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Made by Zach Baron & Samuel Elliott working as a group

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Post #2: Red Flag: Confusion of Correlation with Causation

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Post #2: Red Flag: Confusion of Correlation with Causation

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Definition:
Confusion of correlation with causation is when there is when correlation, two things being connected in some way, is confused with one thing causing another.

Connection:
Many of the reasons this article states that 2Pac is still alive are purely speculative without any hard evidence. For example, that 2Pac must be still alive, because he was a fan of Niccolò Machiavelli who was known to advocate faking one's own death to fool their enemies

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Top 20 reasons why 2Pac (tupac shakur) is alive. Theories surrounding Tupac's death.

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Definition:

Appeal to authority is using celebrities, experts or "important people to validate a claim or an idea. An example of this is celebrities endorsing products in advertisements to increase sales.

Connection:

A very recent and controversial example of appeal to authority is the election of President Donald Trump. He used his fame from reality TV to gain votes. He also had a massive twitter following which allowed him to spread his message globally. He was also allotted a lot of coverage on news networks because of his celebrity status.

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He arrived at the White House for the first time as President just before 5 p.m. ET following a day of tradition marking the power shift in the nation's capital.

In a time-honored ceremony on the flag-draped West Front of the Capitol earlier in the afternoon, Trump placed his left hand on a family Bible and another that belonged to Abraham Lincoln and promised to preserve, protect and defend the Constitution. As light rain began to fall on a crowd stretching toward the Washington Monument, Trump took the oath of office from Chief Justice John Roberts with the new first lady, Melania, by his side.

Trump's inaugural address centered on the themes that animated his stunning outsider campaign, which shattered political conventions and gave voice to heartland voters who felt badly let down by professional politicians.

Though he paid tribute to outgoing President Barack Obama, the President sketched a vision of America that came across as a repudiation of the last administration. He promised to restore the nation's strength and purpose and to rebuild it from within, vowing to "bring back" American jobs, borders, wealth and dreams.

"We assembled here today are issuing a new decree to be heard in every city, and in every foreign capital and in every hall of power," Trump said. "From this day forward, a new vision will govern our land, from this day forward, it's going to be only 'America first! America first!'"

Trump: 'You will never be ignored again'

Trump talked of a nation of mothers and children trapped in poverty in the inner cities and "rusted-out factories scattered like tombstones," and warned crime and gangs had robbed the nation of much of its potential.

"This American carnage stops right here and stops right now," Trump said, with Obama looking on.

"A new national pride will stir our souls, lift our sights and heal our divisions," Trump said, emphasizing that whether people are black or white they still bleed the same red blood of patriots.

And he told Americans listening to the address: "You will never be ignored again."

Former Presidents George W. Bush, Bill Clinton and Jimmy Carter attended the ceremony. Hillary Clinton, whom Trump defeated in the November election, was in the audience in a show of support for national unity and the peaceful transfer of presidential authority.

But, contrary to some expectations, Trump made no gesture of reconciliation toward Clinton or her supporters following the deeply divisive campaign in which he won the Electoral College but lost the popular vote. He later recognized her during a congressional lunch, when she received a standing ovation.

"I was very honored, very, very honored when I heard that President Bill Clinton and Secretary Hillary Clinton was coming today, I think it is appropriate to say it," Trump said. "Honestly, there is nothing more I can say because I have a lot of respect for those two people."

Many traditions

The swearing-in was one of many traditions that began Friday morning. Trump and his family attended a private worship service at St. John's Episcopal Church, known as the church of presidents. The Obamas greeted Trump and the new first lady at the North Portico of the White House before hosting them for tea.

Earlier in the morning, Obama wrote a letter to Trump and left it on the Resolute desk in the Oval Office, as outgoing presidents typically do for their successors. As Obama left the Oval Office for the final time, he was asked whether he had any words for the American people. "Thank you," Obama responded.

The customs and symbolism that are playing out -- from Trump's ride to the Capitol with Obama to the first couple's dance at an inaugural ball -- are familiar. But the circumstances of this inauguration -- the 58th in the nation's history -- could hardly be more unconventional.

