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> analyze the root causes that gave rise to the World War l;
> describe significant events that transpired during World War l;
> asses the effects of World War l
> analyze the efforts of nations to achieve international peace and prosperity;
> analyze the causes that gave rise to World War ll;
> analyze the significant events that transpired during World War ll;
> asses the effects of  World War ll;
> reflect critically on learning experiences and processes; and
> analyze and evaluate major alternative points of view

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Europe has grown to become the most powerful continent in world affairs.t The nineteenth century marked the development of nation states - sovereign countries composed of ethnically similar groups of self - governing peoples. Order to create a more peaceful Europe, national lines must be drawn and alliances must be formed under the banner. This beliefs created harsh political rivalries, Which ultimately devastated rather than unified the continent.

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The brewing tension caused by growing nationalism worsened internal conflicts, cause rampant violence due to unfair labor practices brought about by industrialization. In order ton avoid bloodshed within the citizens of the same nation-state, leaders were encouraged to regain control through the idea of unifying the nation by plunging into war...Between 1870 and 1914, Military spending increased, doubling the size of European armies. However, in 1906, the British ended the navel race with the Germans with the construction of the HMS Dreadnought.
The Russian army around that time employed 1.3 million men. The French also increased the size of its army in 1913, employing around 900,000 able-bodied soldiers drafting soldiers called conscription became the norm.

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In 1800's, the major European powers organized themselves in case war breaks out. Major alliance were created in order to protect similar interest between nation-states.
Otto Von Bismarck, the chancellor of the German Empire, negotiated the establishment of the League of Three Emperors in 1863 between the Emperors of Germany, Austria-Hungary and Russia. However, due to the rivalry and disagreement the league quickly broke apart. This created the Dual Alliance in 1897, whose main goal is to minimize Russian influence over the Balkans. In 1882, Italy was included in the alliance creating the Triple Alliance composed of Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy and the Triple Entente. With the formation of alliances comes bitter tension between rivals.

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The alliance system was made up of two groups, the Central powers (Germany, Austria- Hungary, Italy(1914), and Turkey).The second group was the Allied powers (Russia, France, Great Britain, and United states).The alliance system is when countries join ...

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The Roots of the Great War The Rise of Nationalism and Colonial Rivalries

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The Roots of the Great War The Rise of Nationalism and Colonial Rivalries

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Nationalism is the shared belief of loyalty to the ethnicity and culture of a nation-state. National pride became the most important trait, With the defeat of the french in the Franco-Prussian War in 1870-1871,Leading to the formation and strengthening of the German Reich. Instead of promoting peaceful coexistence. Nationalism forged rivalries due to increasing industrialization,  Naval, supremacy, colonialism and International trade. these colonial rivalries led to worsening negative rival nation-states.

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A region in Southeastern Europe led by European minorities such as the Greeks,the Romanians, the Turks, and the Serbs. Driven by nationalism, ethnic minorities such as the Greeks and the Slavs fought for independence against Ottoman rule. Tension did not subside as the influence of Russia and Austria-Hungary strengthened in the region, historian call the Balkans the "powder keg of Europe".

On October 6, 1908, the Austria-Hungarian Empire officially annexed the nation giving the rise to the conflict known as the Bosnian Crisis. With the help of the Russians, the Serbians became determined in establishing a Slavic state in the peninsula. The Russian lose in the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-1905.

After the establishment of the Balkan League, the nations of Serbia, Greece, and the Montenegro attacked the Ottoman Empire on October 8, 1912 this was also known as the first Balkan War, The second Balkan War erupted the year after, on June 16, 1913. Bulgaria attacked Serbia and Greece but lost after 33 days dissolving the Balkan League.

