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What is codominance?
A. Dominant
B. Alleles are partially expressed
C. Alleles are fully expressed
D. Recessive

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What is the powerhouse of the cell?
A. Chloroplast
B. Mitochondria
C. Nucleus
D. Golgi apperatus

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What is evolution?
A. A law
B. Theory
C. Hypothesis
D. Dream

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What is the variety of organisms called?
A. Invasive speceis
B. Sustainability
C. Immigration
D. Biodiversity

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What is a hypothesis?
A. Scientific inference
B. Result of an experiment
C. Another name for independant variable
D. Dependant variable

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What is something that is able to dissolve in other substances?
A. Rock
B. Solute
C. Solvent
D. Oxygen

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What is the process where plants capture and use light energy?
A. Cellular respiration
B. Photosynthesis
C. Mitosis
D. Meiosis

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What carries genetic information in the nucleus?
A. Chromosone
B. Mitochondria
C. White blood cell
D. Fertilization

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What part of the brain processes vision?
A. Occipital
B. Frontal
C. Temporal
D. Parietal

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What body system kills viruses?
A. Nervous system
B. Immune system
C. Circulatory stystem
D. Reproductive system

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What is a limiting factpr that depends of the population density?
A. Carrying capacity
B. Density independent factor
C. Emigration
D. Density dependent factor

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What are organisms called that eat both plants and animals?
A. Carnivore
B. Herbivore
C. Omnivore
D. Biomass

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What is the male fertilizing organ of a flower?
A. Ovary
B. Petal
C. Stamen
D. Xylem

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-Capillary: blood vesssel that forms a network between arterioles and venules
-Veins: carry oxygen-depleted blood toward the heart
-Hypertension: abnormally high blood pressure
-Hemoglobin: responsible for transporting oxygen in the blood of vertebrates
-Atherosclerosis: disease of the arteries characterized by the deposition of plaques of fatty material on the inner walls
-Gastrulation: process that changes blastula to gastula
-Pathogen: microorganism that can cause disease
-Lymphocyte: form of small white blood cell with a single round nucleus
-Antibody: protein in blood that fights diseases by attacking and killing harmful bacteria
-Morula: a solid ball of cells which a blastula is formed

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There are many different systems in the human body. They each have their own functions, but they all connect to help keep humans alive. For example, the immune system and the cardiovascular system. These systems work hand-in-hand with each other. As the cardiovascular system pumps and transfers blood, the immune system kills harmful bacteria. The circulatory system also pumps blood to the brain which controlls human functions. The immune system also kills bacteria and other viruses that go to the brain and even the reproductive system. The circulatory also pumps blood to the reproductive system as well.

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https://www.livescience.com/37009-human-body.html
Shows and explains the different body systems, how they connect with one another, and important parts in them.

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Human Body Systems Functions Overview: The 11 Champions (Older Video 2016)

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What carries blood to the heart?
A. Morula
B. White blood cell
C. Nerves
D. Veins

Answer: D

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What is the science of defining and naming groupls of biological organisms?
A. Taxonomy
B. Binomial nomenclature
C. Evolution
D. Archaeology

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What is the processs of replicating DNA?
A. Dihybrid
B. Monohybrid
C. Cloning
D. Pedigree

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Which nucleic base is paired with adenine?
A. Guanine
B. Thymine
C. Cytosine
D. DNA

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How many daughter cells are there at the end of mitosis?
A. 6
B. 4
C. 3
D. 2

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What is it called when particles of the same substance stick together?
A. Adhesion
B. Cohesion
C. Magnetism
D. Stick theory

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What type of cell has a cell wall?
A. Plant cell
B. Human cell
C. Fly cell
D. Animal cell

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-Carrying capacity: largest number of individuals of a species that an environment can support
-Density dependent factors: limiting factor that depends on population density
-Density independent factors: limiting factor that affects population regardless of the population density
-Immigration: movement of individuals into an area already occupied by an existing population
-Emigration: movement of individuals out of an area
-Population density: number of individuals per unit area
-Greenhouse effect: process where certain gasses trap sunlight energy in earth’s atmosphere as heat
-Biodiversity: total of the variety of organisms in the biosphere
-Invasive species: species that do harm and are not needed in an environment
-Sustainability: the ability to be maintained at a certain rate or level

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Population ecology is the study of changes in population sizes. Factors affecting population are birth and death rate, as well as immigration and emigration. When the birth and immigration rate is high, that means the population goes up a lot. When the death and emigration rate is high, the population decreases. A population reaches its’ limit is called carrying capacity. When the population reaches carrying capacity, the population fluctuates along that capacity number. There is exponential growth as well. Exponential growth is rapid growth of a population that seems to be uncontrolled.

