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Also known as territorial marking or spraying when this involves urination, is a behaviour used by animals to identify their territory. Scent marking is also often performed by scent rubbing in many mammal species, scent marking is more frequent during the breeding season.

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European blackbirds may defend feeding territories that are distant from there nest sites, and in some species that form leks, for example in the Uganda kob, a grazing antelope and the marine iguana, males defend the lek site which is used for only mating. Territoral boundaries may be marked by sounds such as bird song, or scents such as pheromones secreted by the skin glands of a many mammals. If such advertisement does'nt work chases and fighting follow.

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In ecology niche is the match of species to a specific enviromental condition. It describes how an organism or population responds to the distribution of resources and competitors and how it in turn alters those same factors. For example, A garden spider is a predator that hunts for prey among plants, while an oak tree grows to dominate a forest canopy, turning sunlight into food.

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A courtship display is a set of display in which an animal, usually a male, attempts to attract a mate, the mate exercises choice, so sexual selection acts on the display.

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A pheromone is a chemical signal used to trigger a response in another individual of the same species. Pheromones are especially common among social insects, such as ants and bees. Pheromones may attract the opposite sex, raise an alarm, mark a food trail, or trigger other, more complex behaviors.

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Estivation is a state of animal dormancy, similar to hibernation, although taking place in summer rather than the winter. estivation is characterized by inactivity and a lowered metabolic rate, that is entered in response to high temperatures and arid conditions.

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Hibernation is the state of minimal activity and metabolic depression in endotherms. Hibernation is a seasonal heterothermy characterized by low body temperature, slow breathing and heart rate, and low metabolic rate. It most commonly occurs during winter season.

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Instincts Instinct or innate behavior is the inherent inclination of a living organism towards a particular complex behavior. Migration, hibernation, eating, drinking and sleeping are examples of instinctual behaviors.

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Instincts Instinct or innate behavior is the inherent inclination of a living organism towards a particular complex behavior. Migration, hibernation, eating, drinking and sleeping are examples of instinctual behaviors.

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In general, learned behavior is one that an organism develops as a result of experience. Learned behaviors contrast with innate behaviors, which are genetically hardwired and can be performed without any prior experience or training. Of course, some behaviors have both learned and innate elements. Teaching a dog to roll over by giving it a treat is a example of learned behavior.

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In psychology and ethology, imprinting is any kind of phase-sensitive learning that is rapid and apparently independent of the consequences of behaviour.

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Classical conditioning refers to a learning procedure in which a biologically potent stimulus is paired with a previously neutral stimulus. For example, imagine that you are conditioning a dog to salivate in response to the sound of a bell. You repeatedly pair the presentation of food with the sound of the bell. You can say the response has been acquired as soon as the dog begins to salivate in response to the bell tone.

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a type of learning in which the organism successively tries various responses in a situation, seemingly at random, until one is successful in achieving the goal. Across successive trials, the successful response is strengthened and appears earlier and earlier. An example of this is a Skinner box. When placing a mouse in a Skinner box it learns through trial and error that pushing the lever down results in getting a pellet of food.

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Habituation occurs when animals are exposed to the same stimuli repeatedly, and eventually stop responding to that stimulus. ... For example, rock squirrels are a commonly habituated animal in the park. If a person comes close trying to take a picture, the squirrel will scamper away. For example, rock squirrels are a commonly habituated animal in the park. If a person comes close trying to take a picture, the squirrel will scamper away.

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Animal migration is the relatively long-distance movement of individual animals, usually on a seasonal basis. It is the most common form of migration in ecology. It is found in all major animal groups, including birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, amphibians, insects, and crustaceans.  Spotted frogs migrate to springs to lay eggs. Salmon migrate from Idaho to the Pacific Ocean and back to spawn. Monarch butterflies fly south to winter in Mexico, and some species of dragonfly migrate along the Pacific coast in the fall.

