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The aerial screw is a project conceived by Leonardo da Vinci and described in sheet 83v of Manuscript B, drawn up during his first stay in Milan. In this aerial screw study, Leonardo arrives to hypothesize and formulate in advance of centuries the tractive effectiveness of the propeller, conceiving a very similar structure, inspired by the forms of nature and giving substance to his observations on the characteristics of the air. In the intentions of the inventor, he should have "screwed" into the air exploiting its density similarly to what a screw that penetrates the wood does. There is no evidence that Leonardo actually built the machine he imagined which would therefore remain one of the many theoretical insights of the multifaceted activity of the famous inventor. For many years it was mistakenly presented to the public as a "helicopter", claiming that the engine to make it run were men and that it was destined to rise in the air like an aircraft for human transport. In 2013, however, the permanent exhibition The world of Leonardo in Piazza della Scala in Milan unveiled Leonardo's true project. At the base of the structure there is also a spring, the real engine of the machine, which is also mentioned in the autographed description of Leonardo himself under the drawing. The men, therefore, rotating the propeller in one direction loaded the spring up to a locking point. Then they released the block and only the upper part of the machine, the propeller, screwed into the air, rotating in the opposite direction to that of charge. In 1881 the sketch of Leonardo's aerial screw was brought to the attention of the Academy of Sciences of Paris by Gilberto Govi.  The machine consisted of a fixed circular base inscribed in a mobile crown, in turn connected to a vertical transmission shaft. On the shaft is mounted a helical structure tapered upwards, connected by tie rods to the rotating crown of the base. The machine was imagined as a worm; in the notes accompanying the drawing, it specifies the measures of the base and the materials: wood, rope and starched linen cloth. It had to be driven by the muscular force of four men who, to rotate the tree, placed their feet on the central platform and, with their hands, put their strength on the respective bars.

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Piaggio is grappling with post-war problems, there was a problem to be faced with the conversion of the factories to a production of peace. Enrico Piaggio had the brilliant idea of building a low-cost motorcycle, practically accessible to everyone. He initially entrusted the design task to the engineer Renzo Spolti who created the MP5 nicknamed Piaggio Paperino. Piaggio did not like the MP5 and in the summer of 1945 he called D'Ascanio who approached the problem with a completely new mentality [13].

D'Ascanio did not like motorcycles, he had never dealt with them from a constructive point of view and he did not like them as a vehicle. He thought of a vehicle for those who had never been on a motorcycle and hated his difficult driving, so he designed the Vespa.

The first model of the legendary motorcycle, the 98, made its official appearance in 1946 when it was exhibited at the cycle and motorcycle show in Milan and was immediately a success.

The "Vespa" model represented a commercial and custom phenomenon, both in Italy and abroad, which in addition to its function as a means of transport, would also have irreparably influenced cinema, inspiring them with a new message of 'freedom' and independence: memorable and Oscar-winning are the scenes from the film Roman Holiday of 1953, which see an Audrey Hepburn clinging to Gregory Peck's back riding a Vespa on the streets of Rome. To not

mention the influences that this invention also had on literature, inspiring a series of books where the Vespa is indicated almost as a 'cult object'.

Patented by Piaggio in 1946 and then produced the following year with a 100cc three-speed engine, the Vespa anticipating the definitive advent of the car, was in fact the means of the first mass motorization in Italy

In the 50 years of its history, the Vespa will become the most famous scooter in the world with 16 million units produced in 130 different models in 2005.

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Leonardo di ser Piero da Vinci, known as Leonardo da Vinci, was an Italian polymath of the Renaissance whose areas of interest included invention, drawing, painting, sculpture, architecture, science, music, mathematics, engineering, literature, anatomy, geology, astronomy, botany, paleontology, and cartography. He has been variously called the father of palaeontology, ichnology, and architecture, and is widely considered one of the greatest painters of all time.

