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Continent- a principal/ HUGE landmass on earth, earth has 7

Latitude – parallel lines around the earth

Longitude – lines that run from the North Pole to the South Pole

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Mesopotamia – land between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers

Sumer – a city in Mesopotamia Babylon – a city on the Euphrates River that was home to Hammurabi domestication – to tame animals and plants for human use

specialization – the development of different kinds of jobs

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- Unpredictable flooding
- Tigris and Euphrates rivers
- fertile land

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polytheistic
they built ziggurats to honor their gods

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- cuneiform
- Invented the sailboat, wheel, bronze, levees & number system based on 60.

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cuneiform

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Domestication - to tame animals and plants for human use

Nile River Valley– river that supported the Egyptian civilization

Dynasty – a line of rulers from one family

Pyramid – a tomb built for Egyptian pharaohs

Mummy – a body tightly wrapped in linen strips

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- Successful near river
- Nile river
- surrounded by deserts

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-Worshiped many deities (or gods)-polytheism

- Believed the pharaohs needed a body in the afterlife
- After death even better life than present life

- Invented embalming to preserve the body of pharaohs

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- Papyrus
- Hieroglyphics

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hieroglyphics

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Theocracy
A dynasty was developed

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Monotheism – the belief in one god

Torah –first 5 chapters of the Old Testament

Covenant – agreement

Prophet – person who claims to be instructed by God to share God’s word

Sabbath – weekly day of worship and rest for Jews (Saturday)

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abe- Promised the land of Canaan by God if they worshiped the one true God.
moses- Told the people what

God thought was right

and wrong

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sabbath

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Monsoon – in South Asia, a strong wind that blows one direction in winter and the opposite direction in summer

Subcontinent – large landmass that is part of a continent but distinct from it

Sanskrit – written language developed by the Aryans

Caste – social group a person is born into and cannot change

Hinduism – system of religion that grew out of the religion of the Aryans in ancient India

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Himalayas cause the separation
- gangus and indus river

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Founded by Siddhartha Gautama.

He was a prince who left his family and wealth to travel.

Saw suffering and questioned why there was suffering.

Popular because it rejects the caste system.

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World’s third largest religion and one of the oldest.

All life is sacred.

Developed from the Aryan religion.

The Brahman is the universal spirit made up of thousands of gods and goddesses.

Dharma is divine law that states the Hindus must perform the duties of their caste.

Many literature works stress dharma

Consequences of how a person lives is called karma.

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- algebra
concept and symbol for zero
infinity
invented symbols 1-9

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sanskri

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Bureaucracy – a group of appointed officials who are responsible for different areas of government

Mandate – formal order
Social class – group of people who share a similar position in society
Dao – the proper way Chinese kings were expected to rule under the Mandate of Heaven

Mandate of Heaven- the belief that the Chinese king’s right to rule came from the gods

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Mountains & deserts isolate & protect China from othersChina has very little farmland because much of the country is either mountains or deserts.

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chart of Confucianism, daoism, and legalism 

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chart of Confucianism, daoism, and legalism 

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- paper
- Gunpowder,  compass & woodblock printing .
- acupuncture

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-pictographs and ideographs

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Rulers were part of a dynasty

Rulers were called emperors
Had a bureaucracy – appointed officials who are responsible for different areas of government

Emperors believed they received wisdom and power from the gods, spirits, and ancestors.

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Hellenistic Era- period when Greek language and ideas spread to non-Greek people

Athens- an ancient city-state of Greece that developed democracy

Sparta- ancient city-state of Greece that was military focused

Acropolis- a temple built on a hilltop where people would go take refuge when invaders attacked. Also a place to honor local gods

Oligarchy - Sparta’s government, small group as control, usually a small wealthy group has control over the larger group of citizens

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Greece has mountains & islands.

Mainland Greece is a peninsula.

Many were fishers, sailors and traders (miles of seacoasts).

Grew barley, wheat, olives and grapes.

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polytheistic

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socrates- taught using socratic method
plato- student of socrates
aristotle- platos student

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Greek city-states like Athens will join the Delian League.

Delian League was an alliance to defend Greek land from the Persians near them.

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Phillip II of Macedonia took over Greece.

His son becomes king of Macedonia when his father dies.

He beats the Persian empire and captures Egypt.

Continued conquest in Arabia.

Died in 323 B.C. after an illness.

Because he controlled much of the known world, this will spread Greek language and culture.

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republic- form of government in which the leader is a person elected by the citizens

patrician- wealthy landowner and member of the ruling class in ancient Rome

plebeian- member of the common people of ancient Rome

consul- one of the two top government officials in ancient Rome

veto- to reject

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Christianity

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1. People have the power.

2. They have an elected ruler.

3. Had to pay taxes.
so.. Within 70 years the people of Rome controlled all of Italy.

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Problems were beginning at home because many farmers were in the army

Farmers came home to no land because rich Romans were buying their land.

Gap between the rich and poor grew

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how did their government influence our government ?

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how did their government influence our government ?

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The aristocracy (wealthy class) dominated the early Roman Republic. ... The highest positions in the government were held by two consuls, or leaders, who ruled the Roman Republic. A senate composed of patricians elected these consuls. At this time, lower-class citizens, or plebeians, had virtually no say in the government.

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Messiah-in Judaism, a deliverer sent by God(Or a savior)

Disciple-close follower of Jesus

Resurrection-the act of rising from the dead

Apostle-early Christian leader who helped to set up churches and spread the message of Jesus
Salvation-the act of being saved from sin and allowed to enter heaven

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1. He taught that Jewish laws were not as important as having a relationship with God.