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Excretion, the process by which animals rid themselves of waste products and of the nitrogenous by-products of metabolism. Through excretion organisms control osmotic pressure—the balance between inorganic ions and water—and maintain acid-base balance.

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Camouflage is the use of any combination of materials, coloration, or illumination for concealment, either by making animals or objects hard to see, or by disguising them as something else. Examples include the leopard's spotted coat, the battledress of a modern soldier, and the leaf-mimic katydid's wings.

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Animals move for a variety of reasons, such as to find food, a mate, a suitable microhabitat, or to escape predators. For many animals, the ability to move is essential for survival and, as a result, natural selection has shaped the locomotion methods and mechanisms used by moving organisms.

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Carrying capacity can be defined as a species' average population size in a particular habitat. The species population size is limited by environmental factors like adequate food, shelter, water, and mates.

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A limiting factor is a variable of a system that causes a noticeable change in output or another measure of a type of system. The limiting factor is in a pyramid shape of organisms going up from the producers to consumers and so on.

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The only animals susceptible to experimental HIV-1 infection are the chimpanzee, gibbon ape, and rabbit but AIDS-like disease has not yet been reported in these species. Macaques can be persistently infected with some strains of HIV-2 but no AIDS-like disease has resulted.

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Flu is a respiratory illness in various animals. Influenza viruses affect several different animals, such as; horses, cats, dogs, birds, swine, and people. It is contagious and spreads rapidly among susceptible animals. Many influenza A viruses infect poultry.

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What is bovine tuberculosis (TB)? A. Bovine TB is a contagious, chronic bacterial disease caused by Mycobacterium bovis. The infection commonly involves the lungs, but it may spread to other organs. Animals often don't show signs until the infection has reached an advanced stage.

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elm disease (DED) is caused by a member of the sac fungi (Ascomycota) affecting elm trees, and is spread by elm bark beetles.

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Pfiesteria is a genus of heterotrophic dinoflagellates that has been associated with harmful algal blooms and fish kills. Pfiesteria complex organisms were claimed to be responsible for large fish kills in the 1980s and 1990s on the coast of North Carolina and in tributaries of the Chesapeake Bay.

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Mutualism describes the ecological interaction between two or more species where each species has a net benefit. Mutualism is a common type of ecological interaction. One example of a mutualistic relationship is that of the oxpecker (a kind of bird) and the rhinoceros or zebra. ... The oxpeckers get food and the beasts get pest control.

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n evolutionary ecology, parasitism is a symbiotic relationship between species, where one organism, the parasite, lives on or in another organism, the host, causing it some harm, and is adapted structurally to this way of life. Fleas or ticks that live on dogs and cats are parasites.

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Predation is a biological interaction where one organism, the predator, kills and eats another organism, its prey. It is one of a family of common feeding behaviours that includes parasitism and micropredation and parasitoidism. The best-known examples of predation involve carnivorous interactions, in which one animal consumes another. Think of wolves hunting moose, owls hunting mice, or shrews hunting worms and insects. Less obvious carnivorous interactions involve many small individuals consuming a larger one.

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Competition is an interaction between organisms or species in which both the organisms or species are harmed. Limited supply of at least one resource used by both can be a factor. Competition both within and between species is an important topic in ecology, especially community ecology. two male birds of the same species might compete for mates in the same area. This type of competition is a basic factor in natural selection. It leads to the evolution of better adaptations within a species. Interspecific competition occurs between members of different species.

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The resources that animals mainly compete for are food, water, space to live and breed in (including access to food and water), and for access to mates.

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a relationship between individuals of two species in which one species obtains food or other benefits from the other without either harming or benefiting the latter. The remora rides attached to sharks and other types of fish. The remora benefits by gaining a measure of protection, and it feeds off of the remains of the meals of the larger fish. The cattle egret is a type of heron that will follow livestock herds.

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A keystone species is a species which has a disproportionately large effect on its natural environment relative to its abundance, a concept introduced in 1969 by the zoologist Robert T. Paine.