# data[].attributes.body
1. Cloning- to replicate DNA in order to create an identical duplicate.
2. Electroporation- the action or process of introducing DNA or chromosomes into bacteria or other cells using a pulse of electricity to briefly open the pores in the cell membranes.
3. Osmotic Shock- a sudden change in the solute concentration around a cell, causing a rapid change in the movement of water across its cell membrane.
4. Recombination to produce recombinant DNA- DNA molecules formed by laboratory methods of genetic recombination to bring together genetic material from multiple sources, creating sequences that would otherwise not be found in the genome. This process joins together DNA molecules from 2 different species and inserts them into a host organism to produce new genetic combinations that are of value to science, medicine, agriculture, and industry.

# data[].attributes.body
1. Cloning is the process of making genetically identical copies of a certain gene, or section of DNA
2. Electroporation is the process of using brief pulses of electricity to briefly open pores in cell membranes to allow the entrance of charged particles such as DNA or chromosomes through the cell membrane
3. Osmotic shock is a sudden change in the solute concentration around a cell, causing a rapid change in the movement of water across its membrane.
4. Recombination to produce Recombinant DNA- DNA from a donor genome is extracted and cut up into fragments that contain one or more genes, which insert themselves into opened up, small, autonomously replicating DNA molecules such as bacterial plasmids

# data[].attributes.body
1. DNA cloning is a molecular biology technique that makes many identical copies of a piece of DNA, such as a gene. The offspring of cloning processes are genetically identical to the donor parent.

2. Electroporation is a physical transfection (the process of inserting DNA or RNA into mammalian cells) method that uses an electrical pulse to create temporary pores in cell membranes through which substances like nucleic acids can pass into cells. This allows the genetic material to bypass the phospholipid bilayer, which is disrupted by the voltage and forms temporary pores.

3. Osmotic shock is the rupture of bacterial or other cells in a solution following a sudden reduction in osmotic pressure. It is sometimes induced to release cellular components for biochemical analysis.

4. Recombinant DNA is created by combining a new piece of DNA with a cell's genome through introduction by a vector.

# data[].attributes.body
1. Cloning- a molecular biology technique that makes many identical copies of a piece of DNA, such as a gene

2. Electroporation- a tool that’s useful for studying gene function and is uses high-voltage electric shocks to introduce DNA into cells- The formation of irreversible pores in the cytoplasmic membrane of cells when subjected to high and pulsating electric fields

3. Osmotic shock- The rupture of bacterial or other cells in a solution following a sudden increase in intracellular osmotic pressure. Under conditions of high concentrations of either salts, substrates or any solute in the supernatant water is drawn out of the cells through osmosis.

4. Recombination to produce recombinant DNA- joining together DNA molecules from two different species and inserting it into a host organism to produce new genetic combinations. The process depends on the ability to cut (using restriction enzymes) and recombine DNA molecules at points which are identified by specific sequences of nucleotide bases called restriction sites.

# data[].attributes.body
The cloning process include making genetically identical copies of DNA or DNA fragments.

Electroporation is a tool for studying genetic functions by permeabilizing the membranes of cells with an electrical current.

Osmotic Shock is a procedure to rupture cells through sudden osmotic pressure to release the contents of the cell.

In order to produce rDNA, different DNA will be copied into in order to reproduce its information into new proteins or other molecules.

# data[].attributes.body
1) Cloning: The creation of an exact copy of DNA to produce genetically identical subjects.
2) Eletroporation: The usage of electricity to artificially open the pores of a cell, in hopes of introducing new DNA or chromosomes.
3) Osmotic shock: The sudden change of the concentration of the solute surrounding a cell. This can result in a water moving at an extreme pace around the cell membrane.
4)Recombination to produce recombinant DNA: The process of introducing two separate sources of DNA in order to form a new sequence.

# data[].attributes.body
1. Cloning- Replicating DNA to make an identical copy
2.  Electroporation- The process of using pulses of electricity to briefly open the pores in cell membranes, in order to introduce DNA or chromosomes into other cells
3. Osmotic chock- The sudden change in the solute concentration around a cell, causing a rapid movement of water across the membrane.
4. Recombination- The process where pieces of DNA are broken and recombined to produce new combinations.

# data[].attributes.body
1) Cloning is the process of producing genetically identical individuals of an organism, cell, or DNA fragment. There are many ways to copy an organism's DNA and create the "clone."
2) Electroporation is done through a process of introducing DNA or chromosomes into cells, such as bacteria, using an electrical pulse to open the pores in the cell membranes.
3) Osmotic shock is a rapid change in the solute concentration around a cell, causing a sudden change in water movement across the cell membrane.
4) Recombinant DNA molecules are DNA molecules formed through genetic recombination, in order to create new sequences that would not otherwise be found in the genome. The new sequences consist of genetic material from a variety of sources. An example of genetic recombination is molecular cloning.