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#1: C
#2: B
#3: B
#4: D
#5: A
#6: C
#7: B
#8: A
#9: A
#10: B
#11: D
#12: C
#13: C
#14: A
#15: C
#16: B
#17: D
#18: B
#19: A
#20: A

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Out of these, which comes first in the scientific process?
A. Hypothesis
B. Conclusion
C. Conduct experiment
D. Share results

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https://www.britannica.com/science/population-ecology
Explains population ecology and types of growth.

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What does the population do when it reaches carrying capacity?
A. Stays at carrying capacity
B. Fluctuates
C. Goes down
D. Doesn’t stop

Answer: B

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-Herbivore: organism that obtains energy by eating only plants
-Carnivore: organism that obtains energy by eating animals
-Habitat: area where organism lives
-Predation: interaction where predator captures and feeds on prey
-Omnivore: organism that obtains energy by eating plants and animals
-Derritivore: organism that feeds on plant and animal remains and other dead matter
-Trophic level: each step in a food chain or web
-Food chain: chain that shows the transfer of food energy between organisms
-Food web: network of interactions that show the transfer of energy between various organisms
-Biomass: total amount of living tissue within a given trophic level

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Energy is transferred to our mouths in ways we do not even pay attention to. Through food chains and food webs, organisms constantly obtain energy from whatever they eat. When we eat these organisms, we are obtaining all of that food energy. There are trophic levels. Trophic levels show the state of "hierarchy" in a food chain or web. For example, humans are at the top of the trophic levels because we eat anyhting. Plants are at the bottom because they are producers and do not eat any other organism. Whether an organism is eaten from the top or bottom of the food chain, another organism is still obtaining energy.

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https://www.exploringnature.org/db/view/About-Food-Webs-and-Trophic-Levels
Explains food webs, the transfer of energy, and trophic levels.

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Food Webs and Energy Pyramids: Bedrocks of Biodiversity

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What organism is at the bottom of the food chain?
A. humans
B. plants
C. worms
D. eagles

Answer: B.

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-Photosynthesis: process used by plants to capture light energy to use for food
-Cellular respiration: process that releases energy by breaking down glucose and other food monomers
-Xylem: vascular tissue in plants that conducts water and dissolves nutrients upward from the root
-Phloem: vascular tissue in plants that conducts sugars and other products
-Stamen: male fertilizing organ of a flower, consisting of a pollen-containing antler and filament
-Pistol: female reproductive part of a flower
-Vascular tissue: specialized tissue in plants that carries water and nutrients
-Dermal tissue: plants consists of the gingle. layers of cells causes the epidermis
-Cambium: produces vascular tissues and increases the thickness of stems over time
-Transpiration: loss of water through leaves

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Plants are very important to every part of the ecosystem. Plants are the beginning of the food chain. They are also the source of oxygen. Plants are autotrophs, which means they make food on their own and they do this through photosynthesis. Photosynthesis helps the plant grow and flourish. The bigger and healthier the plant is, the better it is for pollenation. There are many different parts that contribute to many different parts of a plant. Plants help the environment and help us breathe.

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http://sci.waikato.ac.nz/farm/content/plantstructure.html
Describes the plant structures and functions

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Parts of a flower and Pollination | The Dr. Binocs Show | Learn Videos For Kids

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What is the loss of water through leaves?
A. pollenation
B. cambium
C. transpiration
D. vascular tissue

Answer: C

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-Evolution: process where organisms develop over time
-Derived trait: trait that is present in an organism but was absent in the last common ancestor
-Homologous structure: organ or bone that appears in different animals
-Analogous structure: same function, evolved seperately
-Vesstigal structure: common descent
-Classification: arrangement of animals and plants in groups based on observed similarities
-Phylogeny: study of evolutionary history and relationships among organisms
-Cladogram: branching diagram showing cladistic relationship between a number of species
-Binomial nomenclature: formal system of naming species of living things
-Taxonomy: Science of defining and naming groupls of biological organisms

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Evolution is a theory, but there is a wide range of evidence that it exists that supports it. For example, homologous and analogous structures. These are structures that are similar or the same in different animals. The only way this could happen is if they had a common ancestor. There is a lot of evidence that humans evolved as well. There are skulls and fossils that have been found that show scientists that humans used to be different. The process of evolution happens over a long period of time. Although we will not be alive to see the next step, humans will probably evolve again.

