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The Beginning of the American Revolution

If you visited Boston in the spring of 1775, things would have seemed unsettled and tense. The city was part of a colony under the control of the King of Britain and was full of British troops. Many in the North American 13 Colonies didn't like some of the king's laws, the taxes they had to pay, and the soldiers hanging around. A growing movement began to push to become an independent country.

In April 1775, there was fighting at Lexington and Concord between the colonists and British troops. After those battles, more colonists came to help. What's important to remember is that the British were one of the strongest armies in the world, while the colonists weren't very well organized.

Battle of Bunker Hill

On June 16, 1775, colonial troops were sent to take and protect Bunker Hill, a high point just outside of Boston. The colonists thought they would have the best chance of winning if they were higher up, but they went to Breed's Hill instead of Bunker Hill. Some people have made guesses about why this happened, but no one really knows. Breed's Hill was lower than Bunker Hill and closer to the British troops. Because they were so close, the British wanted to take Breed's Hill back.

The next day, the colonists tried to protect the hill. Imagine how they must have felt from their spot as they watched the British heading toward them! The British fired cannons at them, set fire to buildings, and started up the hill. The colonists were behind fences and waited to shoot until the British got close. When the shooting started, the colonists were in a good position and many British died. The British tried again, but didn't do much better. The third time, the British approached the hill a different way. By now, the colonists had run out of bullets, so they threw rocks instead and had to leave the hill.

The Importance of the Battle of Bunker Hill

The Battle of Bunker Hill was a terrible fight that only lasted a few hours. Because of the close fighting, over 1,400 British soldiers and colonists were hurt or killed. Even though the British won, the Battle of Bunker Hill showed how determined the colonists were to fight. Do you think the British felt like they won the Battle of Bunker Hill?

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battle of bunker hill lesson for kids: facts & summary | study.com

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Battle of Bunker Hill Lesson for Kids: Facts & Summary | Study.com

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If you visited Boston in the spring of 1775, things would have seemed unsettled and tense. The city was part of a colony under the control of the King of Britain and was full of British troops. Many in the North American 13 Colonies didn't like some of the king's laws, the taxes they had to pay, and the soldiers hanging around.

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In June 1775, about two months after Lexington and Concord, the Continental (American) army was still holding Boston in siege. Boston was surrounded on three sides by water, and on the fourth by the Continental army.

The British army was well trained and many had been involved in the wars in Europe. The British could have left Boston by water, but they neither had enough ships nor enough interest to do so. The British troops considered the militia and Minutemen as a bunch of poor, ignorant farmers, with old muskets.

Militia vs Trained Army:

The colonists were not a trained army. They were a militia, kind of like the national guard. They drilled on weekends, but they did not have the same weapons as a true army. In fact each militia member was supposed to supply their own rifle.

The colonial leaders learned from their spies that the British were about to send troops out to occupy the hills surrounding Boston. From there, they could shoot more effectively at the militia and Minutemen who had blocked them in.

Artemus Ward, general of the Massachusetts army, sent about 1,000 men to Charleston peninsula at night, to fortify the hill before the British arrived. Charleston peninsula is right outside of Boston.

The men he sent, led by Colonel Prescott, decided to fortify Breeds Hill instead. Breeds Hill was about a third of a mile (about 1300 feet) from Bunker Hill. Breeds Hill was lower, and within artillery (canon) range of Boston.

When the British woke up the next morning, they found Breed's Hill swarming with Minutemen.

About 2,000 British troops quickly sailed from Boston to the peninsula. If some of the British troops had sailed to the mouth of the peninsula, they might have been able to trap the Americans on the peninsula when they ran out of ammunition, but the British did not do that. The British had heard that the colonists had canons. They did not want to risk their ships.

When they landed on the peninsula, the British ate lunch. That gave the Minutemen more time to fortify the hill by digging trenches to better protect themselves.

Colonel Prescott of the colonial militia warned his men: "Don't fire until you see the whites of their eyes." This quote is famous, and possibly legendary. (This quote is also attributed to Israel Putnam.) It was true that the Minutemen were low on ammunition, and that their muskets were old and inaccurate and billowed a lot of smoke. So it was important to let the British get very close before they fired to be as effective as possible.

It was not until mid-afternoon that the British began their attack. The British attacked Breed's Hill twice but were driven back each time by the Minutemen. The third time the British attacked, the Minutemen retreated, mostly because they were out of ammunition, and also because the British muskets had bayonets and most of the colonial muskets did not. In hand to hand combat, the Minutemen were at a great disadvantage.

So the British won, but it was very costly for them in terms of lost men and reputation. The British lost over 200 men with another 800 wounded, which was nearly half their force. The colonials also lost men, but their losses were much less.

This battle gave heart to the colonial patriots and their cause.

This battle was misnamed "Battle of Bunker Hill", instead of Battle of Breed's Hill, and signaled the beginning of the end of British control in North America.

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The American Revolution for Kids and Teachers - Bunker Hill (Breed's Hill) - Road to Revolution for Kids

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In June 1775, about two months after Lexington and Concord, the Continental (American) army was still holding Boston in siege. Boston was surrounded on three sides by water, and on the fourth by the Continental army. The British army was well trained and many had been involved in the wars in Europe.

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On March 5, 1770 an angry altercation between British soldiers and American colonists inflamed passions that would eventually lead to revolution.

Boston, Massachusetts was a hotbed of radical revolutionary thought and activity leading up to 1770.

In March 1770, British soldiers stationed in Boston opened fire on a crowd, killing five townspeople and infuriating locals.

What became known as the Boston Massacre intensified anti-British sentiment and proved a pivotal event leading up to the American Revolution.

Boston, cradle of revolution

Even before the event that went down in history as the Boston Massacre, Boston, Massachusetts was a center of radical revolutionary ideas and sentiment. The colonists had endured years of conflict with British officials, and the number of people living in poverty and/or unemployed was growing in the city. With so many idle young men competing for work, there was bound to be trouble as British rule became more onerous.

After the Seven Years' War had drained Britain's coffers, the royal government imposed tighter controls over its North American colonies in order to raise revenues. When customs officials complained about the difficulties of collecting from disobedient colonists, Britain sent troops to impose order. The arrival of British soldiers in October 1768 heightened tensions in a city already on the edge of an uprising.

