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1) Developmental problem (Written by : Nur Adlina Hamzan)

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1) Developmental problem (Written by : Nur Adlina Hamzan)

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Pica is caused because the individual is unable to differentiate between food and non-food stuff(Staebler  K,  Helbing  E,  Rosenbach  C,  Renneberg  B. , 2010)

Often   observed   in   patients   with autism  and  mentally  disabled  people,  as  they  develop   their   own   alone   world.

Lack of social skills as they do   not participate in social groups and other activities, and often   spend their   time   in   doing   some  specific behaviors.

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2) Pregnancy (Written by : Nur Adlina Hamzan) 

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2) Pregnancy (Written by : Nur Adlina Hamzan) 

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Some pregnant women craving for non-food substances with little nutritional value. This is due to malnutrition as their bodies' need specific nutrients to support and maintain pregnancy.

Pica cravings may hinder the absorption of food nutrients and this can lead to iron deficiency anemia. Caroline Ndulie (2010), a  microbiologist, said that eating non-food substances could interfere with the absorption of the nutrients of healthy food substances and thereby caused  iron deficiency anemia.

Since there may be a connection to vitamin deficiency, doctor may test the blood for low levels of iron and zinc because blood iron levels were dificited during their pregnancies and delivery. (Lumish, Cooper & Guillet, 2014).

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3) Cultural (Written by : Nur Adlina Hamzan)

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3) Cultural (Written by : Nur Adlina Hamzan)

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In particular, the ingestion of clay or soil may be culturally based and is regarded as acceptable by various social groups such as African American, Turkey and India (Ritter K, Stompe, Chaudhry HK, 2010).

A researcher and social worker,Kevin Grigsby,  studied black women in central Georgia who eat dirt, and it is diagnosis as culture-bound syndrome which mean it is a cultural practice.

Some cultures such as believe that eating non-food stuff can give them benefits such in African, particularly women, who believe the minerals found in dirt can enhance fertility, supplement their diets and help with the nausea common in the first trimester. In Turkey, young women were encouraged to eat clay to enhance their fertility.

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1. Craving over nonfood item (Written by Raja Nur Natasha)

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1. Craving over nonfood item (Written by Raja Nur Natasha)

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- The patients are unable to control their addiction towards nonfood items whether it harmless or dangerous things

- The researcher show that all pica patients were having iron deficiency and low nutrient level that increase their level of craving towards nonfood items

- Substances or things that are chosen to eat because all pica patients like pregnancy women were crave their taste,smell or texture in the mouth and think that this craving need to be statisfied.

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2.Consistency eating nonfood items (Writen by Raja Nur Natasha)

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2.Consistency eating nonfood items (Writen by Raja Nur Natasha)

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- Someone who was diagnosed with Pica when they are persistent taking nonfood item over a period of a month

- Consuming nonfood items more than nutritional food.For example there was a case when a 36 – years old Caucassian women took at least two super-sized MCDonald’s cups filled with ice cubes every day was diagnosis with pagophia one of Pica disorder

- This symptom is always associated with children as it becomes one of their habits by inserting objects into the mouth before but after a long time they secretly eating the objects.
- Habit of putting object into mouth indiscriminatly ( Tracy et.al, 2007)

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3. Clinical Sign  (Written by Raja Nur Natasha)

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3. Clinical Sign  (Written by Raja Nur Natasha)

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- Some of the Pica patients think what they consuming is harmless such as sand,stones and mud because all this things is part of nature but its actually can bring disaster to their body. So, all this clinical sign will make them aware about Pica disorder

- The patient having digestive problem such as constipation for consuming indigestible substances like hair, cloth, and etc.

- The patients having dental manifestations like tooth and mouth injuries from eating hard substances such as stones

- It cause health problems living of parasites in their body
- 70% rate of intestinal parasite were found in patients with Pica (Rose et.al, 2000)

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1.Guide for parents for their child (Written by Nurul Camelia

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1.Guide for parents for their child (Written by Nurul Camelia

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- Try to block the child's mouth before they try to put the item like non-food item inside the mouth (Autism Intervention Research Network on Physical Health (AIR-P Network)
-Teach the children how to identify food from non-food
-If the child can differentiate the food and non-food, give them rewards (toy or candy)

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- Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT)  could correct the patient's wrong belief that eating non-food materials is beneficial. (Prof Dr Ramli Musa, 2018)
-CBT is talking therapy that can help you manage your problems by changing the way you think and behave
- Overcorrection procedure involves the individuals with pica to spit out the non-food item when attempting to consume the item

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- A study published in Journal of Applied Behaviour Analysis suggests that a simple multivitamin supplement may be an effective treatment in some cases.
- Take the suppement iron and zinc when low levels are found on blood testing.

- The vitamin C consumption used as alternative behaviour & stress free environment (Beecroft et al, 2008)