When the presidential primary season began nearly a year ago, few thought Trump could survive the battle for the Republican nomination -- much less beat Clinton to win the presidency. He was the oldest president sworn in for a first term and the first president with no previous diplomatic, political or military executive experience.

In what is always a poignant moment, the former President Obama and his wife left Capitol Hill on a helicopter bound for Joint Base Andrews for a farewell ceremony before taking one last flight on the presidential jet. The Obamas are heading to Palm Springs, California, for a vacation.

Trump attended a joint congressional inaugural luncheon in the Capitol before heading back to the White House for the inaugural parade. Halfway along Pennsylvania Avenue, Trump's vehicle stopped and the new first couple walked hand in hand past the cheering crowds. By the time the motorcade approached the new Trump hotel, the President was back in the hulking car.

In the evening, Trump and the new first lady will attend two inaugural balls, part of the stripped-down inaugural festivities that aides say are meant to stress that the new president is eager to get to work.

Supporters excited; others concerned

Trump's supporters, who sent him to Washington to rip up political norms and thwart the establishment, are thrilled as he assumes power. The crowds started streaming toward the National Mall as dawn broke, with many people wearing Trump's distinctive red "Make America Great Again" baseball caps.

But millions of Americans are also anxious, owing to the abrasive tone of Trump's campaign and fears over the consequences of his strongman leadership style.

Trump has vowed to tear up US trade deals that he says disadvantage US workers, confront a rising China and improve estranged relations with Russia, despite allegations that Moscow interfered in the election. He has set high expectations for his presidency by promising to return jobs to US shores and reviving the manufacturing industry. He has pledged to crush ISIS and introduce tough new vetting on immigrants from countries where there is terrorist activity, raising fears of discrimination against Muslims.

Trump is promising to build a wall on the southern border, to crack down on undocumented migrants and to gut the financial and environmental regulations that are at the center of the Obama administration's legacy.

New presidents typically use the inaugural address -- viewed by a huge crowd fanned out on the National Mall and millions of television viewers -- to issue a call for national unity and ease the wounds of divisive elections. They typically remind Americans of the values and the history that binds them and of the nation's historic mission.

Trump, so far, has done little to reach out to his foes since November.

"He is still talking as if he is the insurgent candidate rather than the President-elect," said Robert Rowland, an expert on presidential rhetoric at the University of Kansas. "Historically, presidents who are effective use inaugural addresses to heal the wounds of the campaign, to talk about what it means to be an American, to discuss shared values and lay out their political principles to come across as a strong not vain leader."

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inauguration day 2017: historic moment arrives - cnnpolitics

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Trump becomes 45th President of the United States

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He arrived at the White House for the first time as President just before 5 p.m. ET following a day of tradition marking the power shift in the nation's capital.

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Definition:

The belief that because something is ancient or used in the passed, that is surpsasses the modern equivalent. An example of this would be using ancient oriental medicine instead of going to a doctor.

Connection:

The use of rhino horn in medicine has been observed in asia for more than 2000 years. The claim is that it can cure fevers, headaches, gout and many other ailments. The use of rhino horns continue on the black market to this day when modern alternatives are available.

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Poaching | Rhino Threats | Save the Rhino International

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Rhino poaching has escalated in recent years, driven by the demand for rhino horn. Learn more about poaching and how we are working to combat this illegal trade.

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Post #5 Red Flag: Suppression by Authority 

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Post #5 Red Flag: Suppression by Authority 

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Definition:

The belief that there is always a grand conspiracy or that someone always has ulterior motives.

Connection

The recent high school shooting in Florida has been at the center of media attention since the incident. It has caused many Americans to call for tighter gun restrictions. Many pro-gun Americans take this as some distraction to take their guns away and in an effort to defend themselves came up with a conspiracy theory. Many people claimed that this was a false flag attack and that the students calling for gun control were "crisis actors"

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The internet has been rife with rumors about the school shooting that left 17 dead in Florida on Feb. 14. We've debunked several of them.

Initially, the rumors focused on the alleged shooter himself, Nikolas Cruz. But, as students who survived the shooting started advocating stricter gun controls, new rumors focused on the most vocal among them. Those falsehoods grew into full-fledged conspiracy theories, one of which briefly topped the list of trending videos on YouTube.