Over the next two years, Boston existed in a state of virtual British military occupation-one out of three men in the city was a Redcoat, a common nickname for British soldiers due to the color of their uniforms. Radical townspeople and idle young men harassed the soldiers, leading to numerous skirmishes and scuffles.

The Boston Massacre

In March 1770, British officials ordered the removal of all occupants of the Boston Manufactory House-a halfway house for people living in poverty, those who were ill, and those who were homeless-so that a regiment of British soldiers could be garrisoned there. The Manufactory House's homeless occupants put up a resistance, and the British backed down, but other confrontations ensued.

On March 5th, one such confrontation turned violent. As a mob of angry townspeople encircled a British sentry shouting insults and throwing rocks and sticks, nervous Redcoats opened fire into the crowd, killing five Bostonians and wounding several others. One of the victims was Crispus Attucks, a free sailor of African and Native American descent who has gone down in history as the first casualty of the American Revolution.

Local newspapers eulogized Attucks and the others as martyrs to British tyranny. Paul Revere and Samuel Adams, two of Boston's most influential revolutionaries, proved adept propagandists. Revere is known for producing the most famous depiction of the incident-though in reality he merely copied the original engraving by young Boston-area artist Henry Pelham. The image was published in the Boston Gazette and circulated widely, stoking the flames of anti-British anger and revolutionary righteousness. Pro-British Loyalists promoted an alternate narrative, accusing agitators in the crowd of deliberately provoking the incident. Nevertheless, the radical narrative proved far more influential.

The colonists did not want to give the British a pretext for retaliation, and so preparations were made to ensure a fair trial. A young lawyer named John Adams, despite his commitment to the revolutionary cause, agreed to defend the Redcoats, all but two of whom were acquitted.

Even though British troops were recalled from Boston, the incident inflamed hostilities and intensified revolutionary sentiment among the colonists. For the revolutionaries, the so-called massacre demonstrated the corrupting influence of standing armies and the tyranny of the British. It was a major signpost on the road to revolution; indeed, John Adams later claimed that the "foundation of American independence was laid" that fateful day of March 5, 1770.

What do you think?

Why do you think the incident in March 1770 happened in Boston and not somewhere else?

In your opinion, was the Boston Massacre truly a massacre? Who do you think was at fault for the incident?

How important was the Boston Massacre in the events leading up to the American Revolution?

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The Boston Massacre (article) | Khan Academy

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Learn for free about math, art, computer programming, economics, physics, chemistry, biology, medicine, finance, history, and more. Khan Academy is a nonprofit with the mission of providing a free, world-class education for anyone, anywhere.

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Resources for Family Engagement from the Library of Congress | Library of Congress

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We invite you and your family to participate in these activities, inspired by the collections, programs, and expertise of the Library of Congress.

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Learn about the Boston Massacre where five colonies were killed by the British. Major event in the American Revolutionary War.

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Kids learn about the Boston Tea Party major event in the American Revolutionary War.

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After Parliament passed the Tea Act, American colonists reacted with a tea party of their own.

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Mr. Nussbaum History Boston Tea Party Activities

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This section includes articles, online activities, and printable activities related to the Boston Tea Party and causes of the Revolutionary War.

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The Boston Tea Party

It was another cold December night in Boston. The three British ships the were sitting in Boston harbor, their holds full of tea that wasn't being unloaded because the angry residents of Boston were threatened not to buy or use the tea. Dartmouth, the Eleanor, and the Beaver

The anger was directed at the government of Great Britain, which at that time had passed the Tea Act, a law that almost guaranteed that the American colonists would buy tea from the East India Company. Why? Because the law lowered the price on tea that the East India Company so much that it was the cheapest tea around. In fact, it was way below the price charged by other tea companies. Most American colonists, looking for ways to cut costs and save money, would choose a cheaper tea over a more expensive tea any day.

Why did this law come about? Well, the East India Company wasn't doing so well and the British government wanted to help the company get back on its feet.

Other tea companies weren't happy about the Tea Act, of course, but the American colonists viewed it as another example of "taxation without representation": In effect, the Tea Act was putting a tax on tea sold by companies other than the East India Company. As with the Stamp Act and other unpopular taxes, they were all voted in by Parliament, which was thousands of miles away, and the American colonists had no way to influence the law or speak out against it while it was being debated in government.

So the colonists were angry. They wanted to do something else to let the British know about the unhappiness that the Tea Act was causing. Some people wanted to keep things nonviolent; others wanted bloodshed. The result was somewhere in the middle.

group of colonists determined to make things change was the A Sons of Liberty. Led by such impassioned patriots as Samuel Adams and John Hancock, the Sons of Liberty had secret meetings at which they discussed how best to get their message across to Great Britain, that the American people wanted more of a role in governing themselves.

Christmas was approaching in the year 1773, and the colonists faced another year of unopposed and unrepresentative taxes. The Sons of Liberty decided to take action.

Donning disguises that made them look like they were Native Americans, a large group of the Sons of Liberty on December 16 stormed aboard those three unsuspecting British ships and dumped 342 crates full of tea overboard. By any standards, that's a lot of tea. These crates happened to be jammed full of tea, and so the companies that made that tea lost a lot of money that night.

Because the Sons of Liberty were disguised as Native Americans, they could claim that they were not guilty of dumping the tea. The British government knew better, of course, and grew angrier than ever at what it saw as Americans' ingratitude. The very next year saw the passage of what came to be called the Intolerable Acts, one of which closed the port of Boston entirely.

The Boston Tea Party was a symbolic act, an example of how far Americans were willing to speak out for their freedom. Two short years later, Americans were willing to give their lives for their freedom, as shots rang out on Lexington Green.

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The Boston Tea Party It was another cold December night in Boston. The three British ships the were sitting in Boston harbor, their holds full of tea that wasn't being unloaded because the angry residents of Boston were threatened not to buy or use the tea.

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Written for the Powers of the World

The main purpose of America's Declaration of Independence was to explain to foreign nations why the colonies had chosen to separate themselves from Great Britain. The Revolutionary War had already begun, and several major battles had already taken place. The American colonies had already cut most major ties to England and had established their own congress, currency, army, and post office. On June 7, 1776, at Independence Hall in Philadelphia, Richard Henry Lee voiced a resolution that the United States should be completely free of England's influence, and that all political ties between the two countries should be dissolved. Congress agreed and began plans to publish a formal declaration of independence and appointed a committee of five members to draft the declaration.

