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This project thought me about the different perspective nations had during the early times. They gained my respect for they wanted to fight for their country until they die. People nowadays, would not want to die for their country they are ready to die just for their nation, people before are so nationalistic that it can cause war. I also learned that I can responsible citizen with fighting for I and my nations rights. It shaped me how to value that rights everyone is crowned with. I also now value the importance of thinking about my decisions. My decisions might affect many people or might as well my nation.

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The World War I is mainly cause of Nationalism, Militarism, Alliances, and Imperialism. The four roots caused a big chaos that mainly covered the 5 continents. The Assassination of Ferdinand sparked the fire of the first World War to start. Two alliances mainly fighting for revenge. The Great War ended with and armistice agreement and later on forming an organization to prevent another chaos. The First World War caused empires declines, price inflation, and reparations. 20 years prior of the first world war, another conflict that covered the whole globe sparked with extreme nationalism, decrease of democracy, and the rise of dictators. New Alliances were formed among the three dictators. The dictators desire to expand their territories, caused the invasion of nation states. Hitler's Jewish genocide has the most number of people that died from the whole war. Japan's aircraft attack in Pearl Harbor caused more fire to build up in the War. US atomic explosion in Hiroshima, Japan started the decline of the World War II. World War II is the most devastating War for it killed 75 million people, it drove people homeless, and desrtoyed infrastructures. Leaders that time wanted to have more territory and have different ideels for their government.

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The Moscow declaration of 1943 recognizes that the League of Nations failed its purpose.

From August 21-October 7,1944- talks of peace and international cooperation began at the Dumbarton Oaks Conference in Georgetown, Washington, DC.

United Nations Charter created at the San Francisco Conference in April. which was signed originally by 51 states.

with the aim to:

maintain internatinal peace and security

develop friendly relationships

achieve intentional cooperation

be a center for harmonizing the actions

Three years later, the world adopted the Univerasal Declaration of Human Rights, having 30 articles.

the United Nations Currently have 193 member states, revolving in humanitarian and sustainable development towards a better world.

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Two nations rose to power- the US and the Soviet Union.

Germany was divided into two, the Federal Republic of Germany in  the West and the German Democratic country.

The West formed its own military alliance under the North Atlantic Organization

Threat of civil war returned in China as Nationalist forces in Taiwas and Communist in the People of China clashed.

US and UK's population grew and production experienced new heights.

Post-war Soviet Union and Japan saw massive industrialization by developing weaponry and military technologies.

Society also changed its perception of human rights.

Women, experienced a surge and clamor for equality.

All were given voting rights.

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Approximately 75 million people died during the WWII.

It drove people homeless.

70% of industrial infrastructure was destroyed, Manila was ranked as the secnond most devastated city.

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the second world war influenced the continents by:

politics

socioeconomic

diplomatic ties

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May 13,1943- axis forces in Tunisia surrendered to Allies giving entry to Italy.

Allied forces implemented Operation Overload or Normandy landings, a plan to free france and rest of Western Europe.

December 1944- Germans conducted a surprise attack against France and Luxembourg known as the Battle of Bulge.

Soviet forces liberated Ukraine and Baltic states.

January of 1945- Poland, Hungary, Romania and Bulgari is also liberated.

April 1945, Nazi government started to collapse.

April 28, Mussolini was shot dead. Two days lates, Hitler commited suicide.

US and Filipino forces worked together to defeat the Japanese.

By the end of March, Manila was recaptured.

May of 1945- Southeast Asian countries was reconquered by British, American, Chinese, and Australian forces.

July 27- Japanese finally surrendered.

August 6,1945- Truman launched an Atomic Bomb in Hiroshima, Japan.

August 14- Japan surrendered and by Sept 2, 1945- MacArthur accepeted Japan's surrender and ende WW2

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Attack on Pearl Harbor, unified American sentiments leading them to join thee war.

Britain and the Soviet Union created a new alliance - The Grand Alliancce.

The second half of the World War II is the turning point, it revolved around the combatants' ability to manage resources and make use off their advantages.

Soviet Union and United states proved to be a stronger with the Axis failure to cripple their forces.

