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Transfer Pricing is the practice of setting prices for the exchange of goods, services, or intellectual property between different divisions or subsidiaries of the same multinational company, especially when they operate in different countries.

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Apple based much of its intellectual property in Ireland, where tax rates are low. The Irish subsidiary charged other Apple branches around the world for the right to sell Apple products. This allowed most profits to appear in Ireland, reducing Apple’s overall tax bill. The EU later argued this was unfair and required Apple to pay back taxes.

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Positive Implications

It can help multinational companies reduce their overall tax burden, allowing them to keep more profit for business growth.

Negative Implications

Governments may lose significant tax revenue if companies shift profits to low-tax countries, reducing funds available for public services like healthcare and education.

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Apple sells products worldwide, but much of its intellectual property (IP) was historically owned by subsidiaries located in Ireland, where corporate tax rates are lower than in the U.S. ,EU and other part of world