Explaining that Parliament had Failed the People

Thomas Jefferson was chosen to draft the letter, which he did in a single day. Four other members-Roger Sherman, Robert Livingston, Benjamin Franklin, and John Adams-were part of the committee to help Jefferson. In the Declaration of Independence, Jefferson explained that a body of people has a right to change governments if that government becomes oppressive (unfair and controlling). He further explained that governments fail when they no longer have the consent of the governed. Since Parliament clearly lacked the consent of the American colonists to govern them, it was no longer legitimate.

Approved and Signed

The Declaration was presented to the Continental Congress in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, on July 2, 1776. It was approved with a few minor changes. Of the 56 signers of the Declaration of Independence, John Hancock, of Massachusetts, was the first.

Independence Hall - Site of the Drafting of the Declaration of Independence

Actual Text

The Declaration of Independence - July 4, 1776

WHEN in the Course of human Events,

it becomes necessary for one People to dissolve the Political Bands which have connected them with another, and to assume among the Powers of the Earth, the separate and equal Station to which the Laws of Nature and of Nature's God entitle them, a decent Respect to the Opinions of Mankind requires that they should declare the causes which impel them to the Separation.

WE hold these Truths to be self-evident, that all Men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the Pursuit of Happiness - That to secure these Rights, Governments are instituted among Men, deriving their just Powers from the Consent of the Governed, that whenever any Form of Government becomes destructive of these Ends, it is the Right of the People to alter or to abolish it, and to institute new Government, laying its Foundation on such Principles, and organizing its Powers in such Form, as to them shall seem most likely to effect their Safety and Happiness. Prudence, indeed, will dictate that Governments long established should not be changed for light and transient Causes; and accordingly all Experience hath shewn, that Mankind are more disposed to suffer, while Evils are sufferable, than to right themselves by abolishing the Forms to which they are accustomed. But when a long Train of Abuses and Usurpations, pursuing invariably the same Object, evinces a Design to reduce them under absolute Despotism, it is their Right, it is their Duty, to throw off such Government, and to provide new Guards for their future Security. Such has been the patient Sufferance of these Colonies; and such is now the Necessity which constrains them to alter their former Systems of Government. The History of the present King of Great- Britain is a History of repeated Injuries and Usurpations, all having in direct Object the Establishment of an absolute Tyranny over these States. To prove this, let Facts be submitted to a candid World.

HE has refused his Assent to Laws, the most wholesome and necessary for the public Good.

HE has forbidden his Governors to pass Laws of immediate and pressing Importance, unless suspended in their Operation till his Assent should be obtained; and when so suspended, he has utterly neglected to attend to them.

HE has refused to pass other Laws for the Accommodation of large Districts of People, unless those People would relinquish the Right of Representation in the Legislature, a Right inestimable to them, and formidable to Tyrants only.

HE has called together Legislative Bodies at Places unusual, uncomfortable, and distant from the Depository of their public Records, for the sole Purpose of fatiguing them into Compliance with his Measures.

HE has dissolved Representative Houses repeatedly, for opposing with manly Firmness his Invasions on the Rights of the People.

HE has refused for a long Time, after such Dissolutions, to cause others to be elected; whereby the Legislative Powers, incapable of the Annihilation, have returned to the People at large for their exercise; the State remaining in the mean time exposed to all the Dangers of Invasion from without, and the Convulsions within.

HE has endeavoured to prevent the Population of these States; for that Purpose obstructing the Laws for Naturalization of Foreigners; refusing to pass others to encourage their Migrations hither, and raising the Conditions of new Appropriations of Lands.

HE has obstructed the Administration of Justice, by refusing his Assent to Laws for establishing Judiciary Powers.

HE has made Judges dependent on his Will alone, for the Tenure of their Offices, and the Amount and Payment of their Salaries.

HE has erected a Multitude of new Offices, and sent hither Swarms of Officers to harrass our People, and eat out their Substance.

HE has kept among us, in Times of Peace, Standing Armies, without the consent of our Legislatures.

HE has affected to render the Military independent of and superior to the Civil Power.

HE has combined with others to subject us to a Jurisdiction foreign to our Constitution, and unacknowledged by our Laws; giving his Assent to their Acts of pretended Legislation:

FOR quartering large Bodies of Armed Troops among us;

FOR protecting them, by a mock Trial, from Punishment for any Murders which they should commit on the Inhabitants of these States:

FOR cutting off our Trade with all Parts of the World:

FOR imposing Taxes on us without our Consent:

FOR depriving us, in many Cases, of the Benefits of Trial by Jury:

FOR transporting us beyond Seas to be tried for pretended Offences:

FOR abolishing the free System of English Laws in a neighbouring Province, establishing therein an arbitrary Government, and enlarging its Boundaries, so as to render it at once an Example and fit Instrument for introducing the same absolute Rules into these Colonies:

FOR taking away our Charters, abolishing our most valuable Laws, and altering fundamentally the Forms of our Governments:

FOR suspending our own Legislatures, and declaring themselves invested with Power to legislate for us in all Cases whatsoever.

HE has abdicated Government here, by declaring us out of his Protection and waging War against us.

HE has plundered our Seas, ravaged our Coasts, burnt our Towns, and destroyed the Lives of our People.

HE is, at this Time, transporting large Armies of foreign Mercenaries to compleat the Works of Death, Desolation, and Tyranny, already begun with circumstances of Cruelty and Perfidy, scarcely paralleled in the most barbarous Ages, and totally unworthy the Head of a civilized Nation.

HE has constrained our fellow Citizens taken Captive on the high Seas to bear Arms against their Country, to become the Executioners of their Friends and Brethren, or to fall themselves by their Hands.

HE has excited domestic Insurrections amongst us, and has endeavoured to bring on the Inhabitants of our Frontiers, the merciless Indian Savages, whose known Rule of Warfare, is an undistinguished Destruction, of all Ages, Sexes and Conditions.

IN every stage of these Oppressions we have Petitioned for Redress in the most humble Terms: Our repeated Petitions have been answered only by repeated Injury. A Prince, whose Character is thus marked by every act which may define a Tyrant, is unfit to be the Ruler of a free People.

NOR have we been wanting in Attentions to our British Brethren. We have warned them from Time to Time of Attempts by their Legislature to extend an unwarrantable Jurisdiction over us. We have reminded them of the Circumstances of our Emigration and Settlement here. We have appealed to their native Justice and Magnanimity, and we have conjured them by the Ties of our common Kindred to disavow these Usurpations, which, would inevitably interrupt our Connections and Correspondence. They too have been deaf to the Voice of Justice and of Consanguinity. We must, therefore, acquiesce in the Necessity, which denounces our Separation, and hold them, as we hold the rest of Mankind, Enemies in War, in Peace, Friends.

