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This lantern is called a Pamphengos magic lantern. It was designed by the London optician William Charles Hughes in 1880. Slide was inserted in front of its lens and illuminated by a paraffin lamp to create projected imagery.

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The first movie projector was the Zoopraxiscope, invented by British photographer Eadweard Muybridge in 1879. The zoopraxiscope projected images from rotating glass disks in rapid succession to give the impression of motion.

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In this room, the camera capture our action in 360 degree and th lighting is red. In this case, the room brings us back to the setting in The Matrix, so do we have lived in the virtual world? Before we came ACMI, I didn’t know The Matrix was shot in Australia but in US, so it is a interesting finding.

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http://timeslice.acmi.net.au/timeslice/Timeslice.htm?file=ts-20180327-08b517f344c267d27f0969b88c3ffa4e.flv

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How is the history of the moving image similar or different to that of cinema in your own country?

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How is the history of the moving image similar or different to that of cinema in your own country?

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Write a paragraph in response to the above question.

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Consider the following elements of the exhibition.
Add a link to a clip / website that demonstrates or illustrates this idea.

Arrival of cinema

Television

Global broadcast

Video games

Internet

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Learn about the history and development of cinema, from the Kinetoscope in 1891 to today's 3D revival.

Cinematography is the illusion of movement by the recording and subsequent rapid projection of many still photographic pictures on a screen. A product of 19th century scientific endeavour, it has, over the past century, become an industry employing many thousands of people and a medium of mass entertainment and communication.

Early cinema

No one person invented cinema. However, in 1891 the Edison Company in the USA successfully demonstrated a prototype of the Kinetoscope, which enabled one person at a time to view moving pictures. The first to present projected moving pictures to a paying audience (i.e. cinema) were the Lumière brothers in December 1895 in Paris.

At first, films were very short, sometimes only a few minutes or less. They were shown at fairgrounds and music halls or anywhere a screen could be set up and a room darkened. Subjects included local scenes and activities, views of foreign lands, short comedies and events considered newsworthy.

The films were accompanied by lecturers, music and a lot of audience participation-although they did not have synchronised dialogue, they were not 'silent' as they are sometimes described.

The rise of the film industry

By 1914, several national film industries were established. Europe, Russia and Scandinavia were as important as America. Films became longer, and storytelling, or narrative, became the dominant form.

As more people paid to see movies, the industry which grew around them was prepared to invest more money in their production, distribution and exhibition, so large studios were established and special cinemas built. The First World War greatly limited the film industry in Europe, and the American industry grew in relative importance.

The first 30 years of cinema were characterised by the growth and consolidation of an industrial base, the establishment of the narrative form, and refinement of technology.

Adding colour

Colour was first added to black-and-white movies through tinting, toning and stencilling. By 1906, the principles of colour separation were used to produce so-called 'natural colour' moving images with the British Kinemacolor process, first presented to the public in 1909.

The early Technicolor processes from 1915 onwards were cumbersome and expensive, and colour was not used more widely until the introduction of its three-colour process in 1932.

Adding sound

The first attempts to add synchronised sound to projected pictures used phonographic cylinders or discs.

The first feature-length movie incorporating synchronised dialogue, The Jazz Singer (USA, 1927), used the Warner Brothers' Vitaphone system, which employed a separate record disc with each reel of film for the sound.

This system proved unreliable and was soon replaced by an optical, variable density soundtrack recorded photographically along the edge of the film.

Cinema's golden age

By the early 1930s, nearly all feature-length movies were presented with synchronised sound and, by the mid-1930s, some were in full colour too. The advent of sound secured the dominant role of the American industry and gave rise to the 'Golden Age of Hollywood'.

During the 1930s and 1940s, cinema was the principal form of popular entertainment, with people often attending cinemas twice weekly. In Britain the highest attendances occurred in 1946, with over 31 million visits to the cinema each week.

The aspect ratio

Thomas Edison had used perforated 35mm film in the Kinetoscope, and in 1909 this was adopted as the industry standard. The picture had a height-to-width relationship-known as the aspect ratio-of 3:4 or 1:1.33.

With the advent of optical sound, the aspect ratio was adjusted to 1.37:1. Although there were many experiments with other formats, there were no major changes in screen ratios until the 1950s.