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https://www.livescience.com/474-controversy-evolution-works.html
Explains the theory of evolution as well as examples of it.

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Evolution: It's a Thing - Crash Course Biology #20

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What structure is the same organ or bone that appears in different animals?
A. homologous
B. analogous
C. derived
D. phylogeny

Answer: A

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-Dominant: an inherited trait that dominates the other trait
-Recessive: an inherited trait that the dominant trait beats
-Codominance: form of dominance where the alleles are fully expressed so there is no dominant or recessive.
-Incomplete dominance: both alleles are partially expressed
-Punnett square: square diagram that is used to predict an outcome of a specific cross
-Monohybrid: a hybrid that is heterozygous
-Transgenic: artificially introduced genes in an organism from another organism
-Dihybrid: hybrid that is heterozygous for alleles of two different genes
-Pedigree: chart that shows a gene through a family of organsims
-Cloning: replicating DNA

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Genetics make every single organism different. Every organsim inherits different traits. These inherited traits can be predictef through punnett squares. These pair the dominant and recessive alleles to see the traits of the offspring. A specific gene can be measured through pedigrees. Pedigrees show the history of a certain gene. There are dominant and recessive genes. These genes can be paired together and the dominant gene would take over.

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https://www2.palomar.edu/anthro/mendel/mendel_2.htm
Shows how to construct a punnett square and explains traits.

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Which trait beats the other if it is homozygous?
A. Recessive
B. Codominant
C. Transgenic
D. Dominant
Answer: D.

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-Double helix: the structure of DNA; two strands twist around each other
-Phosphate: forms a part of vital organisms like DNA
-Nucleic acid: macromolecules containing hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen carbon, and phosphorus
-Hydrogen bond: weak attraction between hydrogen and another element
-Complimentary base: either of the nucleotide bases linked by a hydrogen bond
-Replication: process of copying DNA prior to cell division
-Semiconservative model: genetic replication where a double stranded molecule separates into two single strands
-Nucleotide: form the basic structual unit of nucleic acids such as DNA
-Cytosine: one of four bases of nucleic acids, paired with guanine
-Thymine: one of four bases of nucleic acids, paired with adenine

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The four nucleic bases are adenine, guanine, thymine, and cytosine. They are paired up with one another in DNA. Their order determines the gentic code. For example, thymine is paired with adenine and cytosine is paired with guanine. The structure of DNA is called the double helix. RNA is a single helix. DNA exists throughout every living organism. It is passed down to offspring as well.

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https://www.livescience.com/37247-dna.html
Shows history of DNA and how it functions.

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DNA, Chromosomes, Genes, and Traits: An Intro to Heredity

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What is the structure of DNA called?
A. hydrogen bond
B. single helix
C. double helix
D. guanine
Answer: C.

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-Asexual reproduction: type of reproduction where offspring are from one parent
-Cell cycle: series of events that take place in a cell
-Mitosis: cell division that results in 2 daughter cells
-Chromosones: in nucleus, carries genetic information
-Daughter cell: one of the two cells that are a result of mitosis
-Diploid: containing two complete sets of chromosones, one from each parent
-Genes: sequence of DNA that has a function
-Meiosis: cell division that results in 4 daughter cells
-Crossing over: exchange of genes between homologous chromosones
-Segregation: separation of alleles at meiosis
-Fertilization: process of fertilizing an egg

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Mitosis and meiosis happen in living organisms. Mitosis is for growth and maintenance of cells. Meiosis is for sexual reproduction. They both occur in humans while only mitosis happens in plants. Mitosis and meiosis both have to do with genes and division. The cells go through a repeating cycle which results in either 2 or 4 more cells. The cells grow at a controlled rate. Cells growing at a rapid and uncontrolled rate is called cancer.

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https://owlcation.com/stem/Stages-of-Mitosis-and-Meiosis
Describes the process of cell division in mitosis and meiosis.