WE, therefore, the Representatives of the united States of America, in General Congress, Assembled, appealing to the Supreme Judge of the World for the Rectitude of our Intentions, do, in the Name, and by Authority of the good People of these Colonies, solemnly Publish and Declare, That these United Colonies are, and of Right ought to be, FREE AND INDEPENDENT STATES; that they are absolved from all Allegiance to the British Crown, and that all political Connection between them and the State of Great-Britain, is and ought to be totally dissolved; and that as FREE AND INDEPENDENT STATES, they have full Power to levy War, conclude Peace, contract Alliances, establish Commerce, and to do all other Acts and Things which INDEPENDENT STATES may of right do. And for the support of this Declaration, with a firm Reliance on the Protection of divine Providence, we mutually pledge to each other our Lives, our Fortunes, and our sacred Honor.

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Effects of the Revolutionary War - Declaration of Independence

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The main purpose of America's Declaration of Independence was to explain to foreign nations why the colonies had chosen to separate themselves from Great Britain. The Revolutionary War had already begun, and several major battles had already taken place. The American colonies had already cut most major ties to England and had established their own congress, currency, army, and post office.

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"We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal . . . " In this video, Kim explores the origins of the Declaration of Independence in the ideas of Enlightenment philosopher John Locke and its resounding message in history.

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Kids learn about the Declaration of Independence major event in the American Revolutionary War.

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The Declaration of Independence was approved by the Continental Congress on July 4, 1776. This historic document said that the American colonies were independent from Great Britain.

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Following resolutions made by the Continental Congress, armed conflict seemed imminent. King George, who declared the colonies in a state of rebellion, had authorized the deliverance of British soldiers to reinforce those who had occupied Boston since 1768. General Thomas Gage was sent to Boston to disarm the colonists and arrest the leaders of the rebellion, namely John Hancock and Samuel Adams. After learning of the existence of a large colonial arsenal in Concord, about 20 miles northwest of Boston, General Gage sent a detachment of 700 troops under Colonel Francis Smith to march to Concord for the purposes of seizing and destroying artillery and ammunition. The Colonists, however, already knew their weapons were in jeopardy and had moved most of them to secret locations before the arrival of the Redcoats. As British troops mobilized in Boston, Dr. Joseph Warren alerted members of the Sons of Liberty - Paul Revere and William Dawes. Dawes promptly rode to Concord to warn Hancock and Adams and Revere rode through the countryside yelling "The Regulars are Coming" or "The Regulars are Out." By dawn, about 70 armed minutemen (Massachusetts militia) had gathered in the Lexington town common awaiting the arrival of the Redcoats. Gage's own wife, Margaret Kemble Gage, is thought to have given Warren information about her husband's planned raid in sympathy to the Revolution.

When the British arrived on the scene, someone fired a shot that would become known as "The Shot Heard Round' the World." To this day, historians disagree on which side fired first, or, if the shot came from a spectator. Nevertheless, the Redcoats subsequently unleashed devastating volleys before charging the minutemen with their bayonets. As the Redcoats marched on to Concord, eight minutemen were killed and ten wounded. Nevertheless, the numbers of Minutemen arriving from surrounding towns swelled and the substantial militia retreated to a ridge about a mile from Concord across the North Bridge. Meanwhile, British troops had occupied Concord, destroyed several cannons, and burned leftover ammunition. A gun battle erupted as the two sides crossed at the North Bridge. In a stunning turn of events, the Minutemen held the bridge, forcing the Redcoats to retreat. As the Redcoats exited Concord on their way back to Boston, hundreds or even thousands of farmers and other colonial workers had positioned themselves behind trees, rocks, in pastures, under bridges, and in places they could not be seen by the Redcoats, firing at them as they marched on. Desperate Redcoats, frustrated by an enemy they could not see, and in revenge for the brutal scalping of one of their dead, sometimes pillaged houses and communities along the way, killing dozens of colonists. Colonial militias, however, continued to snipe away the lines of Redcoats. By the time they finally had made it back to Boston, 73 Redcoats were killed and 174 were wounded. The American Revolution had officially begun.

Battles of Lexington and Concord Video

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Following resolutions made by the Continental Congress, armed conflict seemed imminent. King George, who declared the colonies in a state of rebellion, had authorized the deliverance of British soldiers to reinforce those who had occupied Boston since 1768.

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The Battles of Lexington and Concord, fought on April 19, 1775, were the first military clashes of the American Revolutionary War.

The Massachusetts militia routed the British Army forces and were soon joined by militias from Connecticut, New Hampshire, and Rhode Island. These militias would become the core of the Continental Army.

Growing tensions leading to the American Revolution

In February 1775, British Parliament declared that the colony of Massachusetts was in a state of rebellion.

After Parliament had passed the Intolerable Acts-largely aimed at punishing Boston's revolutionaries for the Boston Tea Party -the British government had tightened its grip on the government of Massachusetts. The royally appointed governor, Thomas Gage, had been granted broadly expanded powers, and the British had sent thousands of troops to Boston.

The Massachusetts colonial assembly responded to these provocations by directing townships to ready their militias. War was coming, and Boston's patriots were preparing for it.

The British were preparing, too, and in April 1775, they directed Gage to disarm the rebels. Gage ordered Lieutenant Colonel Francis Smith to gather 700 British Army soldiers and march to Concord, where the rebels were reportedly storing mass quantities of arms and ammunition. Their orders were to find the stash and destroy it.

The Patriots, as the anti-British rebels were known, had established a fairly effective intelligence network, and some historians even believe that Gage's American wife, Margaret Kemble Gage, was a rebel spy. Whether or not she was the one who provided the Patriots with the information about the planned seizure and destruction of the armory at Concord, they received word of the British orders.

The "shot heard round the world"

On April 18, Revere was warned that British Army regulars were making their way to the towns of Lexington and Concord. Having already warned the militia in Concord, which had secured the weapons supply, Revere rode quickly to Lexington to warn the townspeople of the expected British onslaught. The rebel intelligence network suggested that the British aim in Lexington was to capture Samuel Adams and John Hancock, two of the most prominent Patriot leaders, but the size of the British army force was large enough to suggest they had bigger goals in mind.