Battle of Midway- June 3-7, 1942, US was able to cripple the Japanese aerial advantage.

Battle of Alamein- November of 1942, British was able to push German tanks.

Battle of Stalingrad- entire German Sixth Army is defeated.

After MacArthur left after his defeat at the Battle of Bataan, he returned and succefully defeated Japan using an "island-hopping" campaign.

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US cancelled all economic ties with Japan due to that;

360 Japan aircrafts attacked Pearl Harbor, the biggest naval base of US.

Germany and Italy declared war against United States.

Japan launched a full scale invasion of Asia, Using the Greater East Asia Co-prosperity Sphere propaganda with the slogan "Asia for the Asians," prohibiting Europeans to colonize Asia.

In 1942, Japan dominated much of Asia, causing the civilians more hardships to its occupied area. Local customs and traditions were replaced by Japan.

Japanese soldiers committed massive tortures, rape of women, and looting.

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Hitler launched a surprise invasion to the Soviet Union under the code name of Operation Barbaroossa.

In four months, Germans gained control over Ukraine, Leningrad, and Moscow.

The commander of the German  troops enventually sought permission from Hitler to retreat. Which Hitler declined.

By February of 1943, the last of the German troops were defeated by the Soviets.

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Hitler following the Nazi belief of Aryan supremancy and racism, unveiled his "Final Solution"- the extermination of the Jews and genocide.

Reinhard Heydrich, created the Einsatzgruppen, task that aims to capture all European Jews and put them in concentration camps (death camps)

They were meant to imprison, compel forced labor, and eventually kill the Jewish race.

The holocaust killed five to six million Jews died.

This dubbed as the greatest "crime against humanity" which Allies impose severe punishments to perpetrators of the Holocaust.

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Britain now stood alone against the power of Germany’s military forces, But Prime Minister Winston Churchill rallied his stubborn people and outmaneuvered those politicians who wanted to negotiate with Adolf Hitler.

This then would be the first all-air battle in history.

But Britain’s success in continuing the war would very much depend on the RAF Fighter Command’s ability to thwart the Luftwaffe’s efforts to gain air superiority.

Hitler strategically bombed British cities, Britain quickly recovered with invading the British Isles.

Churchill, sought support from the US under the Lend-Lease Act of 1941.

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Hitler made negotiations with Stalin and the Soviet Union, the Nazi-Soviet Non-aggression Pact was signed on August of 1939.

September 1, 1939 - German forces marched and invaded Poland. Two days later, British and French declared war and Nazi Germany.

Blitzkrieg or lightning war, Germany quickly and efficiently swept across Europe with airplanes an panzer tanks.

Sept 17, the Soviet Union invaded the East. And by Sept 28, French troops were sent to the Maginot Line.

French and British were surprised that the Germans surpassed their defenses, which later on destabilized French troops and isolating much of BFF- British Expeditionary Force.

Italy then declared war against France and Britain, Four days later, German forces marched through Paris

June 22, 1940, French asked for an armistice agreement with Germany; Germans made a puppet state, known as Vichy France.

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Hitler launched his unification with Austria, he therefor justified the expansion saying  the majority of Sudetenland's are Germans.

British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlin, french Premier Edouard Daladier, and Mussoloni met with Hitler to appease and make concessions.

Through Hitlers successive victories over Europe, his people knows him as the Fuhrer or Great Leader.

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Nazism gave Germay a new sense of power and a need to expand under social Darwinism.

Hitler planned to conquer much of the Soviet Union.

In 1933, Hitler withdrew from the League of Nations and by 1935, Hitler increased military through expansion of the German army and the creation of the German Air-force - violating the treaty of Versailes,

October 1935, Mussoloni invaded Euthopia and supported Hitler.

A year later, the Fascist and Nazi supported the Rome-Berlin Axis, which aid for another dictator, Fransico Franco.

Meanwhile, Japan renamed Machuria to Manchukuo and started invading China to expand. By 1937, Japan declared war against China.

The rise of Japan in the Asian Continent begaan the New Asian Order - a belief that Asian modernization lies at the hands of a modernized Asian nation.