Competing with television

The introduction of television in America prompted a number of technical experiments designed to maintain public interest in cinema.

In 1952, the Cinerama process, using three projectors and a wide, deeply curved screen together with multi-track surround sound, was premiered. It gave audiences a sense of greater involvement and proved extremely popular. However, it was technically cumbersome, and widescreen cinema did not begin to be extensively used until the introduction of CinemaScope in 1953 and Todd-AO in 1955, both of which used single projectors.

CinemaScope had optically squeezed images on 35mm film which were expanded laterally by the projector lens to fit the width of the screen; Todd-AO used film 70mm wide. By the end of the 1950s, the shape of the cinema screen had effectively changed, with aspect ratios of either 1:2.35 or 1:1.66 becoming standard.

Specialist large-screen systems using 70mm film have also been developed. The most successful of these has been IMAX, which today has more than 1,000 screens worldwide. For many years IMAX cinemas have showed films specially made in its unique 2D or 3D formats, but they are increasingly showing versions of popular feature films which have been digitally remastered in the IMAX format, often with additional scenes or 3D effects.

Stereo sound, which had been experimented with in the 1940s, also became part of the new widescreen experience.

Cinema makes a comeback

While cinemas had some success in fighting the competition of television, they never regained the position and influence they once held, and over the next 30 years audiences dwindled. By 1984 cinema attendances in Britain had sunk to one million a week.

Since then, however, that figure has nearly trebled with the growth of out-of-town multiplex cinemas following the building of the first British multiplex at Milton Keynes in 1985.

Although America still appears to be the most influential film industry, the reality is more complex. Many films are produced internationally-either made in various countries or financed by multinational companies that have interests across range of media.

Today, most people see films on television (whether terrestrial or satellite or on video of some kind) and we are also moving towards a web-based means of delivery.

What's next?

In the past 20 years, film production has been profoundly altered by the impact of rapidly improving digital technology. Though productions may still be shot on film (and even this is becoming less commonplace) most subsequent processes, such as editing and special effects, are undertaken on computers before the final images are transferred back to film. The need for this final transfer is diminishing as more cinemas invest in digital projection which is capable of producing screen images that rival the sharpness, detail and brightness of traditional film projection.

In the past few years there has been a revival of interest in 3D features, both animated and live action, sparked by the availability of digital technology. Whether this will be more than a short-term phenomenon (as previous attempts at 3D in the 1950s and 1980s had been) remains to be seen.

Further reading

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A very short history of cinema - National Science and Media Museum blog

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Learn about the history and development of cinema, from the Kinetoscope in 1891 to today's 3D revival. Cinematography is the illusion of movement by the recording and subsequent rapid projection of many still photographic pictures on a screen.

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The History of the Television documentary

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By the 1950s, virtually every country had a broadcasting system, typically one owned and operated by the government. Alternative modes included commercial radio, as in the United States; or a dual system with both state sponsored and commercial stations, introduced in Australia as early as 1924, with Canada following in 1932.

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The very first film in Burma is the capturing of a funeral and shown at the cinema in the 1910s. October 13 is the Myanmar movie day, the day on which the first silent film screening took place. Later, sound is added. Most of the films are based on wars and political issues and some were banned by British colony. Now, movies have greatly improved and every year we celebrate the “Academy” which is similar to Oscar.

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1.    What kind of lantern was used pre-cinema to present supernatural illusions?
Take a photo.

2.    What day, month and year was the first moving image projected?  What did the early film projectors look like?
Take photos.

3.    The arrival of colour was significant to the development of film in the 1930’s.  Describe the process of three strip technicolor and take a photo of coloured film strips.

4.    With the advent of the TV age between 1945-1965, what did Hollywood try to do to win back audiences?

5.    Using an example from the display, describe how television created a new ‘global village’.
Take photos to illustrate your answer.

6.    What year was the first moon landing broadcast? How many people worldwide watched this globally broadcast event?  Why was this significant to the advance of media technologies?

7.     The arrival of the digital age bought many technological advancements to the world of video games – name some of these.  Take photos of early examples.

8.    Name and illustrate (photograph) TWO innovations of the Electronic Age (1972-1990).

9.     The arrival of the internet has affected ways in which we make and use moving image.  Give (photograph) two examples.

