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At the end of World War II, Muslims and Hindus in British India were divided. The leaders in India decided to divide British India into 2 countries; Hindu India and Muslim Pakistan.

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People were forced to flee over the new boarders of Pakistan and India. Because of this mass migration, violence spread. Over 1 million people died including Mohandas Gandhi.

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Jawaharlal Nehru led the Congress party, formerly known as the Indian National Congress. His goal was a parliamentary government led by a prime minister and a moderate socialist economy. The state took control over major industries, utilities and transportation. They were able to triple industrial production between 1950 and 1965. Nehru guided India’s foreign policy according to the principle of nonalignment. It is the refusal to align India with any bloc or alliance. This would prevent India from being involved in growing military conflict between the U.S. and the U.S.S.R.

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After Nehru died, his daughter, Indira Gandhi, as prime minister. She held office from 1966-1984. During this time india faced many problems. In the 1950s and 1960s, India’s population grew 2% each year. This caused widespread poverty and millions lived in vast city slums. Ethnic and religious conflict also began to rise. One problem was the Sikhs. They were a religion based on both Muslim and Hindu beliefs. Many Sikhs lived in a northern province of India called Punjab and they wanted it to be independent from India. Gandhi has refused and she used military force against the Sikh rebels killing 450 Sikhs. Two Sikh members of Gandhi’s personal bodyguard, assassinated her seeking revenge.

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Conflict between Hindus and Muslims continued with a long dispute between India and Pakistan over Kashmir, a territory in between both nations.

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Gandhi’s son, Rajiv, became prime minister and brought India in a different direction. He encouraged private enterprise and foreign investment. His successors transferred state-run industries into private hands and relied on the free market which resulted in an increase in the middle class. Rajiv was assassinated in 1991 while campaigning for reelection.

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Division between East and West Pakistan began to grow. They were separate regions with different geographical features. Many in East Pakistan felt that the government ignored their needs because it was mainly based in West Pakistan. In 1971 East Pakistan declared independence as the new nation of Bangladesh. Both of these countries have remained poor and have had difficulty establishing a stable government.

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The United States grated total independence to the Philippines in 1946. Great Britain also gave independence to Burma in 1948. At the start Southeast Asian states admired Western political and economic practices. But by the end of the 1950s, their plan for rapid economic growth failed. Also, due to internal disputes, doors were opened for military and autocratic regimes.

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The Netherlands did't give up it's colonial empire as easy. They wanted an Indonesian republic under Achmed Sukarno. When the communist party of Indonesia began to take power, the United States pressured the Netherlands to grant independence to Indonesia. In 1949, the Netherlands had recognized a new Republic of Indonesia.

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A parliamentary system was created in 1950 and Sukarno was elected the first president. He then dissolved the constitution and tries to rule on his own. He was then overthrown by military officers and a military government was established under General Suharto. Democracy had failed.

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The military has had complete control over it and the people continue to fight for democracy. Leading the struggle is Aung San Suu Kyi. Her party had won an election for power but the military refused to hand it over.

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In 1975, the armies of Communist Both Vietnam had forcefully reunited Vietnam. This new Communist rule had imitate impact on the region. Both Loas and Cambodia had become Communist nations by 1975. Pol Pot, the leader of Cambodia, had massacred more than 1 million Cambodians. In 1993, the UN held free elections in Cambodia. Meanwhile, the Vietnamese government remained suspicious of democracy in the west.

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The democratic government became very corrupt under President Ferdinand Marcos. Marcos was accused of killing a popular opposition leader, Benigno Aquino. His wife, Corazon Aquino took over as president and worked at making democratic reforms. But she was still unable to resolve the country's chronic economic and social problems.

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The rights and roles of the women in South and Southeast Asia has changed. In India, the constitution forbids discrimination. It calls for equal pay, outlaws child marriage, and women were now encouraged to attend school. Almost all of the newly independent states in Southeast Asia grant women full legal and political rights.