November of 1936, having the same goals Germany and Japa signed the Anti-Comintern Pact which Italy joined a year later.

Tripartite Pact in 1940, is the birth of a powerful alliance, the Axis Powers.

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Adolf Hitler (National Socialist German Workers' Party or Nazi Party)

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Adolf Hitler (National Socialist German Workers' Party or Nazi Party)

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Hitler entered political scene campaigning against communism and democracy.

He began to dictate a book Mein Kampf  ("My Struggles") and his ideals of a government is based on social Darwinism - superior nations and races have the right to expand and conquer less civilized nations.

Any opposition against him were sent to concentration camps or specialized prison.

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Rose with the goal of building a strong industrialist Russia under a communist regime.

Five-Year Pan of transforming Russia into an economic powerhouse: collectivization of farm lands- method of agriculture where private farms were eliminated in favor of state-run agriculture.

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Facism - a system of hypernationalistic government where the dictatorabsolutely controls livesof its citizens

Any opposition against the government is not tolerated.

He enforced strict government policies, restricting media and information, and estabalishing a secret police.

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During the 1920s and 30s, political and economical issues allowed dictatorships to begin in Germany, Italy, Russia and Japan. WWI left many countries in poverty, which caused panic among the citizens, who looked to powerful people they thought could solve the problems.

totalitarianism or form of government the uses aboslute control on sociopolitical and even cultural aspects of a state.

1. Benito Mussoloni (Italian Facist Party)

2. Joseph Stalin (Russia)

3. Adolf Hitler (Nazi PArty)

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Ottoman Empire's decline encouraged Middle East to experience nationalistic sentiments.

Arabia: Turks as a retaliation against ally Germany led to the Arab Revolt eventually leading to the partitioning of the Ottoman Empire.

Africa: They aided much the British and French campaigns agaainst the Central Powers hoping for its Independence from them.

Libya: Leaders responded to Italian colonization which unified Africa expanded continent (Pan-Africanism)

India: Mohandas Gandhi led the reform movements with non-cooperation and civil disobedience as major platform.

Japan: Its growing economic inequalities encouraged the Japanese to go back to traditional Japanese ideals.

China: revolutions against the imperial government led by the Sun Yet Sen's Kuomintang Party

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The failure of the League of Nations encouraged nations to take a defensive stance.

Conflicting ideologies that set nations pitting against each other.

Continued extreme nationalistic settlements of the colonized countries started revolting against their colonizers.

Waning of democracy caused higher uneployment, worsening inflation and unfair corporate practices against labor

Rise of dictators as political and economical issues allowed dictatorship.

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The New Great Power

Socialism Rises to World Stage

The Collapse of Central and Eastern European Empires

Nationalism Transforms and Complicates Europe

The Myths of Victory and Failure

Tle Largest Loss: A "Lost Generation"

Reparations

Price Inflations

Economic Nationalism

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League of Nations is an inter-nation peace organization.

Wilson: "international mediating body could prevent the onset of another great war."

League was established with 42 member states with the aims of:

1. Prevent wars

2. promote collective security

3. settle international disputes

League proved weak with United States citing that it does not want involvement with Europe. (isolationism)

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President Woodrow Wilson proclaimed neutrality when the war broke out.

Germany used submarines called U-boats, it was meant to cut supply lines in retaliation against the British.

On May 1915, Germany torpedoed an American tanker and sanked the British passenger ship RMS Luistania, which killed 128 Americans.

That led for US to protest German warfare, to which German submitted its submarine warfare.

Battle of Jutland on May 31,1916 where victory between British and Germany is inevitable.

December of 1916, Germany re-instituted it unrestricted submarine warfare thinking that the British would surrender.

Germany sent the Zimmerman Telegram to Mexico offering a millitary alliance against Allied Powers, angering both Britain and US.

April 2,1917, Wilson cancelled all dimplomatic ties with Germany and asked the US congress to declare war.

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The victors met at the Paris Peace Conference in 1919 to settle terms for world peace.

27 European and Asian countries took part in the conference which is facilitated by the Big Four: President Wilson of US, Prime Minister Lloyd George or Britain, Premier Clemenceau of France, and Prime Minister Orlando or Italy.