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On June 28, 1914, archduke franz ferdinand, the heir to the throne of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, his wife sophia, the duchess of Hohenberg, visited the Bosnian capital city of Sarajevo to open a state museum following the observation of militarily maneuvers in the city. Visit of a high-ranking Austro-Hungarian official poses a threat to serbian independence. The black hand, a terrorist organization wbo wanted and independent Bosnia, threw a bomb at the archduke's car on the morning of june 28 but failed to assassinate him. Later that day, after visiting the patients at the sarajevo hospital who were wounded in the failed assassination, The archduke and his wife were shot by a 19-year old bosnian Serb Gavrilo

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The assassination of the archduke incited anger among national lines in Europe. Franze Joseph l, emperor of Austria -hungary, sought its german allies by writing to Kaiser Wilhelm ll of Germany for support. Germany responded with a "blank check" saying that it fully supports whatever action its ally would take against Serbia even if Russia become involved. On July 23, Austro-Hungarians reacted by giving Serbia a list of demands, Since these demands were too extreme, Serbia rejected them in the interest of sovereignty. On July 28, Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia, Czar nicholas ll ordered full mobilization of its army against Austria-Hungary in support of Serbia. Germany called on Russia to cancel the order or face the imminent declaration of war, which the latter ignored... August 1, Geany declared war against the Russian Czar. Carried out the Schlieffen Plan against both Russia amd France. The plan was to send 75 percent of its troops to France, which would entail marching into Belgium, a nuetral territory. Since the plan violated Belgian Nuetrality, The British, Being an ally of the French and the Russian, declared war on Germany on August 4. The events that led to the summer of 1914, the aggression between the two sides- The Allied Powers, composed of the Tripls Entente(France,Russia and Britain),and The Central Powers, composed of the Triple Alliance ( Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy), as they call them selves after August 1914, With tje system of alliance in full operation and nationalistic propaganda spreading within national borders, the Great War has begun..

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World War l were fought by Germany in the Western Front- in Southern Belgium and Northern France. Germany took control of Belgium in a few weeks and continued its march towards the French capital. By September 6-10, 1914, French and British troops proved resistant against the German Army..The German defeat at the battle of Marne ended the Plan, Industrial Revolution, both Allied and Central Powers were evenly matched, using barbed wires, artillery, machine guns, rifles, and land mines that consideredmodern to early 20th century standards. Troops can no longer charge at their enimies. Most of the tactics involved a strong defense under trenches- dig out ditches use as war shelter. This particular startegy proved deadly and for the next three years, almost no movement happened between camps. The stench of death, worsened by weather conditions, muddy soil, rat-infestation, and the spread of disease made trench warfare evem more horrifying.. The Battle of Verdun and the battle of Somme, 1916, proved to be some of the most futile operations, shelling out casualties that number to rhe hundreds of thousands without any positive result..

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Eastern Front was more fluid and involved over a thousand miles of land. The Great War, the Russians and Germans fought a seesaw battle. Italy betrayed the Central Powers by attacking Austria in May 1915. Austrian defeat against Russia...Around 2.5 million Russian were either wounded or killed in this campaign. With this humiliating defeat, The successful campaign of the Central Powers in the Eastern Front, om September 1915, The central Powers led by the Germans, shifted its resources westward where it was much needed

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The morale of the Russian military was dampened. Worsened by the Tsarist government's inability to provide for its people due to military and economic disasters, strikes led by around 10,000 working-class women in Russia's capital city of Petrograd ( Formerly St. Petersburg ) ensued. the Russian working class demanded for ''Peace and Bread'' and the dissolution of the Tsarist government by March 12., In place of the Tsarist regime and demanded for Czar Nicholas ll to step down. March 15, the Czar stepped down and the 300-year old Romanov Dynasty came to an end.. The provisional government decided to remain in World War l. This resulted into the rising of another challenge t the newly established Russian authority led by the representatives of the working class, known as the Soviets..The one important  group, Known as the bolsheviks under the leadership od Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov, alias Lenin, gave rise to Marxism in Russia...Marxism is a brand of communism on the teaching of Karl Marx. Negotiated a peace treaty with Germany, The treaty of Brest-Litovsk. Russia was offiially out of the War