2. He said God was coming to rule the world and that God was his father.

3. He said that God wanted people to love and forgive others like God does.

4. He used stories to teach lessons called parables.

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Many Jewish people said he healed the sick.

Many thought that he was the messiah.

Other Jews thought that he was not a savior.
The Romans thought Jesus was trying to get the Jewish to overthrow them.

They arrested Jesus during Passover.

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He was charged with not being loyal to the government.

They crucified him (and many other people) by hanging him on a cross until he was dead
Some of his followers believed that he was resurrected or that he rose from the dead.

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Jesus’ disciples traveled and told everyone about his teachings

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Peter went to Rome and set up the Catholic Church. (Europe)

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Paul spread Jesus’ teachings in the eastern part of the Roman empire. (Byzantine)

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Thought the laws were too hard to understand.

Ordered them to be simplified and had Justinian’s Code written.

Preserved and passed Greek culture and Roman laws to others

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caravan- group of traveling merchants and animals.

oasis- green area in a desert fed by underground water.

Quran- holy book of Islam.

mosque- Muslim house of worship.

bazaar- marketplace.

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Arabia is mostly desert.
It’s hot and has sandstorms.

Lives in villages near oases.

Oasis- a place in the desert that has water, plants, and trees. They traded goods across the desert in caravans

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Belief in one God (Allah).

Allah created the universe.

Obey His laws and will be blessed in heaven.

Muhammad is NOT the son of God.

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Muhammad was born in the city of Makkah (Mecca) in 570 A.D.

In 610 A.D. he was visited by an angel and told to preach Islam.

Muhammad will move to Madinah which means “city of the prophet.”

The people will make Muhammad their ruler.

He will use rules that God gave him to rule.

There will be an Islamic state started in Madinah.

He built an army and went to take over Makkah in 630.

Two years later he died.

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Muslim calendar
Invented chemistry

Wrote Arabian Nights about Aladdin.

Built minarets or a tower, where a crier calls people to pray five times a day.

Bazaars -open markets

1 in every 6 people in the world is Muslim.

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calligraphy

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Spread the Arabic language to trade.

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Animism - belief that all natural things are alive and have their own spirit

shrine - holy place

samurai - class of warriors in feudal Japan who pledged loyalty to a noble in return for land
shogun - military general over a large area of feudal Japan

daimyo - powerful military lord over small territories in feudal Japan

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Japan is a chain of islands that stretches north to south in the northern Pacific Ocean.

The islands are mountaintops that rise from the floor of the ocean. Many are volcanoes.

Very little land on Japan is farmable. Many have fought for good farm land.

Many people settle on the coast to fish for food as well as grow rice.

Japan is surrounded by water so it is isolated from outside influences with some contact from China.

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shinto- The Japanese believed that all things were alive and they all had their own spirits. This is called animism.

When people needed help, they asked the nature spirits called kami, to help them.

To honor kami, they worshiped in shrines, or holy places.

Zen Buddhism-  teaches that people can find inner peace through self-control and a simple life.

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Many samurai became vassals of a daimyo.

This meant the samurai gave an oath of loyal to his daimyo in exchange for land.

This system of granting land for loyalty is known as feudalism

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china- isolation, writing system, arts and language

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same as china

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missionary- person who travels to carry the ideas of a religion to others

feudalism- political system based on bonds of loyalty between lords & vassals

vassal- in feudalism, a noble who held land from & served a higher-ranking lord, and in return was given protection
*fief- under feudalism, the land a lord granted to a vassal in exchange for military service & loyalty

knight- in the Middle Ages, a noble warrior who fought on horseback

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political system based on bonds of loyalty between lords & vassals

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- charles the great

united territories in modern-day France, Germany and Italy,

art, culture, and learning, flourished

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Unifying force in Europe was the Roman Catholic Church,

every king had to take orders from the Pope

Catholic Church was the only  real source of higher learning in Europe

Monasteries were the only places that had libraries

Monks preserved works of works of literature and philosophy by copying them by hand

Often called the Dark Ages- not much discovery happening, learning, inventions, ect.

Missionaries continued to spread Christianity

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These were fought between European Christians and Muslims from North Africa and the Middle East.

Islam spread throughout Europe, Asia, and Africa…

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Renaissance-means “rebirth” and began in Italy,rebirth of interest in art, literature, and learning.

Humanism- way of understanding the world that was based on the values of the ancient Greeks and Romans,a way to gain knowledge through reason not just faith

Reformation- a religious movement that created a new form of Christianity known as Protestantism

Indulgence - pay to get a pardon, or forgiveness, of sin

Denomination- branches of Christianity

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Began in Italy

Had Greek and Roman ruins as inspiration

City-state in Italy became centers for trade and banking

Florence, Milan, and Venice

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based on Greek and Roman values, a way to gain knowledge through reason not just faith

Shed new light  on  architecture, science, religion, philosophy and art

ART

Paintings

Religious figures/themes glorified, individual beauty, realistic

How? By using perspective- form of shading

Sculptures

Realistic poses

Anatomical correctness

Science

Human anatomy- how the body works/functions

Huge improvements in medicine/ treatments

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Martin Luther was a monk who challenged the Roman Catholic Church.

At first he only wanted to change the Catholic Church.

He nailed his argument, 95 Theses, on the church door. Spread like wildfire

Was against the selling of indulgences Church

issued certificate to pardon a person’s sin (had to pay for it)

Said only true guide to religious  truth was Bible (not pope’s words)

Argued that all Christians could confess their sins directly to God with a priest

Faith in Jesus got you to heaven, not just good deeds.

Starts Reformation!