Born out of wedlock to a notary, Piero da Vinci, and a peasant woman, Caterina, in Vinci, in the region of Florence, Italy, Leonardo was educated in the studio of the renowned Italian painter Andrea del Verrocchio. Much of his earlier working life was spent in the service of Ludovico il Moro in Milan, and he later worked in Rome, Bologna and Venice. He spent his last three years in France, where he died in 1519. Leonardo is renowned primarily as a painter. The Mona Lisa is the most famous of his works and the most popular portrait ever made.The Last Supper is the most reproduced religious painting of all time and his Vitruvian Man drawing is regarded as a cultural icon as well. Salvator Mundi was sold for a world record $450.3 million at a Christie's auction in New York, 15 November 2017, the highest price ever paid for a work of art. Leonardo's paintings and preparatory drawings—together with his notebooks, which contain sketches, scientific diagrams, and his thoughts on the nature of painting—compose a contribution to later generations of artists rivalled only by that of his contemporary Michelangelo.

Although he had no formal academic training,many historians and scholars regard Leonardo as the prime exemplar of the "Universal Genius" or "Renaissance Man", an individual of "unquenchable curiosity" and "feverishly inventive imagination.He is widely considered one of the most diversely talented individuals ever to have lived.According to art historian Helen Gardner, the scope and depth of his interests were without precedent in recorded history, and "his mind and personality seem to us superhuman, while the man himself mysterious and remote. Scholars interpret his view of the world as being based in logic, though the empirical methods he used were unorthodox for his time.  Leonardo is revered for his technological ingenuity. He conceptualized flying machines, a type of armoured fighting vehicle, concentrated solar power, an adding machine, and the double hull. Relatively few of his designs were constructed or even feasible during his lifetime, as the modern scientific approaches to metallurgy and engineering were only in their infancy during the Renaissance. Some of his smaller inventions, however, entered the world of manufacturing unheralded, such as an automated bobbin winder and a machine for testing the tensile strength of wire. He is also sometimes credited with the inventions of the parachute, helicopter, and tank.He made substantial discoveries in anatomy, civil engineering, geology, optics, and hydrodynamics, but he did not publish his findings and they had little to no direct influence on subsequent science.

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Alessandro volta’s battery was the first system to generate electricity with a constant current over time. The name derives from the fact that the metal discs that made it work were stacked on each other.

His battery was composed by a column of zinc disks alternated with copper disks, with an intermediate layer of cardboard soaked in salt water.By connecting the two poles with an electrical conductor, a circuit was created in which direct current passed.

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Radar is a system that uses electromagnetic waves belonging to the spectrum of radio or microwave waves for the detection and determination of the position and possibly the speed of both fixed and mobile objects, such as planes, ships, vehicles, atmospheric formations or the ground.

Radar is an acronym for the English radio detection and ranging, translatable with "location and estimate of distance by radio waves". A first ancestor of this instrument was patented already in 1904 by the German engineer Christian Hülsmeyer, and Guglielmo Marconi also worked on its development.

The radar works in a conceptually simple way: it is in fact a transmitter of electromagnetic waves (waves and oscillations) at various radio frequencies and at the same time a receiver of the same. Radio frequencies are those emitted by electromagnetic waves with a wavelength greater than that of light radiation (radio waves). The operating principle is that of the echo: the electromagnetic waves emitted by the radar, which move at the speed of light, when they encounter an object in their path are reflected and return, in part, to the radar itself. The measurement of the time elapsed between the emission and the reception allows to calculate the distance between radar and object. The principle is therefore not complicated in principle, but the technical measures must take into account a very varied case history: for example, metallic objects such as planes, ships, cars reflect the waves emitted by the radar much more than other materials; also electromagnetic waves of different wavelength must be used depending on the material you want to reveal. Wavelengths between 10 and 100 m are used for coastal radar, to monitor traffic at sea; those between 15 and 30 cm are used to control air traffic; those between 1 and 2 cm are used by meteorological radars that monitor atmospheric disturbances.

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The invention of the radio is the result of a series of experiments held at the end of the nineteenth century which demonstrated the possibility of transmitting information via electromagnetic waves. The first to do so was Guglielmo Marconi who in 1895, at just twenty-one years old, managed to transmit a Morse code signal about two kilometers away from the family villa in Pontecchio (Bologna). Marconi continued to perfect his extraordinary invention, which was renamed the "wireless telegraph", not hesitating to leave even the Italian borders: on 12 December 1901 the scientist managed to transmit the first transoceanic radiotelegraphic signal, from Poldhu in Cornwall (United Kingdom ) in St. John's in Newfoundland (Canada). Marconi's invention, however, had a limit: the difficulty of transmitting sounds, which would have facilitated the mass diffusion of the new instrument. The first that succeeded was the Canadian Reginald Fessenden. On December 23, 1900 Fessenden managed to transmit a short vocal message, about a kilometer and a half away: telegraph me?". The radio was born. The importance, which proved to be fundamental, of Marconi's studies and experiments, was such that even today, in common opinion, the inventor of the radio medium is very often Marconi and not Fessenden. On December 24, 1906 Fessenden broadcast the first radio program in history: words and music were heard within 25 miles of the broadcasting station located in Brant Rock on the Massachusetts coast. The radio was ready to enter homes around the world.