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President Woodrow Wilson of the United States of America proclaimed nuetrality when the war broke out in August 1914. Britain imposed a naval blockade of Germany and Austria, Germany made use of submarines called the U-boat. These U-boat were meant to cut supply lines in retaliation against the British. May 1915, The Germans torpedeod an American Tanker and sank the British passenger ships RMS Lusitania about 1,100 civilians died, including 128 Americans. Only a single naval battle ensued, the Battle of Jutland on May 31 1916...Want to break the stalemate against Britain in December 1916, Germany reinstituted its unrestricted submarine warfare thinking that the British would surrender and that Americans would remain neutral. Germany sent the zimmerman Telegram to Mexico offering a military alliance against Allied Powers. Woodrow Wilson cancelled all diplomatic ties with Germany and asked the US congress to declare War... United States punished German offensives back and by 1918...

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For the first time in the history of warfare,airplanes took flight on the battlefront by 1915, tanks and poisonous became critical weapons in the resolution of the Great War.

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Central Powers were advancing as Germany regains strength in the Western Front, German forces were defeated at the Second battle of Marne on July 18, 1918, Empire finally collapsed with the declaration of independence of Czechoslovakia, Hungary, and Poland.. Germany remained as the only Central Power at War on November 9, Wilhelm ll Abdicated to the throne and a German Republic, led by Democrats, was announced. the new German government signed the armistice agreement.

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coupled with the desire to reorganize and establish peace between nations, Peace Conferences in 1919 to settle the terms for World Peace. the men who facilitated the Paris Peace Conference..Known as "Big Four" were President Woodrow Wilson of the united states, Prime Minister David Lloyd George of Britain, and Prime Minister Vittorio Orlando of Italy. The highlights of the Paris Peace Conferences revolved around Wilson's FOURTEEN POINTS. America idealism led by Wilson's vision of a democratic world. Especially with France who suffered most from German aggression, almost 1.5 million French people died and more than 3 million were wounded.. Clemenceau and Lloyd George wanted reparations or war payment against the destruction caused  by German attacks. A territory between France and Germany as a buffer state, Most important of these is the Treaty of Versailles, was signed on June 28, 1919., It imposed all war guilt in Germany and Austria-Hungary, forcing them to pay  reparations amounting to $33 billion German army was also reduced to 100,000 men

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1. Open Covenants of Peace- Nation should not enter into secrets treaties of any kind .
2. Freedom of Navigation, Fair Trade, and the Fair Treatment of Colonial Peoples-Bodies of water outside territorial waters must have absolute freedom of navigation.
3. Disarmament-Militarism and the race to arms must be reduced to the lowest point consistent with domestic safety
4. The Right to Self-Determination- ethnic and national lines have the right to draw their own borders and established their own government.
5. The Establishment of the League of Nations- An association of nation must guarantee the covenants of peace

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January 25, 1919, the Paris peace-keeping organization called the league of nations, the League was established with 42 members states. as stated in its covenant to:

1.Prevent wars by reducing the military
2. Promote collective security
3. settle international disputes through diplomacy
The League proved to be weak .

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New world order began to for. in the place of old European empires, Wilhelm ll was the German social democracy known as the Wiemar Republic.The Austro-Hungarian empire split into the independent nation of Austria , Hungary , Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia.. The Ottoman empire declined with the abolition of the caliphate and establishment of the modern Turkish Republic. France and Germany was implemented in installment of $2.5 billion wbich started in 1921.. Wages dropped leading to massive labor strikes among German Workers. levied taxes were increased, eventually causing a massive rise in general prices, called inflation.. Economic problems, Germany introduced reforms and implented economis nationalism

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World war II spanned across five continents and combats occurred. It estimated cost is $1.6 trillion. The failure of the league of nations to act as an intervening body to international relations encouraged nations to take a defensive stance. Democracy, freedom, and unity are once again challenged and a new world order is called upon.