The highlight of the conference centered around Wilson's Fourteen Points. With the goal to establish democracy and world peace

Five Major Tenets of The Fourteen Points:

1. Open Covenants of Peace.

2. Freedom of Navigation and fair treatment of the colonial people

3. Disarment

4. Right to Self-Detemination

5. Establishment of the League of Nations

Clemenceau and Lloyd George wanted reparations or wwar payments.

The French wanted the separation of Rhineland.

Treaty of Versailles, imposed all war guilt on Germany and Austria-Hungary, forcing them to pay reparations.

The territory of Alsace-Lorraine, previously conquered by Grmany was returned to France. German colonies were awarded to Briatain and France while those in Asia where given to Japan, Australia, and New Zealand.

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two revolutions, the first of which, in February (March, New Style), overthrew the imperial government and the second of which, in October (November), placed the Bolsheviks in power.

March Revolution, the Russian working class asked for "Peace and Bread" and dissolution of Tsarist government.

A committee of the Duma-legislative body appointed a Provisional Government to succeed the autocracy, but it faced a rival in the Petrograd Soviet of Workers’ and Soldiers’ Deputies.

The Soviet soon proved that it had greater authority than the Provisional Government, which sought to continue Russia’s participation in the European war.

On October 24–25 (November 6–7) the Bolsheviks and Left Socialist Revolutionaries staged a nearly bloodless coup, occupying government buildings, telegraph stations, and other strategic points.

The Second All-Russian Congress of Soviets, which convened in Petrograd simultaneously with the coup, approved the formation of a new government composed mainly of Bolshevik commissars

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Allied victory seemed at loss due to Russians' withdrawal.

German saw the opportunity to attack Paris to finally break the stalement.

German forces were defeated at the Second Battle of Marne with the entry of US supported with a tank warfare.

The Empire finally declared Czechoslovakia, Hungary, and Poland by September.

Bulgari surrendered to the Allies.

Germany remained the only Central Power at war by November.

Wilhelm II abdicated the throne and a German Republic.

On Nov. 11, the German Government signed tghe armistice agreement ending the World War I

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The Russians and Germans fought with a seesaw battle. The Russians suffered much due to lack of supplies.

On August 30,1914 at theBattle of Tannenberg in Eastern Prusssia on September 15, Battle of Massurian Lakes, The Germans defeated the Russians.

Austria-Hungary lost their battles against Russia.The Austro-Hungarian Army never truly recovered. It had lost over 300,000 men.

With Austrian stronghold weakening, the Germans came to rescue.

German-Austrian troops stormed the Russian army and drove the offensive troops out, which killed or wounded 2.5 million Russians.

Because of its successful campaign, Bulgaria joined the alliance and attacked Serbia.

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https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/archduke-franz-ferdinand-assassinated
https://www.britannica.com/event/Russian-Revolution-of-1917
https://sites.google.com/a/pitt.k12.nc.us/world-history-wwii-online-textbook/rise-of-european-dictators
https://www.theatlantic.com/photo/2011/10/world-war-ii-after-the-war/100180/

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The early months of the Great War were fought in the  Western Front- Southern Belgium and Northern France .

The war on the Western Front began on 3 August 1914 with Germany aggressively marching into Belgium and Luxembourg.

The next day Britain declared war on Germany, setting the stage for the war on the Western Front.

Their most  tactics involved a strong defense under trenches- duug-ot ditches used as war shelter.

This strategy proved deadly and for the next three years, almost no movement happened.

The Battle of Verdun and the Battle of Somme proved to be some of the most futile operations, shelling out casualties.

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Due to the Archduke's assassination, Franz Joseph I, sought its German allies by writing Kaiser Willhelm II for support. Which was responded by a blank check saying that it is fully supported.

July 28, Austria- Hungary declared war on Siberia due its failure to fulfill its demands.

Czar Nicholas, ordered full mobolization of its army against Austria-Hungary.

Germany pulled a war against Russian Czar, carrying the Schlieffen Plan foreseeing its defeat.

Schlieffen Plan- was to send 75% of its troops to France, which would entail marching into Belgium.