The British soldiers and rebel militiamen raced to Lexington during the night; they confronted each other at Lexington Green-a village common area-just as the sun was rising on the morning of April 19. Captain John Parker, a veteran of the Seven Years' War, led a contingent of 80 Lexington militiamen, known as minutemen because they had to be ready to fight at a minute's notice. Years later, one of the participants recalled Parker's words right before the deadly skirmish: "Stand your ground; don't fire unless fired upon, but if they mean to have a war, let it begin here."

A British officer demanded that the militia disarm and disperse, and in the ensuing confusion, shots were fired. To this day, there exists considerable uncertainty over whether the militiamen or the British soldiers fired first. Regardless, the British soldiers rushed forward with their bayonets. A skirmish ensued, during which eight militiamen were killed and only one British soldier wounded.

After order was restored, the British soldiers began the march to Concord, where militias from Concord and the nearby town of Lincoln were waiting. After the British found and destroyed rebel weapons caches, they squared off against the colonial forces at the North Bridge. Outnumbered and outmaneuvered, the British soldiers broke rank and fled, handing the stunned colonists a victory.

The militiamen proceeded to lay siege to Boston, where they were joined by militias from Connecticut, New Hampshire, and Rhode Island. These colonial forces would be constituted as the Continental Army by the Second Continental Congress.

What do you think?

In your opinion, was the Battle of Lexington really a battle? Why was it so significant?

Do you think the confrontation at Lexington and Concord made war with Britain inevitable?

What role do you think spies might have played in shaping the course of the first military clash between the British army and the colonial militias?

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Battles of Lexington and Concord (article) | Khan Academy

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Learn for free about math, art, computer programming, economics, physics, chemistry, biology, medicine, finance, history, and more. Khan Academy is a nonprofit with the mission of providing a free, world-class education for anyone, anywhere.

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Learn about the Battle of Lexington and Concord major event in the American Revolutionary War. The first battles of the war.

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After violence broke out between Britain and its American colonies in 1775, delegates from the thirteen colonies met in Philadelphia to plot the course of war-and soon, independence.

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Kids learn about The Continental Congress meetings; major events in the American Revolutionary War.

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Two groups of people from all over the 13 Colonies who came together to discuss liberty. The First Continental Congress was a group of 56 delegates from 12 colonies (all except Georgia) who met in Philadelphia in September of 1774. They came together to act together in response to the Intolerable Acts.

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Second Continental Congress
On May 10, 1775, the Continental Congress met for the second time in Philadelphia. Unlike the circumstances during which the first Congress was held, the American Revolution had begun and American soldiers, known as "minutemen" had been killed. The delegates to the Second Continental Congress chose John Hancock, a wealthy Massachusetts merchant and chief financial contributor to the Sons of Liberty, as president. While Georgia refused to send a delegate to the First Continental Congress, they eventually agreed to send one this time. The Second Continental Congress made decisions like an actual government. It authorized the production of paper money and named Benjamin Franklin Postmaster General (in charge of the Post Office). Most importantly, it authorized the creation of the Continental Army and George Washington as Commander-in-Chief. It would become the legislative branch of the war effort that would sign treaties, make declarations, and appoint ambassadors. Some delegates of the Second Continental Congress still wished to avoid war, most notably John Dickinson from Pennsylvania. They sent a petition known as the Olive Branch Petition to Parliament to express their wish for peace and to appeal to the king to respect their rights. At the same time, the British had intercepted a letter from John Adams stating his belief that war was inevitable and that the United States should have already built up its military. Subsequently, the Olive Branch Petition was rejected by England, and King George hired 30,000 German troops to fight alongside the British in War against America. On July 2, 1776, the Second Continental Congress approved the measure to declare independence from England. Two days later, the actual Declaration of Independence was approved.

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On May 10, 1775, the Continental Congress met for the second time in Philadelphia. Unlike the circumstances during which the first Congress was held, the American Revolution had begun and American soldiers, known as "minutemen" had been killed.

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History >> American Revolution

The Battle of Bunker Hill took place on June 17, 1775, just a few months after the start of the American Revolutionary War.

Battle of Bunker Hill by Pyle

Boston was being besieged by thousands of American militia. The British were trying to keep control of the city and control its valuable seaport. The British decided to take two hills, Bunker Hill and Breed's Hill, in order to gain a tactical advantage. The American forces heard about it and went to defend the hills.

Where did the battle take place?

This seems like the easiest question ever, doesn't it? Well, not really. There were two hills that the British wanted to take in order to be able to bombard the Americans from a distance. These were Breed's Hill and Bunker Hill. The Battle of Bunker Hill actually took place mostly on Breed's Hill. It's only called the Battle of Bunker Hill because the army thought they were on Bunker Hill. Sort of a funny mistake and it makes for a good trick question.

Bunker Hill Monument by Ducksters
You can visit Bunker Hill and climb to the top of
the monument for a view of the city of Boston

The Leaders

The British were led up the hill by General William Howe. The Americans were led by Colonel William Prescott. Maybe this should have been called the Battle of the Williams! Major John Pitcairn was also one of the British leaders. He was in command of the troops that started the fighting at Lexington that began the Revolutionary War. From the American side, Israel Putnam was the General in charge. Also, leading patriot Dr. Joseph Warren was part of the battle. He was killed during the fighting.

What happened at the battle?

The American forces learned that the British were planning on taking over the hills around Boston in order to gain a tactical advantage. As a result of this information, the Americans secretly moved their troops onto Bunker and Breed's Hill, two unoccupied hills just outside of Boston in Charlestown, Massachusetts. They built up fortifications during the night and prepared for battle.

The next day, when the British realized what had happened, the British attacked. Their commander William Howe led three charges up Breed's Hill. The Americans fought back the first two charges, but started to run out of ammunition and had to retreat at the third charge. The British gained the hill, but their costs were great. Around 226 British were killed and 800 wounded while the Americans did not suffer nearly as many casualties.

Battle Map - Click to see larger picture

Result of the Battle

Although the British won the battle and gained control of the hills, they paid a heavy price. They lost hundreds of soldiers including several officers. This gave the Americans the courage and confidence that they could stand up to the British in battle. Many more colonists joined the army after this battle and the revolution continued to grow in strength.