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World war II started out because of conflicting ideologies. Continued extreme nationalistic sentiments, the waning of democracy, and the rise of dictators formed new alliance these created th precondition for the beginning of World War II

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Ottoman empire being labeled as the "Sick man of Europe", encouraged surge of nationalistic sentiments. T. E. Lawrence supported Arabian nationalist movements against the ottoman Turks this lead to the Arab revolt of 1916-1918.

Libyan leaders also responded to Italian colonization, seeking independence. The movement for a unified Africa expanded in the continent known as Pan-Africanism.

Mohandas Gandhi led the reform movements in India against the British crown. Due to the corruption of the zaibatsu, encouraged the Japanese masses to go back to traditional Japanese ideals. In China revolution led by Sun Yat Sen's Kuomintang party led to the establishment of the Chinese republic

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Tensions between socio-economic classes resulted in encouraging the masses to seek for reforms. With the rise of Lenin in the 1920's, communism spread across Russia under Marxist communism.

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Totalitarianism and the rise of Dictators

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Totalitarianism and the rise of Dictators

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Totalitarianism is a form of government that uses absolute control over sociopolitical and even cultural aspects of a state.

Fascism is a system of hypernationalistic government where the dictators absolutely control the lives of its citizen. In 1922, King Victor Emmanuel III of Italy relegated power to Mussolini, known as II Duce as prime minister's.

The rivalry between politburo leaders, such as Leon Trotsky, gave rise to another powerful dictator, Joseph Stalin imposed his five-year plan of transforming Russia into add economic powerhouse.

The strongest among dictators is Adolf Hitler of the national socialist German workers party of the Nazi party of Germany. Social-Darwinism a theory that emphasizes that superior nations and races have the right to expand against and conquer inferior. With Hitler's rise to absolute power comes bigger threats to peace in the west.

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Nasizm  gave Germany a new sense of power and aneed to expand underthe banner of social Darwinism, German state that enslaves and dominates the world for a thousand years, March 1935 Hitler started increasing military spending through the expamsion of German army, set by the treaty of Versailles. October 1935 Muzsolini invaded Ethiopia, A demilitarized zone created after World War 1, in March 7, 1936 , In October 1936, the fascist and Nazi parties supported the Rome-Berlin Axis. Administration in manchuria, renaming it Manchukuo and invade China by 1937, leader, Chiang Kai-shek, with the inavasion of nanjing
November of 1936,having the same interest of limiting communist expansion and military expansionist program, Italy joined Japan and Germany in 1937... A new powerful formed between Germany, Italy and Japan, The Axis Power

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Gaining momentum in their military campaigns...Germany, Italy anf japan became military super powers.. With successive victories, The threat of the World War ll expanded.

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Hitler launched his unification efforts with his homeland in Austria..Anschluss or unionist campaign. Austria was officially annexed by Germany on March 13, 1938..began a series to recover German territorie lost in World War l..British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain, French primier Edouard Daladier and Mussolini met with Hitler in the Munich Conference...Hitler and Mussolini continued expanding in Lithuania, Albania and the rest of Czechoslovakia in March 1939. Hitler Known to his people as the Führer or Great Leader,Declared himself as tha most powerful German on March 15, 1939

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September 1, 1939, German forces marched amd invaded Poland. September 3, 1939 after an ultimatum against the invasion, the British and the French officially war against Nazi Germany..Known as BLITZKRIEG o "lightning war," Europe with deadly precision using airplanes and panzer  tanks. Poland was completely divided on September 28, 1939... Bitish and French troops were suprised when the Germans  bypassed their defenses, attacking through Belgium..The British Expaditionary Force along Dunkirk, The British will able to save 338,000 troops beacause of a heroic manuever by the British Royal Navy.Italy declared War against France anf britain on June 10. Known as Vichy France..The city of Vichy..The United States, under President Franklin D Roosevelt, Hitler then focused on invading Britain.

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After forced against the mighty Nazi Germany.. A New Prime Minister , Winston Churchill.

Hitler then shifted his startegy by bombing British cities, such as Coventry and London to break British morale.

