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Location: Gulf of Mexico
Date: April 20, 2010- September 19, 2010
4.9 million barrels of crude oil spilled. Cause was a wellhead blowout. Point source. Most affected was on marine species. Products Used To Clean Up Gulf Oil Spill May Have Made Things Worse.The chemical dispersants slowed down oil-eating bacteria in the water. Up to 10 percent of the Gulf of Mexico’s sea floor — about 68,000 square miles — is covered in oil, posing a continual threat of contamination.

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Location: Alaska
Date: March 24, 1989
Oil ship struck a reef and spilled 10.8 million gallons of crude oil. Cause was grounding of the ship. Point source. Immediately killed 2,000 sea otters, 302 harbor seals, and about 250,000 seabirds. Three methods tried to clean up were burning, mechanical cleanup, and chemical dispersants. Long term effects are hard to know, but some species haven’t made a comeback since.

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Location: Jacksonville, North Carolina
Date: 1954-1987
Marine corps service members and their families ingested tap water contaminated with harmful chemicals. Point source.
Many people developed cancer or other ailments. Base’s wells were shut off in the 80s, and once they  met federal standards they were turned back on. Long term effects were that humans who lived there now have medical issues as do their children. Department of veterans affairs offers disability compensation.

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Location: Silverton, Colorado
Date: August 5, 2015
EPA personnel and workers caused the release of toxic water waste into the Animas River watershed. Caused accident while trying to drain ponded water near the entrance of the mine. Point source.
River closures (until about Aug 17 with ongoing tests). Ongoing water supply & irrigation issues. The long-term impacts of the spill are unknown, as sedimentation is expected to dilute the pollutants as the spill cloud moves downstream.The acid mine drainage temporarily changed the color of the river to orange.

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Location: Niagara Falls, New York
Date: 1978-2004
Community was built on a 70 acre landfill filled with toxic chemical waste. Cause was by Hooker Chemical Company. Point source. Caused birth defects and medical issues such as leukemia. The community was evacuated and families were given compensation for their homes. Houses were demolished and half was just abandoned. The most toxic area was reburied and fencing was put around. Are long term effects in the people who used to live there.

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Location: Hinckley, CA
Date: 1952-1966
This company dumbed almost 370 million gallons of chromium tainted wastewater into unlined spreading ponds around this town. Non point source.
Polluted groundwater, soil, and wells, and is thought to have caused cancer “clusters” and chromium genotoxicity. Pollution cleanup is an ongoing effort. Built a concrete wall barrier about half a mile long to contain the plume, pumped ethanol into the ground to convert the chromium-6 into chromium-3, and planted acres of alfalfa.

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Location: Ohio
Date: 1900s
The river was so polluted that it caught fire. Cause was pollution due to a lack in sewer and waste disposal regulation. Fire was caused by sparks on a passing train igniting oil slick debris. Non point source.
The pollution of the river had effects on humans by damaging property and killing people. After the 1969 fire Congress passed the national environmental policy act which help to establish the EPA. One policy put forth was the clean water act, and since then over $3.5 billion have been invested to purify the river and develop new sewer systems.

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Location: Massachusetts
Date: 1970s
The cities wells were contaminated with chemicals. This was caused by two corporations, W.R. Grace and company and Beatrice foods, who contaminated the ground water by in properly disposing of TCE, PCE, and other industrial solvents. Point source.
The pollution resulted in many citizens, especially children, developing leukemia and other illnesses. There was a $21 million cleanup effort but it still believed that the city’s water may be toxic. Long-term effects were loss of young lives due to the illnesses caused.

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Location: West Virginia
Date: January 9, 2014
Crude 4- MCHM and was released from a freedom industries facility into the river. The cause of the leak was a 1 inch hole in the bottom of the stainless steel orange tank at freedom industries Charleston facility. The chemical leak from the container into the ground, through which is traveled into the elk River.  Point source.
The effects the pollution had was that 300,000 residents were left without access to potable water. The chemicals manufacturer stated that when MCHM is diluted it does not have adverse affects on the aquatic environment so no apparent affect was noticed on aquatic life.

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Location: Wisconsin
Date: 1993
The cryptosporidium protozoan was spread through water. The Howard Avenue water purification plant was contaminated and treated water with high turbid you levels. The main cause it was never officially identified but it is thought that cryptosporidium oocysts passed through the filter ration system in one of the cities water treatment plants, from a sewage treatment plant outlet 2 miles upstream in Lake Michigan. Nonpoint source.
It was that an estimated 1.61 million people became ill with stomach cramps, fever, diarrhea, and dehydration caused by this pathogen. At least 104 deaths were attributed to this outbreak, mostly among elderly people. Since the out break the city’s water utility has invested $417 million in improvements to infrastructure, monitoring, and treatment.

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Location: North Carolina
Date: 2015
Duke Energy stores its coal ash in pits near plants where it still burns coal . At many sites, the coal ash is mixed with water and stored in unlined pits—essentially ponds—where, environmentalists say, the mixture seeps into the groundwater. Area wells then act like straws, they say, pulling up the polluted water into households. Non point source.
People in the community have to live on bottled water and cannot take baths since the water contains arsenic and other chemicals. The pollution hasn’t been cleaned up because the company denies its at fault and local lawmakers do nothing. Long term effects would be health issues.

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Location: Gulf of Mexico
Date: 1985- now
A dead zone is where there is no oxygen in the water so no sea life can survive.This large dead zone is due to nutrient pollution, primarily from agriculture and developed land runoff in the Mississippi River watershed. Non point source.
This loss of oxygen can cause the loss of fish habitat or force them to move to other areas to survive, decreased reproductive capabilities in fish species and a reduction in the average size of shrimp caught. Also can effect local economy. Initiatives such as the Runoff Risk Advisory Forecast are designed to help farmers apply fertilizer at optimum times to limit nutrient runoff to the Gulf.

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Location: Hudson River
Date: 1947-1977
General Electric dispensed polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) into the Hudson River. Other kinds of pollution include mercury contamination and sewage dumping. Non point source.
The PCBs caused contamination of fish in the river and triggered a rapid evolutionary change in the Atlantic tomcod, passing them on to striped bass and whatever else eats them.The toxic chemicals also accumulated in sediments that settled to the river bottom. Clean up actions began the 1970s with the implementation of wastewater discharge permits and reduction of wastewater discharges, and sediment removal operations, which have continued today.

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Boats and boating--Equipment and supplies