That one claimed that David Hogg, a student at Marjory Stoneman Douglas High School, was actually a "crisis actor." Similar theories claiming that many of the teens are " crisis actors" popped up on Facebook along with claims that they are part of a " deep state" conspiracy involving CNN and the FBI. These rumors got extra exposure when they were highlighted by public figures and amplified on social media with the help of Russian bots.

There also was a rumor that Hogg graduated in 2015 from, in California. That rumor, which appears to have originated on a Redondo Shores Continuation High School, which is for at-risk students hoax Twitter account, purported to show his yearbook photo from Redondo Shores.

The fact is Hogg is a student at Stoneman Douglas High School. He's a member of the school's television news show and was pictured in the Sun-Sentinel newspaper in 2015 running in a cross-country race for Stoneman Douglas.
For more, see our Feb. 22 story, "No 'Crisis Actors' in Parkland, Florida," and our Feb. 25 item, "Phony Yearbook Photo."
Another rumor, one of the first to show up online, claimed that Cruz is a registered Democrat.

He is not. According to records from the Florida Department of State, he is not a registered voter.

That claim originated on a conservative website called Gateway Pundit with the headline: " BREAKING: Don't Let The MAGA Hat Fool You, Hispanic Shooter 'Nicolas de Jesus Cruz' Was A Registered Democrat."

Although that site later changed its headline to say that Cruz was not, in fact, a registered Democrat, it was too late. Other websites had already copied the inaccurate version and promoted it on Facebook, contributing to an unsupported narrative that mass shooters are often Democrats. rep. Claudia Tenney of New York later continued spreading that narrative, telling a radio show host: "It's interesting that so many of these people that commit the mass murders end up being Democrats. B ut the media doesn't talk about that."

She offered no support for her statement.
For more on the claim about Cruz, see our Feb. 20 story "Florida Shooter Not Registered Dem."
Another early rumor with a political bent claimed that former First Lady Michelle Obama had blamed President Donald Trump for the shooting.

She didn't. At the time that claim was made - based on a fabricated quote - the only statement she had made publicly was a retweet from Barack Obama's account expressing grief.

She has since tweeted about her support for the students who are advocating changes to gun laws. Still no mention of Trump.
For more, see our Feb. 21 story "Made-up Michelle Obama Quote."

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School Shooting Spawns Conspiracy Theories - FactCheck.org

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The internet has been rife with rumors about the school shooting that left 17 dead in Florida on Feb. 14. We've debunked several of them. Initially, the rumors focused on the alleged shooter himself, Nikolas Cruz. But, as students who survived the shooting started advocating stricter gun controls, new rumors focused on the most vocal among them.

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Definitions:

Only examining and validating evidence or facts that support your claim.

Connection:

A recent phenomenon in our technology filled world, especially since the US election has been fake news. It has flooded the internet with false claims and is often brought up recently in media. It is now easier than ever to find articles whether they are true or not that support your view point.

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I think of myself as a relatively intelligent person, and yet, like many, I fell for this meme when it turned up in social media. The iconic image of the conspiracy theorist used to be a loner holed up in a cabin in the woods or in his mother's basement. In isolation, he could construct his theories drawing connections between unrelated events without the benefit of a challenging questioner.

Ironically, we create similar insular worlds through our use of social media. We seek out like-minded people to share ideas that confirm biases we may not even be aware we have.

Two common phenomena contribute to our inability to catch on to our biases, making us prey to fake news: implicit bias and confirmation bias.
Implicit Bias
Implicit bias refers to the idea that as humans we have a tendency to group people into categories. We are inclined to trust people we consider a member of our own group more than those of a different group. The word implicit indicates that it is a bias that influences us without our knowing it.

As a liberal, I identify with other liberals. I received this bit of fake news from a member of my own group, which led me to trust it. Also, as a liberal, I have an implicit bias regarding Republicans. It wasn't a leap to imagine that Donald Trump was using his purported belief in Republican's gullibility to gain power. Who has egg on his face now?

As we all have groups that we belong to, we all have implicit biases. This is one of the reasons why we need others to help call us out, especially members of groups to which we don't belong. They are more likely to perceive our biases.
Confirmation Bias
I was also susceptible to this piece of fake news because it confirmed what I already thought, my confirmation bias.

