequency-controlled TB turbo blower makes it suitable for small and medium volume flow operations while achieving a reduction in energy consumption that keeps it ahead of the competition.

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Physical World 2

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PW 1, 5, 8
NoS 1, 3, 4
CW 6, 7,
BW , 5, 7
EaS 3, 4