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Discrimination and prejudice is something that is all around us but shouldn't exist and will never be acceptable. Whether it deals with African Americans or not.

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When this theme emerged, when Atticus had taken up the Robinson case and the children were being abused by everyone Scout had brought of an instance to Jem at school, "Cecil Jacobs made me forget. he announced in the schoolyard the day before that daddy defended ni***rs"(Lee 85).

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The theme of prejudice developed more in the book when we started getting closer to the trial days. It was around Jem's birthday and he had been wanting to spend his money in town and on their way they were confronted by the mean old lady Ms. Dubose, and on their way back from town Ms. Dubose had said something to Jem that caused his so much anger he vandalized her property. She had said, "Not only a Finch waiting on tables but one in the courthouse lawing for nig***s!" (Lee 117)

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This videos will educate you on the definitions of prejudice and discrimination. It will also explain difference between prejudice, discrimination and racism. This will give anyone a deeper understanding on the topic and further understanding on what the author is trying to explain in the book.

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An instance where the theme is refined is during Atticus' closing speech during Tom Robinson's rape trial. He states what he dislikes about people who see black people as lesser, " ...Evil assumption-that all Negros lie, all Negros are basically immoral beings, that all negro men are not are not to be trusted around our women..."(Lee 232).

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In this quote, we can infer that the author was trying to show us the beginnings of how people were going to react to the Finches involvement with the trial. This we can see when the children's classmates are making fun of them and their father in regards to helping black people specifically Tom Robinson.

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Racial/Ethnic Prejudice & Discrimination: Crash Course Sociology #35

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During this time, Jem, Atticus and Scout had already suffered tons of verbal abuse from their friends and family they were so used to to by now. The one time it had really gotten to Jem it was Ms. Dubose who had got to him. This we can infer because Jem had actually defaced her property which was something he had never done. Lee shows us this so we understand that Jem had gone through so much and it only took one more hate comment to completely tip over the edge. Jem does get punished for it but we see just how much it hurt Jem to hear hurtful things about his father and his family.

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When Atticus is describing Tom's situation in court to be unjust and unfair because of the sad but true stereotype about blacks. He mentions this and it refines the theme that throughout the book there is many prejudice instances. At this moment the author chose to flat out tell us through Atticus' point of view as his last chance to convince the jury that Robinson is an innocent man. Unfortunately he is unsuccessful and Tom Robinson ends up going to jail and getting killed but this makes us understand that no matter what Atticus said or did to defend his case, the jury was not going to take Tom's word over 3 white people one including their sheriff.

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Black lives Matter website contains current articles of how black people are standing up to discrimination and how white people are understanding their situation more and more and these events against blacks worsen.   

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Black lives Matter website contains current articles of how black people are standing up to discrimination and how white people are understanding their situation more and more and these events against blacks worsen.   

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Website link below:
This article has an instance where an innocent man was shot seven times in the back by a police officer simply for trying to protect his family out of fear.

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Personal experiences with racial discrimination are common for black Americans. But certain segments within this group - most notably, those who are college educated or male - are more likely to say they've faced certain situations because of their race, according to a new Pew Research Center survey.

A majority of black adults say they have been discriminated against because of their race, but this varies by education. Roughly eight-in-ten blacks with at least some college experience (81%) say they've experienced racial discrimination, at least from time to time, including 17% who say this happens regularly. Among blacks with a high school education or less, these shares are lower - 69% and 9%, respectively.

When asked about specific situations they may have experienced because of their race, blacks who have attended college are more likely than those without college experience to say they have faced a number of these incidents: people acting as if they were suspicious of them (71% vs. 59%), people acting as if they were not smart (67% vs. 52%) or being subjected to slurs or jokes (58% vs. 45%). Half of blacks with at least some college experience also say they have feared for their personal safety because of their race. That share drops to about a third (34%) among those with less education.

College-educated blacks are also more inclined to believe their race has negatively impacted their ability to succeed: 57% of blacks with at least some college experience believe being black has hurt their ability to get ahead, compared with 47% of those with a high school education or less.

This pattern has been consistent across multiple surveys. A 2016 Pew Research Center survey found similar educational gaps among blacks in experiences with discrimination. And a 2017 NPR poll found that being subjected to racial slurs or offensive comments was more common among blacks with a college degree than those with less education.

So why is this? Other researchers suggest that college-educated blacks are more likely to work in predominately white environments, which may lead to greater exposure to race-related prejudices or stresses. One scholar noted that college itself may offer blacks more opportunities to discuss race and discrimination through classes and organizations, thereby raising their awareness of these issues.

Beyond educational differences, experiences with certain forms of discrimination also differ by gender. This is most evident in reported interactions with law enforcement. In the new survey, 59% of black men say they have been unfairly stopped by the police because of their race, compared with 31% of black women. Black men are also more likely than black women to say people have acted as if they were suspicious of them, that they've been subjected to slurs or jokes, or that someone assumed they were racist or prejudiced because of their racial background.

Still, some experiences are equally common for both groups. Among blacks, similar shares of men and women say they have feared for their personal safety, that people have acted as if they were not smart, or that they've been treated unfairly in hiring, pay or promotion because of their race. There are also no gender differences when it comes to general experiences with racial discrimination.

Other factors are not strongly associated with facing specific types of discrimination. Black adults under the age of 50 are just as likely as those 50 and older to say they've faced certain situations because of their race. For example, 54% of blacks ages 18 to 49 say they have been subject to slurs or jokes because of their race, which is similar to the share among those 50 and older (50%). Additionally, skin tone is not necessarily correlated with encountering these types of situations. More specifically, blacks who identify as having lighter skin are about as likely as those with a deeper complexion to say they've faced specific situations because of their race.