Bunker Hill Cannon Ball by Ducksters
A cannon ball dug up from Bunker Hill

Interesting Facts about The Battle of Bunker Hill

Because the Americans were low on ammunition, they were told "Don't fire until you see the whites of their eyes."

The American troops worked hard during the night building up the defenses. Much of the wall they built, called a redoubt, was nearly 6 feet high.

Future President of the United States, John Quincy Adams, watched the battle from a nearby hill with his mother Abigail Adams. He was seven years old at the time.

The British suffered the most casualties of any single fight during the American Revolutionary War.

Activities

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Works Cited

History >> American Revolution

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History >> American Revolution The Battle of Bunker Hill took place on June 17, 1775, just a few months after the start of the American Revolutionary War. Battle of Bunker Hill by Pyle Boston was being besieged by thousands of American militia. The British were trying to keep control of the city and control its valuable seaport.

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On June 17, 1775, British military forces attacked Patriot forces that had set up defenses on Breed's Hill in Boston. Despite initial success in repulsing the British attack, Patriot forces eventually retreated toward Cambridge over Bunker Hill and the British successfully occupied both locations. The pyrrhic British victory came at great cost.

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Kids learn about Paul Revere's famous ride of warning the patriots about the British; major event in the American Revolutionary War.

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This is a full biography on Paul Revere. Paul Revere was born on January 1, 1735, in Boston, Massachusetts. Revere was a prosperous Boston silversmith, engraver and an American Patriot during the American Revolution. Paul Revere is best known for his "Midnight Ride," to warn the Colonial militia and Sons of Liberty of the arrival of the British soldiers before the battles of Lexington and Concord.

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Famous silversmith who rode through the countryside to warn the American colonists that the British were coming. He didn't actually make his destination because he was captured by British 'Redcoats,' but one of his companions, Dr. Samuel Prescott, got the message through. When the British arrived, the Americans were ready.

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The Battle of Bunker Hill was the first major battle of the American Revolution. The battle was fought just north of Boston, Massachusetts, on June 17, 1775.

On the night of June 16 colonial forces were sent to occupy Bunker Hill. Instead, they occupied Breed's Hill, a lower hill next to Bunker Hill. On the morning of June 17, British ships began bombarding the colonial forces on the hill. Later in the day British troops attacked. They advanced up the hill twice but retreated both times. The British advanced a third time. The Americans were finally forced to give up the hill because they were out of gun powder.

The British technically won the battle. However, the British losses were so great that the colonies claimed it as a victory. The Battle of Bunker Hill greatly encouraged the revolutionary cause.

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The Battle of Bunker Hill was the first major battle of the American Revolution. The battle was fought just north of Boston, Massachusetts, on June 17, 1775. On the night of June 16 colonial forces were sent to occupy Bunker Hill. Instead, they occupied Breed's Hill, a lower hill next to Bunker Hill.

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Not ready to purchase a subscription? Click to download the free sample version Download sample

The Boston Tea Party was a key moment in the history of the American Revolution. Hundreds of people gathered in Boston Harbor to show their defiance against the British government. See the fact file below for more information on the Boston Tea Party or download the entire 11 page premium worksheet pack to utilise within the classroom or home learning environment.

The Boston Tea Party happened on December 16, 1773 in Boston, Massachusetts. It was a key event for the American Revolution.

The Boston Tea Party wasn't actually a party, despite it's name. In fact, it was a political protest started by the Sons of Liberty - a secret society of American colonists who wanted to fight taxation by the British government. They were led by Samuel Adams.

During the Boston Tea Party, an entire shipment of tea sent from Britain was destroyed and thrown into the sea. Protesters climbed on board the ships and threw the chests of tea straight into Boston Harbor. The tea was ruined and could not be used.

340 chests of tea were destroyed in the Boston Tea Party.

The protest happened because the Sons of Liberty were not happy that the British government was making them pay tax on the shipments of tea that were brought into America.

The tea had a tax added to it because of Britain's Tea Act of 1773. The aim of the Tea Act was to reduce the amount of surplus tea that the East India Trading Company had stored in its London warehouses, but a tax was added when it was sent to the American colonies to help raise extra money. The American colonies (including the Sons of Liberty) had not agreed to pay this tax and thought that it was unfair.

To disguise themselves, the Sons of Liberty painted their faces and dressed as warriors and Native Americans.

As a result of the protest, the British government closed the Port of Boston to all ships. The Royal Navy sent warships to patrol the area and make sure no one went in or out.

Closing the Port of Boston made the residents very angry as they thought that everyone was being punished when it was only one group of people, the Sons of Liberty, who had destroyed the tea.

The Boston Tea Party was simply called 'the destruction of the tea' for many years after the event.

The Boston Tea Party was one of the main triggers for the American Revolution, which began in Massachusetts on April 19, 1775, just outside Boston.

Boston Tea Party Worksheets

This bundle includes 11 ready-to-use Boston Tea Party worksheets that are perfect for students to learn about the Boston Tea Party which was a key moment in the history of the American Revolution as hundreds of people gathered in Boston Harbor to show their defiance against the British government.
This download includes the following worksheets:

Boston Tea Party Facts

Modified True or False

Sons of Liberty

Picture Analysis

Analyzing Primary Source: John Andrews letter

Analyzing Primary Source: Reconciliation Better than Independence

Analyzing Primary Source: Janet Schaw, Journal of a Lady of Quality

Eye Witness: George Hewes

Point of View

An Act of Aggression from the Oppressed

Justify It!

Link/cite this page

If you reference any of the content on this page on your own website, please use the code below to cite this page as the original source.

Link will appear as Boston Tea Party Facts & Worksheets: https://kidskonnect.com - KidsKonnect, September 1, 2019
Use With Any Curriculum
These worksheets have been specifically designed for use with any international curriculum. You can use these worksheets as-is, or edit them using Google Slides to make them more specific to your own student ability levels and curriculum standards.

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Boston Tea Party Facts, Information & Worksheets For Kids

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Not ready to purchase a subscription? Click to download the free sample version Download sample The Boston Tea Party was a key moment in the history of the American Revolution. Hundreds of people gathered in Boston Harbor to show their defiance against the British government.

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The American Revolution for Kids - The Tea Act, Boston Tea Party - Road to Revolution for Kids

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For Kids: During Colonial times, what do you think was the favorite drink of the colonists? If you guessed tea you would be right. Just like the people in England, the colonists loved to drink tea. The British Parliament decided to use this knowledge to gain money for the crown.