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After World War II many new Middle Eastern countries emerged. Syria, Lebanon and Jordon all gained independence. These new nations were mostly Muslim.

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Conflict in Israel and Palestine through 2015: Crash Course World History #223

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Colonel Gamal Abdel Nasser took over the Egyptian government in the 1950s. Nasser had seized a British and French company. This made them mad and they saw it as a threat so they decided to strike back and Israel quickly joined. In 1956, the 3 nations launched a joint attack that started the Suez War. The U.S. and U.S.S.R. joined the war on the side of Nasser. This forced the 3 nations to back out of the war. Nasser became a powerful leader and began to promote Pan-Arabism. Egypt and Syria formally united to create the United Arab Republic in 1958. Nasser became the first president of the state. Many Arab states were suspicious of the UAR because they believed that the oil-rich Arab states would have to share profits with less rich states. In 1961 the Syrian military reclaimed Syria and withdrew from the UAR.

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Nasser created a blockade against Israeli shipping in 1967. Fearing attack, Israel launched air strikes against Egypt and its Arab neighbors. After the Israeli air forces destroyed the Egyptian air force, the Israeli troops broke the blockade and started to take control over other territories. Within 6 days they were able to triple the size of their territory. After Nasser died in 1970, Anwar el-Sadat, took over. On October 6, 1973, Egypt organized a surprise attack on Israel. The Israeli troops had little time to mobilize but they soon went on the offensive and pushed into Egypt. The OPEC had increased prices of oil for the Middle East and this caused economic problems for the West. President Jimmy Carter created a peace treaty that would resolve fighting in Israel and Egypt. A new PLO was created to liberate Palestinians from Israel. They began to launch attacks on Israeli territories. Due to their failures uprising began on the West Bank. Israel then agreed that the Palestinians would be able to semi-control the area.

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Iran was a rich country with strong allies but there was much opposition in Iran. A new government was placed in Iran under the led of Ayatollah Khomeini. This government's main purpose was to restore Islamic law. Khomeini died in 1989, and a more moderate government came about. Some were dissatisfied by the new government;s economic performance. Young people wanted more freedoms and they wanted to end the rule of conservative Muslim clerics.

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The country to the west of Iran was a militant and hostile country of Iraq, led by Saddam Hussein. They had disputes over religion and territory. In 1980 Saddam Hussein started a war against Iran. During this war, children were used to clear dangerous minefields. Iraq used poison gas against soldiers and civilians. In 1988, a cease-fire was signed without resolving the basic issues that caused the war.

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Iraq invaded Kuwait, an oil-rich country in the Persian Gulf. This began the Persian Gulf War. The U.S. helped free Kuwait. They hoped an internal revolt would overthrow Hussein but it didn't happen.

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The Persian Gulf War Explained: US History Review

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Looking for economic assistance, the kind of Afghanistan grew close ties with the Soviets. By 1979 a Afghanistan was invaded by the Soviets who had control over Afghanistan for 10 years. Anti-Communist Islamic forces were able to push out the Soviets. One group called the Taliban, wanted to take control over Afghanistan. By 1988 they controlled about 2/3 of Afghanistan. Back by conservative religious forces in Pakistan, they provided a base of Osama bin Laden. He founded al-Qaeda.

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Most African nations gained independence by 1950-1960. The Gold Coast was renamed Ghana. The Belgian Congo was renamed Zaire and than later Democratic Republic of Congo. Nigeria gained independence from the Belgians and the British. Uganda, Kenya, Botswana, Mozambique and Angola all gained independence. Even France surrendered Morocco and Tunisia.

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In white dominated South Africa, blacks formed the African National Congress. It's goal of economic and political reform failed. The whites had strengthened laws that separated whites and blacks. This resulted in a system of racial segregation called apartheid. In 1960, the police killed 69 people that were peacefully marching in Sharpeville. 2/3 of them were black. Nelson Mandela, the leader of the ANC, was arrested in 1962. This called for armed resistance to the white government.

