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A participle is a verb form that acts like an adjective (describes a noun or a pronoun). It
can end in –ing (present tense), --ed (past tense), or an irregular form. Many commonly
used adjectives are actually participles.
 EX: The baseball team is on a losing streak.
 EX: The winded runner stopped to rest.
 EX: The fallen trees blocked the path.
A participle phrase contains a participle plus any complements and modifiers (i.e., what
finishes the thought?).
 EX: Preparing for the lunar eclipse, we set our alarm clocks.
 EX: The full moon, suspended in the sky, was brilliant.
A participial phrase at the beginning of a sentence is usually followed by a comma.
 EX: Having read about the eclipse, we were anxious to see it.
In summary, a participle/participial phrase is a verb—NOT THE VERB OR ACTION OF THE
SENTENCE—that is describing a noun or a pronoun. Think of it as a verb with an identity
crisis!

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When a pronoun is followed by an appositive, chose the
case of the pronoun that would be correct if the
appositive were omitted.
o EX: We beginners hope to learn fast.
o EX: We beginners hope to learn fast.
 Use the nominative case for a pronoun that is an
appositive to a subject or a predicate nominative.
o Nominative case: I, he, she, we, they
o EX: The producers, Mrs. Singh and she, have raised
enough money. (appositive to a subject)
o EX: The leads will be two sophomores, Liam and
she. (appositive to a predicate nominative)
 Use the objective case for a pronoun that is an
appositive to a direct object, an indirect object, or an
object of the preposition.
o Objective case: me, him, her, us, them
o EX: The director rehearsed the leads, Liam and
her. (appositive to a direct object)
o EX: The prompter gave the minor actors, Barbara
and me, our cues. (appositive to an indirect object)
o EX: Fancy costumes went to the dancers, Keesha
and him. (appositive to the object of a preposition)

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1)state the author and title of the article somewhere in your introduction
2)briefly restate the author claim
3)end the intro with your thesis
4) organize ur body paragraph bt the rhetorical devices

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 An appositive is a noun or a pronoun that further identifies or
names another noun or pronoun.
o My younger sister Alex is a German teacher.
o My daughter, Hadley, has blond hair and blue eyes.
 An appositive phrase is the appositive along with any modifiers
(words that describe).
o Alex, my younger sister, is a German teacher.
o We rented bicycles to ride through that area, the most
charming part of town.

 If an appositive or appositive phrase is NOT necessary to the
meaning of the sentence, it is set off with commas.
o Susan’s husband, John, is a mechanical engineer.
 If you must have the appositive or appositive phrase to keep the
meaning of the sentence clear, then do not use commas!
o My neighbor Terry is very kind and helpful.

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 What does “nominative case pronoun” mean?
o If you use a pronoun (= replaces a noun) in a
sentence as a SUBJECT or PREDICATE
NOMINATIVE, then it is a nominative case
pronoun.
CASE SINGULAR
PRONOUNS

PLURAL
PRONOUNS

FUNCTION
IN
SENTENCE

NOMINATIVE I, you, he, she,
it

we, you, they

Subject,
Predicate
nominative

 EXAMPLES:
o He and I are going to the movies.
 Subject of the sentence
o Ronnie and she are cousins.
 Subject of the sentence
o The winner of the race is she!
 Predicate nominative

 Hint: Often you can “hear” the correct answer (which
pronoun should you choose?), but double check your
work!

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 There are ACTION verbs and LINKING verbs.
o Linking verbs show a state of being rather than an
action.

 Linking verbs include:
is was am are were
look feel taste sound smell
grow remain seem turn become
appear stay
 Think of a linking verb as an EQUAL SIGN.
o Subject = (linking verb) = __________________
o What comes after the linking verb is either…
 Predicate nominative (noun or pronoun)
 Predicate adjective

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If u use a pronoun (+replace a noun) in a sentence as an object, then it is an objective case pronoun.

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Use this formula to find the DO:
o Subject + verb + what? = DO
o Example: Sandy ate a cookie.
 Sandy + ate + what?
 DO = cookie
INDIRECT OBJECTS
 In order to find an IO, you must find the DO first!
 The IO will always be located between the verb and the
DO. If it’s not in that spot, you didn’t find an IO.

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To Find a prepositional phrase, Follow these steps.
1. locate the preposition in the sentence.
2.Say "Preposition WHAT?" with attitude.
3.The answer is the object of the preposition.
4.Add it together like a formula: Preposition+object=phrase

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Than is used to introduced the second part of a comparison;then means "at that time" or "in that case." Use then to finish the second part of an If statement.