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. . .  is Maxine Elliot Professor in the Department of Comparative Literature and the Program of Critical Theory at the University of California, Berkeley. She received her Ph.D. in Philosophy from Yale University in 1984.

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Gender Trouble (1990), Butler argued that feminism had made a mistake by trying to assert that 'women' were a group with common characteristics and interests. Butler argued this performed 'an unwitting regulation and reification of gender relations' -- reinforcing a binary view of gender relations in which human beings are divided into two clear-cut groups, women and men. Rather than opening up possibilities for a person to form and choose their own individual identity, therefore, feminism had closed the options down.

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Butler asserted societal structure and cultural views shape the persons gender, not nature itself. The gender indetificaton is reinforced by society in many ways, chiefly modern media.

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J. A. Doyle (1989, p. 111), whose research focuses on masculinity children's television typically shows males as "ag- gressive, dominant, and engaged in exciting activities from which they receive rewards from others for their `masculine' accomplishments."  Highly popular films such as Lethal Weapon, Predator, Days of Thunder, Total Recall, Robocop Die Hard, and Die Harder star men who embody the stereotype of extreme masculinity Media, then reinforce long-standing cultural ideals of masculinity:' Men are presented as hard, tough, independent, sexually aggressive, unafraid, violent, totally in control of all emotions, and-above all-in no way feminine

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Just as important what is not shown of masculity

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Just as important what is not shown of masculity

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J. D. Brown and K. Campbell (1986) report men are seldom shown doing housework. Doyle (1989) notes that boys and men are rarely presented caring for others. B. Horovitz (1989) points out they are typically represented as uninterested in and incompetent at homemaking, cooking, and child care. Each season's new ads for cooking and cleaning supplies include several that caricature men as incompetent buffoons, who are klutzes in the kitchen and no better at taking care of children. While children's books have made a limited attempt to depict women engaged in activities outside of the home there has been little parallel effort to show men involved in family and home life. When someone is shown taking care of a child, it is usually the mother, not the father. This perpetuates a negative stereotype of men as uncaring and uninvolved in family life.

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Women are portrayed as significantly younger and thinner than women in the population as a whole, and most are depicted as passive, dependent on men, and enmeshed in relationships or housework (Davis, 1990). The requirements of youth and beauty in women even influence news shows, where female newscasters are expected to be younger, more physically attractive, and less outspoken than males (Craft, 1988; Sanders 6, Rock, 1988). 1980s included Pretty Woman' the story of a prostitute who becomes a good woman when she is saved from her evil ways by a rigidly stereotypical man, complete with millions to prove his success Meanwhile, Tie Me Up, Tie Me Down trivialized abuse of women and underlined women's dependence on men with a story of a woman who is bound by a man and colludes in sustaining her bondage. Crossing Delancey showed successful careerist Amy Irving talked into believing she needs a man to be complete, a theme reprised by her in Moonstruck.

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1970s responded to the second wave of feminism by showing women who were inde- pendent without being hard, embittered, or without dose relationships. Films such as Alice Doesn't Live Here Anymore, Up the Sandbox, The Turning Point, Diary of a Mad Housewife, and An Unmarried Woman offered realistic portraits of women who sought and found their awn voices independent of men Judy Davis's film, My Brilliant Career, particularly embodied this focus by telling the story of a woman who chooses work over marriage. During this period, television followed suit, offering viewers prime-time fare such as "Maude" and "The Mary Tyler Moore Show," which starred women who were able and achieving in their own rights. "One Day at a Time" which premiered in 1974, was the first prime-time program about a divorced woman.

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Men's authority/women's incompetence

Women as primary caregivers/men as breadwinners

Women as victims and sex objects/men as aggressors

Normalizing Violence Against Women

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Butler argues all these portrayals of both men and woman force individuals to confirm to specific gender role. Butler stated " There is no gender identity behind the expressions of gender; identity is performatively constituted by the very expression that are said to be its results. Gender is a performance; it's what you do at particular times rather than a universal who you are.

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Craft, C. (1988). Too old, too ugly, and not deferential to men An

anchorwoman's courageous baffle against sex discrimination. Rockland,

CA: prima.

Davis, D. M. (1990). Portrayals of women in prune-tune network television:

Horovitz, B. (1989, August 10). In tv commercials, men are often the butt of the jokes. Philadelphia Inquirer, pp. 5b, 61

Wood, Julia T. (2014) Gendered Media: influence of media on views of gender