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African states that gained independence from the 1950s-1970s faced many problems. The view of economy on African leaders varied. Jomo Kenyatta and General Mobutu Sese Seko believe in Western-style capitalism. The leaders in Angola and Mozambique followed the Soviet-style communism. Julius Nyerere, Kwame Nkrumah, Sekouw Toure, and Patrice Lumumba preferred an "African form of socialism." It was based on ownership of the country's wealth would be put into the hands of the people. Some African leaders dreamed of Africanism. It is the unity of all black Africans regardless of national boundaries.

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The economy of these new countries was mainly based on the export of a single crop of natural resource. Africa also depended on foreign investment. Most states in Africa imported technology and manufactured goods from the West and depended on finical aid from other countries. Not many natural resources were put into military technology. Droughts and population growth also caused problems. Poverty was widespread and HIV/AIDS caused problems with African development.

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In 1994, Nelson Mandela was elected president of the Republic of South Africa. He was imprisoned in 1962 for his actives with the ANC. He spent almost 26 years in prison and he never wavered from his resolve to secure the freedom of his country. Worldwide pressure caused the fall of apartheid laws and the freedom of Nelson Mandela. He became the first black president in South Africa.

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After independence, women were allowed to vote and run for political office. Some women became leaders of their country. Artists have trouble deciding to use traditional or Western techniques of art. Writers have often addressed the tensions and dilemmas that modern Africans face.

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Latin Americans have had an economy based on exporting goods since the 1800s but during the Great Depression their economy failed. By the 1960s these countries were still having economic problems. They depended on other countries for the advanced technology needed for modern industries. These economic failures led to political instability. Military regimes began to rise in Latin America and the economies returned to export-import based economies. These counties tries to maintain their economy by taking loans but they just grew debt.

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Some military leaders couldn't deal with their nations' debt. Also many people realized that military power without popular consent could not maintain a stable state. This caused a move toward democracy. The OAS was created to end military action by one state in the affairs in any other state. The United States wanted to make sure communism wouldn't spread to Latin America during the Cold War so they returned to the policy of taking action in the affairs of Latin American countries. The U.S., in order to stop another Cuba, would try and strengthen the economies of the Latin American countries but it failed and the money ended up in with the rich. When Cuba started to try and take over other Latin American countries the U.S. would send massive military strikes.

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Fidel Castro led a group of Revolutionaries in Cuba to overthrow Fulgencio Batista. They took over Havana on January 3, 1959. Relations between the U.S. and Cuba deteriorated when they received aid from the Soviet Union. The U.S. declared a trade embargo with Cuba. After the failure of the Bay of Pigs invasion and the Cuban Missile Crisis, Cuba became more independent. They started to pursue a new strategy of fomenting revolution in the rest of Latin America.

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After American troops let Haiti, they made several steps toward democracy. Francois Duvalier became the president. He made a private Militia, dictatorial rule, and he terrorized the country. After his death, his son took over and continued to rule with an iron fist. Growing Opposition led to the collapse of his regime. Then Haiti returned to a democracy.

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During World War II, a group of army officers overthrew the oligarchy. Juan Peron sought to win over the workers. He encouraged them to join labor unions and increased job benefits. In 1946 Juan was elected president.To please the working class he followed a policy of increased industrialization. The government bought railways, banks, insurance, shipping, and communications. They also created Fascist gangs that used violence to terrify his opponents. The military took over the government but than asked Peron to take over again. But again the military took over Peron. When Raul Alfonsin was elected president in 1983, he brought back democracy and prosecuted the former military leaders.

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Coffee is an important crop for Colombia because it makes up about 1/2 of the countries exports. Price fluctuations in either direction can have negative effect on the economy. After World War II, Marxist guerrilla groups began to organize Colombian peasants. The government responded by killing move than 200,000 peasants. Most peasants who needed money turned to the cash crop, coca leaves. It was used to make cocaine. Colombia became a major international supplier for cocaine. Even with the money from exports, the economy stayed weak due to high unemployment rates and civil war.