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The Boston Tea Party

The tax on tea that Parliament had passed greatly affected the tea business in the colonies. The price of tea in the Americas increased, making it more difficult for tea growers, producers, and shippers to survive. In order to insure that British companies would not be hurt by this new tax, Parliament passed a law that exempted British companies from having to pay the tax. This meant that these companies could sell their tea cheaper, almost guaranteeing that companies based in the Americas would go out of business.

In protest, a group of individuals dressed up as Native Americans, boarded a cargo ship in Boston Harbor, and dumped its entire load of tea into the harbor waters. This event became known as the Boston Tea Party.

In response to the Boston Tea Party, the Parliament in Great Britain passed a number of new laws which completely closed down the Boston Harbor until colonists paid for the cost of the tea that had been dumped into the harbor. These new laws also greatly limited the freedoms of the colonists, requiring them to obtain permission from the governor prior to holding any public meetings, and greatly limiting the power of the legislature.

These new laws became known by the colonies as the Intolerable Acts.

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The Boston Tea Party The tax on tea that Parliament had passed greatly affected the tea business in the colonies. The price of tea in the Americas increased, making it more difficult for tea growers, producers, and shippers to survive. In order to insure that British companies would not be hurt by this new tax, ...

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Liberty's Kids 119 - Across the Delaware

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Liberty's Kids 108 - The Second Continental Congress

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The colonies decide they need a national army. John Adams nominates George Washington -- over other candidates who include the President of Congress, John Hancock -- to lead the new force. Desperate for information on what Congress is doing behind the closed doors of the statehouse, James unknowingly befriends a British spy.

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American Revolution for Kids: Crossing the Delaware

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Kids learn about the Crossing the Delaware major event in the American Revolutionary War.

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George Washington and the Crossing of the Delaware

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George Washington's crossing of the Delaware River was a desparate gamble that paid off, the kind of victory that energized the American army and the American people.

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Learn more about General George Washington and the Continental Army's famous crossing of the Delaware River on December 25-26, 1776.

Digital Encyclopedia: Washington's crossing of the Delaware River

1. Washington crossed the Delaware River so that his army could attack an isolated garrison of Hessian troops located at Trenton, New Jersey

So why were Washington and his bedraggled Continental Army trying to cross an ice-choked Delaware River on a cold winter's night? It wasn't just to get to the other side. Washington's aim was to conduct a surprise attack upon a Hessian garrison of roughly 1,400 soldiers located in and around Trenton, New Jersey. Washington hoped that a quick victory at Trenton would bolster sagging morale in his army and encourage more men to join the ranks of the Continentals come the new year. After several councils of war, General George Washington set the date for the river crossing for Christmas night 1776.

2. Washington's attack plan included three separate river crossings, but only one made it across

George Washington's plan of attack included three different crossings of the Delaware River on Christmas night. Col. Cadwalader was to lead his force of 1,200 Philadelphia militia and 600 Continentals across the river near Burlington, New Jersey. His role was to harass and prevent the British and Hessian units near the town from racing north to support the Hessians at Trenton. Gen. James Ewing's force of 800 Pennsylvania militia was to cross the river at Trenton and take up defensive positions along the Assunpink River and bridge. Ewing's soldiers would work to prevent the Hessians from retreating from Trenton. And Washington and his 2,400 soldiers would cross at McConkey's and Johnson's ferries, roughly 10 miles north of Trenton and would then march down to Trenton to surprise the garrison at dawn. This was an ambitious plan, one that even well rested and experienced troops would have had difficulty in executing. Both Cadwalader and Ewing's forces were unable to cross the ice-choked river. And Washington's main force managed a crossing, but was more than three hours delayed.

3. Spies and deserters had informed the British and Hessians that Trenton was likely to be attacked.

Lurking within Washington's headquarters was a British spy who has never been identified. This spy was privy to the early deliberations of Washington's war council and correctly passed along to British Major General James Grant that Washington's army was looking to attack north of the river. Grant passed along this information to General Leslie and Col. Von Donop who then passed it along to Col. Johann Rall at Trenton. And while Grant stated that he did not think Washington would attack, he did command Rall to be vigilant. Rall acknowledged receipt of this important intelligence at about the same time that Washington was beginning his crossing. With typical Hessian bravado, Rall dismissed or even welcomed the threat stating "Let them come... Why defenses? We will go at them with the bayonet."

The day before, Rall had received two American deserters who had crossed the river and told the Hessians that the American army was ready to move. Other loyalists informed the Hessians that an attack was imminent. So why wasn't Rall more active in opposing the crossing or better prepared to defend the town? History records that a series of false alarms and the growing storm had given the Hessian defenders a sense that no attack was likely this night. How might history have changed if the Hessians responded differently to all this intelligence?

Learn More: Spying and Espionage in the American Revolution

4. Washington's force used a collection of cargo boats and ferries to transport his men across the Delaware

Thanks to the foresight of General Washington and the actions of the New Jersey militia, the American forces had brought all available watercraft on the Delaware to the southern bank, thus denying the British the use of these craft, while making them available for an American recrossing. Much of Washington's force crossed the river in shallow draft Durham boats - strongly built cargo vessels, most between 40 and 60 feet in length, designed to move iron ore and bulk goods down the river to markets in and around Philadelphia. These stout craft with their high side walls were robust enough to survive the ice-choked Delaware. Heavy artillery pieces and horses were transported on large flat-bottomed ferries and other watercraft more suited to carrying that type of difficult cargo. It shouldn't be surprising that most of Washington's soldiers stood during the crossing since the bottoms of Durham boats were neither comfortable nor dry.

5. Experienced watermen from New England and the Philadelphia area ably guided the boats across the challenging river.

One factor in Washington's favor was the large number of experienced watermen to be found at the crossing site. Col. John Glover's Marblehead regiment was filled with New Englanders who had extensive experience as seamen. Glover's men were all quite identifiable with their short blue seaman's jackets, tarred pants, and woolen caps. Other experienced watermen from the Philadelphia area, many familiar with this exact stretch of river, had also congregated in the area and were able to provide the muscle and skill needed to make the perilous nighttime crossing.

6. The crossing was made worse by the arrival of a strong storm that brought freezing rain, snow, and terrifying winds.

By the time that most of the soldiers had reached the launching point for the boats, the drizzle had turned into a driving rain. And by 11 o'clock that evening, while the boats were crossing the river, a howling nor'easter made the miserable crossing even worse. One soldier recorded that "it blew a perfect hurricane" as snow and sleet lashed Washington's army.