The plan violated the Belgian Neutrality, the British, being an ally of Belgium and France declared war on Germany.

The aggression betwen two sides: The Allied Powers: Triple Entrete (France, Russia, and Britain) and The Central Powers: Tripple Alliance (Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy) proved the unstoppable and the Great War has begun.

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Franz Ferdinand, nephew of Emperor Franz Josef and heir to the Austro-Hungarian Empire, is shot to death along with his wife by a Serbian nationalist in Sarajevo, Bosnia, on this day in 1914.

The Black Hand, a terrorist organization, who wanted an independent Bosnia, threw a bomb at Ferdinand's car.

The assassination then failed, but he was shot by a 19- year old Bosnian Serb Gavrilo.

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Erin Louise Sasa
Grade 8 Micah

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The ethnic conflicts that arose led for historians to call the territory "power keg of Europe."

Treaty of Berlin gave Austria-Hungary a firm succession of power in the region with the right to administer Bosnia and Herzegovina.

October 6,1908 - The official annexed of Austria Hungary gave rise to the Bosnian Crisis.

The Bosnian Crisis led to a massive Slavic uproar in the Kingdom of Serbia.

Russo-Japanese War, was loss by the Russians thereby limiting its promise of complete support to the Serbian Campaign.

October 8, 1912- The First Balkan War Serbia, Greece, and Montenegro (Balkan League) attacked the Ottoman Empire.

Second Balkan War in Macedonia on June 16, 1913.

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1800s, major alliances were created in order to protect similar interests between nation-states.

Otto Von Bismarck, the German Empire Chancellor, negotiated the establishment of the League of Three Emperors.

League of Three Emperors: Germany, Austria-Hungary, Russia

The league later then broke apart due to the disagreement of Russia and Austria-Hungary over the Balkan Teritorries.

The Dual Alliance is created between the remaining nations with the goal of minimizing Russia's influence over the Balkan territories.

Italy joined the alliance officialy making it the Triple Alliance.

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Working class demanded from wealthy class better wages and the improvement of working conditions.

Class warfare shook the balance of power held by conservative leadership classes.

Because of the worsening situations:

- Europe strengthen large armies.
- British and Germany began a naval race, Germany increased its navy's size to that of Europe.

During that time conscription or a popular method of drafting soldiers became a norm, enlarging most armies around the world.

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The Rise of Nationalism and Colonial Rivalries

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The Rise of Nationalism and Colonial Rivalries

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Nationalism is the shared belief of loyalty to ethnicity and culture of a nation-state.

Nationalism brewed the tensions between nations, like France and Germany, (Franco-Purssian War)

France' defeat to the War lead the formation and strengthening of the German Reich.

Nationalism forged rivalries among European nations due to:

1. increasing industrialization

2. naval supremancy

3. colonialism

4. international trade

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Roots of the Great War

-The Rise of Nationalism and Colonial Rivalries
-Internal Conflicts and Nationalism
-The System of Alliances
-The Balkan Conflicts
The Great War: 1914-1918
-The Assassination of Franz Ferdinand
-Declarations of War
-The Western Front
-The Eastern Front
-The Russian Revolution
-United States at War
-Final Offensive: 1918
-Peace Settlements
-The League of Nations
-The Aftermath of the Great War
World War II
-The Path to World War II
-The Expansion of Nationalism
-The Rise of Dictators
-New Alliances and the New Asian Order

-The War Begins in Europe
-Biltzkrieg and The Invasion of Poland
-The Battle of Britain
-Europe and the Holocaust
-The Soviet Invasion
-The War in the Pacific
-Allied Offensive
-Final Years of World War II
-The Aftermath of World War II
-Devastations Across the World
-Socio-political Landscape After World War II
-The United Nations

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- Analyze the root causes that cause the World War I;
- Describe significant events that transpired the World War I;
- assess the effects of World War I;
- analyze the efforts of nations to achieve international peace and prosperity;
- analyze the causes that gave rise to World War II;
- analyze the significant events that transpired during the World War II;
- assess the effects of the World War II;
- reflect critically on learning experiences and processes; and
- analyze and evaluate major alternative points of view.