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here is a map with the continents and Oceans.

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Coninent- a principal/ HUGE landmass on earth, earth has 7
Equator- imaginary line that divides the earth
Latitude – parallel lines around the earth

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nomad – person who regularly moves from place to place in search of food

domestication – to tame animals and plants for human use

specialization – the development of different kinds of jobs

civilization – complex society with cities, organized government, art, religion, class divisions, and a writing system

irrigation -  method of bringing water to a field from another place to water crops

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Land between the rivers.
Sumer was an area in Mesopatamia
Fertile Crescent

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Sumer religion- polytheistic (many gods)

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Three classes of people: upper, middle, & lower

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Sumer's greatest invention was a writing called cuneiform

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A few people learned how to write. They were called scribes

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Hammurabi later became king. Created the Babylonian Empire

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Papyrus – reed plant of the Nile Valley; used to make a form of paper

Hieroglyphics – system of writing made up of thousands of picture symbols developed by the ancient Egyptians

Pharaoh – all powerful king in ancient Egypt

Deity – god or goddess

Agriculture - growing crops for human use or farming

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Map of Egypt

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Two narrow strips of farmland along the sides of the Nile River Valley.

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-Deserts (Sahara is the largest of worlds; west of the Nile River)
-Cataracts (wild rapids)
-Delta marshes

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*Worshiped many deities (or  gods)- polytheism
*Believed the pharaohs needed a body in the afterlife
-After death even better than life present life
*Invented embalming to preserve the body of pharaohs

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1. Pharaohs

2. Upper Class (nobles, priests, & gov’t officials)

3. Middle Class (artisans, traders, scribes, shopkeepers)

4. Farmers & Herders (largest group)

5. Unskilled Workers (did physical labor & lived in the city

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Papyrus- a reed plant that grew along the Nile River Valley
Papyrus was used for blankets, sandals, river rafts, & paper

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Scribes wrote in

hieroglyphics. Few

people could read &

write

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Early on there was 2 kingdoms

(Upper & Lower)

United into one kingdom by 4000 B.C.

(Narmer)

A dynasty was developed. A line of rulers from one family.

Theocracy- political ruler and religious ruler same person

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Monotheism – the belief in one god

Torah –first 5 chapters of the Old Testament

Covenant – agreement

Prophet – person who claims to be instructed by God to share God’s word

Sabbath – weekly day of worship and rest for Jews (Saturday)

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Here is a map of the cannon

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Descended from Abraham- founder of Judaism
Moses led the exodus out of Egypt

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Can't eat certain foods
Can't eat pork

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-Moses received  the Torah
-Rules to live by were the Ten Commandments

-God made a covenant or an agreement with Israelites

-They could go back to Canaan if they followed His laws

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Monsoon – in South Asia, a strong wind that blows one direction in winter and the opposite direction in summer
Subcontinent – large landmass that is part of a continent but distinct from it

Sanskrit – written language developed by the Aryans
Caste – social group a person is born into and cannot change

Hinduism – system of religion that grew out of the religion of the Aryans in ancient India

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Here is a Map of India

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India is a Subcontinent because it is separated it is separated from Asia
Himalayas cause the separation
Himalayas-Highest mountains in the world

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Hinduism is the World's largest religion

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Invented symbols for 1-9 (we use today)

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Sanskrit

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Dynasty – line of rulers from the same family

Aristocrat – noble whose wealth came from land ownership

Pictograph – a character that stands for an object

Ideograph – a character that joins two or more pictographs to represent an idea

Bureaucracy – a group of appointed officials who are responsible for different areas of government

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Here is a map of China

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-Mountains & derserts isolate & protect China from others
-China has much little farmland because of the country is either mountains or deserts

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Gunpowder, compass & woodblock printing

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Early Chinese writing used pictographs, or character that stand for objects

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Rulers were part of dynasty
Dynasty- line of rulers belong to the same family

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Polis - in Greece, a city-state and the surrounding countryside that runs like its own country

Agora- an open area that served as both a market and a meeting place

Direct Democracy-Athens government, government by the people, citizens share in running the government, each citizen has 1 vote

Representative Democracy-USA system of government, where citizens choose a smaller group to make laws and decisions for them

Myth - story describing gods, heroes, or natural events

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Here is a map of Greece

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Delian League was an alliance to defend Greek land from the persians near them

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Myth- story about gods & heroes

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Sparta- Boys and men trained for war and were in the army for a number of years.
Athens- Girls stayed home and did chores.

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Philosophy- Greek for "love of wisdom"

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An alliance to defend Greek land from the Persians near them

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Oligarchy- a government in which a small group has control

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Phillip ll of Macedonia took over Greece
He beats the Persians empire and captures Egypt

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republic- form of government in which the leader is a person elected by the citizens

patrician- wealthy landowner and member of the ruling class in ancient Rome

plebeian- member of the common people of ancient Rome

consul- one of the two top government officials in ancient Rome

veto- to reject

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Here is the map of Italy

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-Geography played an important role in the rise of Roman civilization
-Italy is a peninsula that looks like a boot and sticks out into the Mediterranean Sea

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Republic

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Patricians- wealthy landowners, they were the ruling class.
Plebeians- middle class, artisans, small farmers, shopkeepers. Groups can not marry each other.

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1. People have the power.
2.They have an elected ruler.
3.Had to pay taxes

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Dishonest Government Officials.
Stole land and money and bribed officials.

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The alphabet of Latin is used
Archit

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1.Wea