Confirmation bias refers to our tendency to seek out information that confirms what we already know or believe to be true. We are likely to believe "facts" that conform to our beliefs. More startling, we may actually turn a blind eye to facts that contradict our beliefs. We usually think of seeing as believing, but in this case, we don't see what we don't already believe.

I always believed that Donald Trump was in the Presidential race for his own gain. Also, he didn't seem to be ideologically wedded to either party. He had been a campaign contributor to both over the years. So, when I saw this meme I didn't even question that it could not be real. I overlooked the fact that the photograph depicts him 10 years younger than the date stated and that publishing such a statement would be obviously counterproductive for a Presidential bid. It simply confirmed what I already thought, and I bought it.
A Lethal Combination
When implicit biases and confirmation biases work together, their potential to lead us astray increases exponentially. As our implicit bias leads us to trust and view more positively those of our own group, we become more insulated, only hearing from people of our own group. As those of our own group share our beliefs, they share "facts" that confirm our beliefs. It is a feedback loop, and we end up living in a bubble.
Enter Social Media
Social media works on these biases like steroids, making us susceptible to being seduced into alternative realities constructed by conspiracy theorists. Online we tend to associate with the people who have the same political leanings as we do. This is our implicit bias at work. When our "friends" send us fake news articles that conform to what we already believe, reflecting our confirmation bias, we are likely to buy the "information" wholesale. Moreover, audience optimization in sites like Facebook, ensures that we are fed the news we tend to read, this news further confirms our biases.

Pizzagate is another good example. Negative beliefs about the Democrats led some Republicans to believe a fake news story about a child sex ring being run out of a pizza restaurant with ties to the Democratic Party. One person was so persuaded and outraged, he showed up with a rifle to investigate.

We no longer need to be holed up in a log cabin or socially isolated. We can live in the biggest city in the country, and as long as we keep our faces buried in our smart phones, we will feel connected to the group we belong to and read the information we want to believe. And we will be sitting ducks for anyone who wants to feed us fake news!

We owe it to ourselves to be receptive to people from different groups and with different ideas. They can help us question our assumptions. Sometimes we need a reality check, most often when we don't even know it.

When sharing "news" on social media, a good rule of thumb is to check it out before you share it. Here are some guidelines from the Huffington Post.

David Braucher, L.C.S.W, Ph.D., is a graduate of The William Alanson White Institute. He is on the Editorial Board of the journal, Contemporary Psychoanalysis and Associate Editor of the blog, Contemporary Psychoanalysis in Action. He has lectured at the NYU School of Social Work and written on relationships. He is in private practice in The West Village/Chelsea in Manhattan. Visit his webpage: www.drbraucher.com.

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I think of myself as a relatively intelligent person, and yet, like many, I fell for this meme when it turned up in social media. The iconic image of the conspiracy theorist used to be a loner holed up in a cabin in the woods or in his mother's basement.

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Definition:
A defined set of beliefs, morals, etc. that people follow fundamentally.

Connection:
Agnosticism is the belief that either one cannot know of the existence of a higher power if they exist, or alternatively that one cannot possibly know for sure if there is a god or gods.

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Agnosticism: An agnostic believes either that (1) god will always be unknowable or (2) that they themselves simply don't have enough knowledge to decide if god exists or not. By Vexen Crabtree

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Definition:
Giving meaning or authority to something intangible or with no logical reason.

Connection:
The Illuminati is said to be to blame for things like 9/11, the success of celebrities like Jay-Z, Beyonce, Kanye West, etc. and are secretly controlling the world under one shadow government or "New World Order"

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So, What Exactly Is the Illuminati Conspiracy?

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The Illuminati conspiracy claims that many of the world's leaders and celebrities belong to it. We break down the theory and explore the possibilities.

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Definition:
Answering difficult questions with simple answers without any sort of solid proof.

Connection:
Linda believes she is psychic for predicting a few things in a row, however all three instances could be easily predicted on an off chance, and boil down to plain luck. Later in the episode she even admits that she is not psychic and just made lucky guesses.

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Linda's Psychic Powers | Season 4 Ep. 16 | BOB'S BURGERS

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Linda believes a bump on the head has given her the ability to see the future.