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Mitosis vs Meiosis Rap Battle! | SCIENCE SONGS

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What kind of reproduction is Meiosis?
A. Sexual
B. Asexual
C. DNA
D. plant
Answer: A.

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-Cohesion: when particles of the same substance stick together
-Adhesion: when particles of different substances stick together
-Surface tension: tension in the surface of a liquid caused by particles being attracted to each other in the surface layer
-Specific heat: the heat needed to raise the temperature of a substance
-Solute: dissolved in the solvent
-Solvent: something being able to dissolve in other substances
-Isotonic: solute concentration inside and outside the cell are equal
-Hypotonic: higher water concentration outside cell so water moves inside
-Hypertonic: higher water concentration inside so water will exit the cell
-Diffusion: movement of particles from higher concentration to lower concentration

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Osmosis in cells consists of isotonic, hypotonic, and hypertonic solutions. An isotonic solution is where the water stays the same. A hypertonic solution is where the there is more water on the outside so it moves inside. A hypertonic solution is where there is more water on the inside so it moves outside. In a cell membrane, there are hydrophobic and hydrophillic parts. Hydrophobic means "water hating" and Hydrophillic means "water loving". For example, phosphates are hydrophillic and fatty acids are hydrophobic. Water has a big role in cells and our bodies.

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https://www.ck12.org/biology/cell-transport/lesson/Cell-Transport-Advanced-BIO-ADV/
Describes cell transport and where it takes place.

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Transport in Cells: Diffusion and Osmosis | Cells | Biology | FuseSchool

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Which solution causes water to move outside the cell?
A. hypotonic
B. isotonic
C. hydrophillic
D. hypertonic

Answer: D.

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-Cell membrane: flexible barrier that surrounds all cells; regulates what enters + leaves the cell
-Nucleus: contains genetic material, center of the cell
-Eukaryote: organism that contains a nucleus
-Prokaryote: organism that does not have a nucleus
-Cell wall: protects contents of plant cells
-Organelle: organized of special structures within a living cell
-Chloroplast: captures energy from sunlight snd converts it to other energy
-Endoplasmic reticulum: internal membrane system found in eukaryotic cells
-Golgi apparatus: organelle in cells that modifies, sorts and packages proteins and other materials
-Mitochondrion: respiration and energy production occur, has a double membrane

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Cells make up life. Whether it's humans or plants, every living thing has cells. However, plant and animals cells are different. They have differences such as the cell wall, vacuoles and chloroplasts. These are found in plant cells that animal cells do not have. Although they have their differences, plant and animal cells have similarites, like some parts of the cell. They also have the same function, which is to provide energy for the organism. Plants and animals are made up of a countless number of cells.

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https://biology.tutorvista.com/cell/cell-structure.html
In depth description of cell structure and function.

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What is an organism called when they do not have a nucleus?
A. Prokaryote
B. Eukaryote
C. Animal
D. non-living

Answer: A.

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-Hypothesis: A prediction that can be tested
-Control group: the group that stays the same
-Experimental group: the group that is experimented on
-Independent variable: the variable that is changed in an experiment
-Dependent variable: the variable that is measured in an experiment
-Observation: organized way of seeing and noticing things
-Inference: a guess based on prior knowledge
-Science: Srudy of the natural world
-Theory: A set of statements to explain a group of facts
-Law: rule to explain observations in verbal or mathematical statements

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In experiments, there are important factors. For example, a hypothesis, control group, independent variable, and so on. The steps taken in an experiment are important. The scientific process starts with making an observation and researching it. Then, you form a hypothesis and test it with an experiment. After you test the hypothesis with an experiment, you make a conclusion and share results. In the experiment, that is where the different types of variables are used and measured. Scientific processes are used daily. It helps us understand information and develop larger ideas like Laws and Theories.

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https://www.sciencebuddies.org/science-fair-projects/science-fair/steps-of-the-scientific-method
Describes steps of the scientific method.

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Which variable is the variable that is changed during an experiment?
A. Dependent
B. Control
C. Independent
D. Hypothesis

Answer: C.

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1. Scientific Process
2. Cell Structure & Function
3. Cell Transport
4. Mitosis & Meiosis
5. DNA & Protein Synthesis
6. Genetics & Biotechnology
7. Evolution
8. Plants
9. Matter & Energy
10. Ecology
11. Human Body Systems
12. Cumulative Review
13. Cumulative Review Answers