Hitler cancelled the British inavasion; however, much of western Europe was under the Axis Powers

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Nazi belief of Aryan supremacy and racism, Hitler unveiled his "Final Solution" against unclean races...He believed that withput the jews.. Civilization would continue to prosper and reach new heights under Aryan rule. Einsatzgruppen, a special task force that aims to capture all Europeans Jews and put them in Concentration Camps. Called Death camps

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Lauched surprise invasion on Soviet soil on June 22, 1941..Under operatkon of Barbarossa...German troops quickly and decisively captured two million Soviet soldier back. In matter of 4 months..Germans gained control over the Ukrain, Leningrad, and the Soviet capital city, Moscow.

December 1941 the Soviets effectively prevented further German expansion.

The commander of the German troops in the stalingrad attacks eventually sought permission from hitler to retreat
The last of German troops were defeated by the soviets..

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World War ll on the early monring of December 7, 1941
360 japanese aircrafts attacked Pearl Harbor, Such as the Uss Arizona, The uss West Virginia and the Uss tennessee.

An estimate of 800,000 koreans and 300,000 southeast Asians were forced into labor camps in Japan..Working condition leading to massive deaths.

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The Grand Alliance. This mutual agreement to fight until Axis powers completely surrendered hindered Nazi Germany and Imperial Japan

The second half of World War ll (1942 to 1945) can be described as a turning point...The War weariness was evident and the longer Germany and Japan Fights

The first was the Battle of Midway in June 3 to 7, 1942 US was able to cripple large japanese aicrafts- carrires

The second was the Battle of El Alamein in November of 1942, where british forces were able to push German tanks

Americans defeated Japanese-controlled island while by passing others. On October 1944, General MacArthur finally fulfilled his promise to return to the philipiines

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World war ll influenced the political, socioeconomic and diplomatic tie that can still be felt in modern international relations

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Socio-pilitical Lanscape After World War ll

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Socio-pilitical Lanscape After World War ll

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Asia was also divide into western and eastern spheres of influnce korea formley occupied by japan..the soviet sponsored North and the US sponsored south, along 38th parallel in 1948

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United Nations (UN), established on October 24, 1945. The United Nations (UN) was the second multipurpose international organization established in the 20th century that was worldwide in scope and membership. Its predecessor, the league of nations,was created by the Treaty of Versailles in 1919 and disbanded in 1946. Headquartered in New york City, the UN also has regional offices in Geneva, vienna and Nairobo. Its official languages are Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian, and Spanish. For a list of UN member countries and secretaries-general,

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History of World War 2 (in One Take) | History Bombs

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Important Events:
1. Rise of Nationalism .
2. Internal Conflicts and Militarism -
3.The Foundation of a system of alliances
4.The Treaty of Berlin
5.The Black Hand assassination
6.Declared a War on Germany
7. Battle of Verdun
8.Battle of Somme
9.The Sinking of RMS Lusitania
10. Treaty of Vesailles
11. Blitzkrieg or Lightning War
12.  Blood Sweat and Tears
13.Invasion of Soviet Soil
14. Attack of Pearl Harbor
15. Battle of Midway .
16. Battle of El Alamein
17. Battle of Bataan
18. The Implementation of  D-Day
19. VE- Day
21. The Second Atomic Bomb in Nagasaki.
22.Potsdam Conference .
23. The Moscow Declaration of 1943
24. Yalta Conference
25. Universal Declaration of Human Rights

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Important People :
1. Archduke Franz Ferdinand
2.Franz  Joseph I
3.Kaiser Wilhelm II
4.Czar Nicholas II
5. Vladimir Ilyyich Ulyanov.
6.President Woodrow Wilson
7. Llyod George
8. Benito Mussolini
9. King Victor Emmanuel III
10. Leon Trotsky
11. Joseph Stalin
12. Francisco Franco .
13. Chiang Kai - shek
14. Winston Churchill
15. General Hideki Tojo
16. General Douglas MacArthur