# data[].attributes.body
1. Cloning: the process of producing genetically alike individuals by copying DNA fragments
2. Electroporation: the process of passing an electrical current through a cell making its membrane permeable
3. Osmotic Shock: the sudden change in the solute concentration surrounding a cell, resulting in a rapid movement of water across the membrane
4. Recombination to Produce Recombinant DNA: Methods of recombination (such as cloning) in order to bring together DNA from multiple sources, resulting in a new nucleotide sequence

# data[].attributes.body
1. Cloning is the process of creating a copy of a fragment of DNA.
2. Electroporation is the process of using electricity  to open a membrane to allow entrance of new DNA or chromosomes.
3.  Osmotic shock is the sudden change in osmotic pressure of a cell.
4. Recombination is the exchange of genetic material either between different chromosomes or different parts of the same chromosome.

# data[].attributes.body
1. Cloning
The process of producing genetically identical copies of a certain organism.
2. Electroporation
The process of introducing DNA or chromosomes into cells using an electric pulse to open the pores in the cell membranes for a short period of time.
3. Osmotic Shock
A sudden change in the concentration of solute around a particular cell, resulting in a rapid change in water movement across the cell membrane.
4. Recombination to produce recombinant DNA
The process of taking fragments of DNA from a specified donor and combining it with different DNA to make new genetic combinations in a host organism.

# data[].attributes.body
1) Cloning- making an exact genetic copy of an organism, cell, or DNA fragment by replicating the DNA
2) Electroporation- introducing DNA or chromosomes into a cell using electricity to make the cell membrane more permeable
3) Osmotic Shock- a sudden change in the concentration of a solute surrounding the cell, which results in rapid movement of water across its cell membrane

4) Recombination to produce recombinant DNA- artificially forming molecules of DNA using genetic material from multiple sources to produce unique sequences

CATHERINE HICKMAN + 12●1m

# data[].attributes.body
1) cloning:
The process of making an exact genetic copy of an organism
Ex. Artificial Embryo Twinning and Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer

2)Electroporation:
use of an electrical pulse to create pores in cells through which DNA can enter the cell
3)Osmotic Shock
a sudden change in the osmotic pressure to which a cell is subjected, usually to cause it to lyse; it is sometimes induced to release cellular components for biochemical analysis.
4)Recombination to produce recombinant DNA:
Recombinant DNA is the general name for taking a piece of one DNA, and
and combining it with another strand of DNA  sometimes referred to as "chimera." Three different methods:  Transformation, Phage Introduction, and Non-Bacterial Transformation

# data[].attributes.body
1) Cloning is a process used to create copies of DNA fragments, cells, or organisms
2) Electroporation is a microbiology technique  in which an electrical field is applied to cells in order to increase the permeability of the cell membrane, allowing chemicals or DNA to be introduced to the cell.
3) Osmotic shock is a sudden change in the solute concentration around a cell, causing a rapid change in the movement of water across the cell membrane.
4) Recombination to produce Recombinant DNA is joining together DNA molecules from two different species that are inserted into a host organism to produce new genetic combinations.

# data[].attributes.body
1. Cloning: Cloning is the process of replicating the DNA of a subject and making identical copies of it.
2. Electroporation: The process of initiating chromosomes or DNA into cells using a pulse of electricity to open the pores of a cell plasma membrane.
3. Osmotic shock: a quick change in the solute such as salt concentration of the cell which shifts the water throughout the membrane.
4. Recombinant DNA: this is artificially made by combining two separate gene sequences. A DNA sequence from an unknown subject can be cut and introduced into the DNA of another organism.

# data[].attributes.body
1.Cloning - A process where one uses the DNA of an organism to duplicate it.

2. Electroporation - The process where the pores on the bacteria opens so that people can introduce new DNA into it

3. Osmotic Shock- Using a sharp change in the environment or temperature to "shock" a cell or a bacteria

4. Recombination to produce Recombinant DNA - A way to combine an introduced piece of DNA into the bacteria's/ cell's genetic code.

# data[].attributes.body
1. Cloning: number of different processes that can be used to produce genetically identical copies of a biological entity. Clones occur in the natural environment and there are three different types of artificial cloning: gene cloning, reproductive cloning, and therapeutic cloning.
2. Electroporation: a physical transfection method using an electrical pulse to increase the permeability of the cell membrane by creating temporary pores through which substances (nucleic acids) can pass through.
3. Osmotic shock: a sudden change in the solute concentration around a cell, causing a rapid change in the movement of water across its cell membrane.
4. Recombination to produce rDNA: process of creating DNA molecules in a laboratory, bringing together genetic material from multiple sources, creating sequences that would not otherwise be found in the genome.