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For black Americans, experiences of racial discrimination vary by education level, gender

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Certain black Americans - particularly those who are college educated or male - are more likely to say they've faced certain situations because of their race.

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Numerous studies over the years have laid bare the gap in health outcomes between minority groups and white Americans.

African Americans have a lower life expectancy than white people. They are more likely to suffer and die from chronic conditions like kidney, cardiovascular, and lung disease.

Black children are more likely to endure asthma and have more severe symptoms than white children. The infant mortality rate is more than twice as high for black children than for white children - a disparity that's wider today than it was in 1850, when the majority of African Americans were enslaved, and one that is not related to the economic or educational status of the mother.

These persistent disparities in health outcomes are not due to genetic or biological differences between the races but to entrenched racism in American society.

Discrimination in American health care is well documented. African Americans, in fact, have been subjected to racist understandings of biology and cruel medical experimentation since the Middle Passage. In the mid-1800s, for example, the physician J. Marion Sims performed torturous experiments on enslaved women without anesthesia. In the infamous Tuskegee syphilis experiment of the 1930s, doctors collaborating with the U.S. Public Health Service studied the deadly symptoms of syphilis on hundreds of black men without treating them or even telling them they were infected.

African-American women, in particular, have been subjected to unspeakable horrors, including bearing the brunt of a eugenics movement in the 20th century that sought to control black population growth. Not only were oral contraceptives deliberately pushed in black communities but African-American, as well as Native women have been subjected to forced sterilizations.

In 1973, the SPLC represented the Relf sisters, who were 12 and 14 and lived in public housing with their mother when doctors working for the U.S. government surgically sterilized them without consent. Their mother, who was illiterate, signed an "X" on a document after being told her daughters, who both had mental disabilities, would be receiving birth control shots. The SPLC's legal action exposed a program under which tens of thousands of black women had been coerced into undergoing sterilization.

The legacy of these injustices is still with us. Perhaps no other group of people in America experiences worse health outcomes than black women.

Black women have higher death rates for nearly all cancers than white women and are twice as likely to experience infertility problems. These health disparities manifest most severely, however, in maternal death rates - the rates at which women die during pregnancy or up to after a year after childbirth.

This phenomenon has puzzled researchers for decades. A recent study released by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention confirmed that maternal death rates among black women are 3.3 times higher than for whites. In a separate national study examining the five major conditions linked to maternal death, researchers found that black women did not have a significantly higher prevalence of these conditions but were two to three times more likely to die from them.

Ever since researchers confirmed this stark disparity, they've been trying to understand its causes. One could partly attribute it to the structural barriers black women experience when trying to access health care due to generations of discrimination and segregation. In fact, many of the health disparities between black and white Americans can be directly linked to federal housing discrimination, redlining, and neighborhood segregation.

Black women in America are more likely to live in poverty and to live in neighborhoods where it is difficult to get quality health care. They're also more likely to have limited access to transportation, to work in jobs with inflexible hours or inadequate benefits with little sick leave, and to be uninsured.

Despite the barrage of evidence that these barriers necessarily affect health outcomes, researchers cannot rule out the role that racism - implicit or explicit bias - plays in interpersonal interactions between health care professionals and women of color.

Even when all other factors are equal - economic status, educational background, and access to health care - maternal death rates for black women are still higher compared to white women. Public health researcher Arline Geronimus has posited that black women's health is affected by a process she calls " weathering." Under this hypothesis, the cumulative experience of racism throughout one's life can induce the kind of chronic stress that makes African-American women particularly susceptible to chronic health conditions that lead to otherwise preventable deaths.

Even the wealthiest black women in America aren't immune from these problems. Tennis star Serena Williams, worth an estimated $180 million, nearly died from post-birth complications in 2017. This week, she announced that she has invested in a start-up company that's working to end the maternal mortality crisis among black women.

At the SPLC, we're fighting against both structural and explicit racism that contributes to this extraordinary health disparity.

We're working to defend access to health care by combating the misguided work requirements some states are adopting as a way to strip low-income people of their coverage under Medicaid. These requirements particularly threaten low-income women of color who rely on Medicaid before their pregnancies as well as during and after them. Many, of course, live in states that have refused to expand Medicaid eligibility under the Affordable Care Act.

We're also fighting racism by providing free anti-bias resources and social justice teaching resources to our nation's schools so that all children may have access to safe and non-stressful learning environments where they can thrive. And, we're working to dismantle the racist criminal justice systems that keep women of color impoverished from generation to generation.

The evidence is glaringly clear: Racism is lethal, and we cannot hope to achieve racial equity without acknowledging that this underlying factor causes an untold number of premature deaths among black Americans.

The Editors

P.S. Here are some other pieces we think are valuable this week:
SPLC's Weekend Reads are a weekly summary of the most important reporting and commentary from around the country on civil rights, economic and racial inequity, and hate and extremism. Sign up to receive Weekend Reads every Saturday morning. Photo by Jose Luis Pelaez Inc

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Weekend Read: Racism is Killing Black Americans

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Numerous studies over the years have laid bare the gap in health outcomes between minority groups and white Americans. African Americans have a lower life expectancy than white people. They are more likely to suffer and die from chronic conditions like kidney, cardiovascular, and lung disease.