10. Where do you think the moving image is headed in the future? Use an example from ACMI to support your opinion.

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Video your group discussing / reflecting on the exhibit.  Add the link your file here.

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There are many uses for VR, ranging from academic research through to engineering, design, business, the arts and entertainment, but the most attractive one for us is VR games, because VR create virtual environments in such a way that we experience as if we are really there.

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This 3D zoetrope is a Australian incarnation of a popular 19th century innovation which featuring a much-loved Australian character from a video game series, TY the Tasmanian Tiger. It contains 150 characters which spin rapidly with strobe lighting to produce the illusion that images are moving.

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In this shadow image, Krystal (below) is a dinosaur, and Jasmine (above)  is the devastating asteroid which strikes and dooms the extinction of dinosaurs

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We stand in front of camera and take a 5 seconds video to make our own flip book. Flip book remained the strip cartoons in our childhood. When we quickly flipped the comic, we could see the moving image. Flip book is very funny, because we think it may become inspiration to make film.

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After I dated back the history of moving image in ACMI, I present the development of moving image in Western countries is totally different with China. The moving image, shadow puppetry, already existed in China during the Han Dynasty in 200 BCE, but the Magic Lantern of moving images was developed utill 1880s in Western countries. Although the idea of moving image that the ancient Chinese had come up with was much earlier than that of Western countries, China entered the modern movie era later than Western countries because of the invention of technology. In this case, Western countries have a prominent development of modern moving image like films, TV and video games, especially in Hollywood, US.

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Because of the way our eyes work, any colour can be created by combing different amounts of red, green and blue light. This is the principle behind the three-strip Technicolor process. It used three Individual rolls of black-and-white film running at once, with each roll recording a separate colour: red, green or blue. In the film laboratory, each of these black-and-white filmstrips would be copied, this time using coloured dye instead of a black-and-white image

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In 1671, the first-known Magic Latern was published by Athanasius Kircher, that' s the beginning of moving image. However, in 1671 in China, it was a conservative and feudatorial country, that made the develop of Chinese moving image far behind western countries. After that period, Chinese moving image develop very quickly, and achieve the same level of western countries' moving image.

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With television stealing their customers, Hollywood studios tried to lure audience back with series of gimmicks. These included 3D films, which gave an illusion of depth when viewed through special glasses, and the huge-screen projection system know as Cinerama.

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On 23 July 1962, Marshall McLuhan wrote that the interconnectedness of new technologies has create a "global village". Satellite broadcasts brought this global village together in shared moments like the moon landing. For example, Astro Boy was soon exported around the world. One of the first Japanese shows to be broadcast in Australia, Astro Boy played an important role building an international following for Japanese animation.

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On 20 July 1969, 600 million people around the world watched television pictures of the first manned moon landing. This broadcast was made possible by communications satellites that circled the globe, relaying live images. Moon landing seen in everything, like a strong theme in film, television and, later, in video games production.

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In the early 1990s, computers and the internet became more sophisticated and more accessible. This 'digital revolution' launched a period of technological change that has affected every aspect of the moving image. For example, there are some video games are advanced in that time, Mario 64, 1996 and Super Mario Bros, 1993.

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At a time when most people had never even seen a computer, the exhibition Computers and Electronics in the Arts wowed audiences with the cutting edge of creative technology. The displays included a video wall by artist collective Bush Video, 'responsive painting' by Stan Ostoja-Kotkowski, and computer animations by Doug Richardson. There are TWO innovation. One was computer graphics, and another is the rise of the World Wide Web.

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At the start of the 2000s, the mobile phone began to change the way the moving images was made and consumed. First, audiences increasingly used their phones, to play games, surf the internet and watch videos. Second, with the rise of built-in video camera, mobile phone users became a millions -strong army of amateur filmmakers and news gatherers.

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After we had a excursion in ACMI, I found the most updated moving image technology is VR, so I personally think moving image will change rapidly into a new narrative space. We may get rid of computer screen and three-dimensions.

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Technology is growing rapidly. I believe in a very short time, there will be many fascinating inventions that we have never imagined up to this day. Films too, will improve greatly. You can even tell the differences of 2017 and 2018 films quality. Although it is just one year.

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Nowadays, the technology develop very fast. From my point of view, I think the VR will handed in the future, and people's lives may full of VR technology.