7. Washington's carefully planned timetable was woefully behind schedule and Washington contemplated cancelling the attack.

It shouldn't be all that surprising that Washington's carefully choreographed attack plan should have fallen so far behind schedule. His men were tired, hungry, and ill-clothed. They had to march many miles through the dark and snow to even reach the river crossing site. From there, they needed to board boats at night, during a frightening nor'easter. Finally across the river Washington was dismayed to discover that he was a full three hours behind his schedule. His plan had called for another march of 10 miles to the outskirts of Trenton on roads that were now slick with ice and snow. With every delay Washington's fears that his army would be caught in the open magnified. What to do? Contemplating his choices Washington was seen brooding on a crate near a fire. Washington later wrote, when remembering this fateful moment, "...As I was certain there was no making a retreat without being discovered, and harassed on repassing the River, I determined to push on at all Events."

Map: The Battle of Trenton

8. The Continentals brought a great quantity of artillery across the river.

One would think that crossing an icy river at night was hard enough without also bringing a great contingent of heavy artillery pieces with them. Despite the trouble Washington and the Continental army wanted the extra firepower that the artillery could produce. Under the overall command of Col. Henry Knox, the Continentals brought 18 cannons over the river - 3-Pounders, 4-Pounders, some 6-Pounders, horses to pull the carriages, and enough ammunition for the coming battle. The 6-Pounders, weighing as much as 1,750 pounds were the most difficult to transport to the far side of the river. But in the end all the trouble of moving this large artillery train to Trenton proved its worth. Knox would place the bulk of his artillery at the top of the town where its fire commanded the center of Trenton.

9. One soldier who made the crossing lived long enough to be photographed

It is amazing to think that a soldier who crossed the Delaware with George Washington lived long enough to be photographed. Conrad Heyer would have been nearing or over 100 years of age when he sat for this photograph. Heyer also holds the distinction of having the earliest birth date of anyone who has ever been photographed.

10. One of the most famous of American paintings shows Washington and his army crossing the Delaware River.

Painted in 1851 by German artist Emanuel Leutze, Washington Crossing the Delaware became a sensation on both sides of the Atlantic. Painted in Dusseldorf Germany, Washington Crossing the Delaware shows a bold General Washington navigating through the frozen river with his compatriots braving the elements on their way to victory at Trenton. While the painting was in Germany, Leutze hoped that this brave episode in pursuit of American independence and republican rule would stir his fellow countrymen to more liberal reforms. In the fall of 1851 the painting was shipped to the United States where it wowed audiences in New York City and the U.S. Capitol Rotunda in Washington DC. The New York Evening Mirror boldly called it "the grandest, most majestic, and most effective painting ever exhibited in America."

Leutze went to great lengths to make his portrait accurate, but even his efforts still left some inaccuracies in place. Nevertheless, the 12' 5" by 21' 3" (3.8m x 6.5m) painting stirred the patriotic emotions of countless Americans who have seen the painting which now is on display in the American Gallery at the Metropolitan Museum of Art.

Other Facts

The Delaware River is less than 300 yards (268m) wide at the point where Washington's army crossed

Col. Henry Knox was given command of the river crossing operation.

It took the American army roughly 4 hours to march from the river crossing site to the outskirts of Trenton

Temperatures for the crossing ranged from 29 degrees to 33 degrees, with brisk winds coming out of the north east.

Future US President James Monroe crossed with the American forces and was wounded at the Battle of Trenton.

Washington chose the challenge or counter-sign of "Victory or Death" for his forces who crossed the river.

George Washington was 44 years old at the time of the Delaware River crossing.

There were roughly 1,380 Hessian soldiers in and around Trenton at the start of the battle.

Sources:

Washington's Crossing by David Hackett Fischer. Oxford and New York, 2004.

General George Washington: A Military Life by Edward Lengel. Random House, 2005.

Almost a Miracle: The American Victory in the War of Independence by John Ferling. Oxford, 2007.

Washington Crossing Historic Park, Pennsylvania Trail of History Guide. Stackpole Books, 2004.

Washington Crossing the Delaware: Restoring an American Masterpiece. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2011.

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10 Facts about Washington's Crossing of the Delaware River

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Learn more about General George Washington and the Continental Army's famous crossing of the Delaware River on December 25-26, 1776. Digital Encyclopedia: Washington's crossing of the Delaware River So why were Washington and his bedraggled Continental Army trying to cross an ice-choked Delaware River on a cold winter's night?

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Battle of Trenton (across the Delaware) - American Revolution for Kids

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Success lifted spirits. It gave heart to the militia. Most of Washington's troops were going to leave soon. Their term of enlistment had actually ended a few days earlier on Jan 1, 1777. Washington asked the men to stay. He offered a re-enlistment bonus of $10 (about 2 months pay) to any militiaman who would sign on for another six months.

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Mr. Nussbaum History Revolutionary War - Causes Activities

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11/13 - Teachers - Subscribe to MrN 365 and use the coupon code "snow" for 20 percent off the annual price of $49! Get access to all of my activities plus much, much more! https://mrn365.com

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Learn about the American Revolution including causes, battles fought, timeline, Boston Massacre, Stamp Act, Continental Congress, important people, daily life, and fun facts.

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DK Find Out! | Fun Facts for Kids on Animals, Earth, History and more!

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Visit DK Find Out! to learn about dinosaurs, space, animals, nature & more. Fun learning activities for kids with videos, quizzes & galleries at DKFindOut.com

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The American Revolution for Kids, Causes, Battles, Famous Folks, Daily Life, Games - Events Leading up to & The American Revolution for Kids and The American Revolution for Kids

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The American Revolution was not fought over paying taxes. It was fought over who had the authority to impose taxes - Britain or colonial governments. To colonial leaders, taxation without representation was a major cause of the Revolutionary War. Other causes were restriction of free trade and speech.

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Test you Knowledge with this fun Revolution game!

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Test you Knowledge with this fun Revolution game!

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LIBERTY! . Road to Revolution Game | PBS

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Liberty’s Kids: Two teenage reporters cover the events of the Revolutionary War for Ben Franklin’s newspaper, The Philadelphia Gazette. James, an American colonist, brings the rebels’ point of view to life while Sarah, a young Englishwoman stranded by fate in America, gives us the British viewpoint…