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The cell cycle is the series of events that cells go through as they grow and divide. Interphase is the period of growth that occurs between cell divisions. Cell spends most of its life in this phase.

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The cell cycle consists of four phases:

G1 (First Gap Phase):During G1, the cell, increases in size (cell grows), synthesizes new proteins and organelles (cell develops).

S Phase:During the S phase, (DNA replication), chromosomes are replicated, DNA synthesis takes place Once a cell enters the S phase, it usually completes the rest of the cell cycle

G2 (Second Gap Phase):The G2 Phase (Second Gap Phase), organelles and molecules required for cell division are produced, Once G2 is complete, the cell is ready to
start the M phase—Mitosis

M Phase: It occurs in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells and proceeds immediately to cell division.

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Occurs in body cells – somatic cells. Forms two identical daughter cells – exactly like the original.

Biologists divide the events of mitosis into four
phases: (PMAT)

Prophase

Metaphase

Anaphase

Telophase

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Mitosis: The Amazing Cell Process that Uses Division to Multiply! (Updated)

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Prophase is the first and longest phase of mitosis. The centrioles
separate and take up positions on
opposite sides of the nucleus.
The centrioles lie in a region called the centrosome.
The centrosome helps to organize the spindle, a fanlike microtubule
structure that helps separate the
chromosomes.

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The second phase of
mitosis is metaphase.
The chromosomes line
up across the center of
the cell.
Microtubules connect
the centromere of each
chromosome to the
poles of the spindle.

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Interphase is the portion of the cell cycle that is not accompanied by observable changes under the microscope, and includes the G1, S and G2 phases. During interphase, the cell grows, replicates its DNA and prepares for mitosis.

There are three stages of cell interface, and each stage ends when a cell checkpoint verifies the accuracy of the completion of the stage before moving on to the next stage. The stages of the interface are:

•G1 (Gap 1), in which the cell grows and functions normally. During this time, a large amount of protein synthesis occurs and the cell grows (up to approximately twice its original size); more organelles are produced and the volume of the cytoplasm increases. If the cell does not divide again, G 0 will enter.

•Synthesis (S), in which the cell synthesizes its DNA and the amount of DNA doubles, but the number of chromosomes remains constant (through semiconservative replication).

•G 2 (Gap 2), in which the cell resumes growth in preparation for division. The mitochondria divide and the cell continues to grow until mitosis begins. In plants, chloroplasts also divide during G2.
In addition, some cells that do not divide often or ever enter a stage called G 0 (Gap zero), which is a separate stage from the interface or an extended G 1 .

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Centromeres split apart and chromatids separate from one another. Each chromatid moves to opposite poles.
Chromosomes reach opposite poles of cell, Chromatids unwind back into chromatin, Nuclear envelope and nucleolus reappear reforming the nucleus, Spindle fibers disappear, New double membrane (cell membrane ) gain to form between 2 nuclei (cell pinches)
•Animal cell – cleavage
•Plant cell – cell plate

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The third phase of mitosis.
The sister chromatids separate into
individual chromosomes.
The chromosomes continue to move until they have separated into two groups.
Centromeres split apart and chromatids separate from one another. Each chromatid moves to opposite poles.

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-General function: connects, supports, transports, and protects
-characteristics: extracellular matrix (ECM) predominates in most connective tissues and determines its physical characteristics; consists of fluid, gel, or solid matrix, with or without extracellular fibers (collagenous, reticular, and elastic) and
proteoglycans or other compounds that thicken and hold together the tissue

Connective tissue supports and binds other tissues such as bone, blood, and lymph.

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There are 4 main types of tissues:

1) Epithelial tissue

2) Connective tissue

3) Muscle tissue

4) Nervous tissue

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Types of Epithelial Tissue | Animal Tissues | Don't Memorise

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- Special cells that can contract

- Produce movement
• 3 types of muscle tissue:

Ø  Cardiac muscle: intercalated disc, dark striations, nucleus, found around the heart
Ø  Striated muscle: the name suggests, striated, means when we stain this tissue and observe it under the microscope, then it exhibits striations in the form of alternate light and dark bands.  attached to bones by tendons, multi nuclei, muscle fibers, dark striations
Ø  Smooth muscle: these are also called as striated and involuntary; smooth or striated because they do not present a banding pattern like the striated ones when stained and observed under a microscope. Instead, they have long, spindle shaped, uninucleate, cells. Involuntary, their activities are not under our control. short tapered cells, nucleus, help to propel materials through many hollow organs.
Ø  Cardiac muscle: these muscles are those found in the heart so the rhythmic contraction and relaxation of our heart, or the working of our heart, is all because of these cardiac muscles. Although they are involuntary in activity, their structure is like that of striated muscles partially. They are cylindrical and branched, but uninucleate in nature.

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is a cellular organizational level
between cells and a complete organ.
A tissue is an ensemble of similar cells and their extracellular matrix from the same origin that together carry out a specific function.
Organs are then formed by the functional grouping together of
multiple tissues.

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Functions:
- Protection
- Sensory functions
- Secretion
- Absorption
-Excretion

*simple epithelium:
-Simple squamous epithelium
-One-cell layer of flat cells
-Permeable to many substances
*Stratified epithelium:
-Stratified squamous (keratinized) epithelium
-Multiple layers of flat, squamous cells (Figure 5-9)
-Cells filled with keratin
-Covers outer skin on body surface

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-Functions: rapid regulation and integration of body activities
-Specialized characteristics: excitability, Conductivity
-Organs: Brain, Spinal cord, Nerves

Tissues have a varying capacity to repair themselves; damaged tissue regenerates or is replaced by scar tissue. Epithelial and connective tissues have the greatest
ability to regenerate, Muscle and nervous tissues have a limited capacity to regenerate

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Epithelial | Types of Animal Tissues | Don't Memorise