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He was born in 1891 in Popoli, a town then in the province of L'Aquila, today in Pescara in Abruzzo, by Giacomo and Anna De Michele. His passion for the then primordial aeronautical science was early. In 1906, just three years after the first flight of the Wright brothers, after studying the flight techniques and the proportions between weight and wingspan of some birds, he designed and built a sort of hang glider, which he used for experimental launches made from the hills of Popoli .

He attended the Royal Technical Institute Ferdinando Galiani of Chieti graduated in 1909 and wishing to undertake engineering studies he moved to Turin enrolling in the Royal Higher Institute of Engineering which at the time represented the best in the field of mechanical engineering. He graduated in 1914 in mechanical industrial engineering at the Polytechnic of Turin.

In December 1914 he volunteered for the Corps of Engineers in the "Aviators Battalion" division.

participated in the First World War and went to the front to take care of the maintenance and surveillance of the material assigned to the flight squadrons

In January 1918 he moved to Indianapolis in the United States, [1] and traveled the roads in the field of the US aviation industry and formed an aviation company with the engineer Ugo Veniero D'Annunzio,. Upon his return he installed a civil and industrial engineering firm in Popoli, [1] where he had an intense planning activity for the private industry and in the public works sector.

In 1964 he signed a consultancy contract with the Agusta company that would lead to the design of a glider for training of helicopter pilots with the intention of spending much less than what it cost to train on a real helicopter. The project never reached the construction phase.

D'Ascanio died in Pisa on August 5, 1981, is buried in Popoli in the municipal cemetery in the family tomb, which he himself designed, alongside his wife Paola who died prematurely [20]. D'Ascanio had a great regret: he went down in history as the creator of the Vespa, but few remember that he was also a pioneer of helicopters.

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Born in Verona, he completed his primary studies in Verona. His intelligence and creativity were really early, just twelve years old, he had begun to think about the motor vehicle and, with the help of some classmates and games, he had built a detector to study the difference in the curve trajectories of the external and internal wheels. In 1856 the fifteen-year-old Enrico Bernardi presented some mechanical models he made at the Verona Railway Workshops at the Veronese Agriculture and Industry Exhibition. He then studied at the University of Padua and graduated in mathematics in 1863. In this context he deepened the studies undertaken centuries earlier by Erone Alessandrino and Leonardo da Vinci on the axes and the transmission criteria of motion in the machines, which led to the invention of the differential ; furthermore, in 1896 Bernardi carried out specific studies on the differential and brought important innovations on the steering applied to the steering wheels of a four-wheeled carriage. In 1896 the entrepreneurial activity of the inventor also began, when he joined the company in Miari & Giusti, first Italian car company, which for two years had started the production of a car, designed by Bernardi. Enrico Bernardi married in Verona, where he lived for a long time with his family, and had two children: Pia and Lauro. After retiring from academic life, carried out mainly at the Padua university, he moved to Turin in 1917, where he found death two years later following a brain thrombosis.

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Guglielmo Giovanni Maria Marconi was an Italian inventor, entrepreneur and politician.

He was responsible for the development of an effective remote telecommunication system via radio waves, i.e. wireless telegraphy or radio telegraph, which had considerable diffusion, the evolution of which led to the development of radio and television and in general of all modern systems and radio communication methods that use wireless communications, and which earned him the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1909 shared with Carl Ferdinand Braun, "in recognition of his contribution to the development of wireless telegraphy".

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Cristofori was born in padua in the republic of Venice. Nothing is known of his early life. A tale is told that he served as an apprentice to the great violin maker NicoloAmati, based on the appearance in a 1680 census record of a "Christofaro Bartolomei" living in Amati's house in Cremonia. However, as StewartPollens points out, this person cannot be Bartolomeo Cristofori, since the census records an age of 13, whereas Cristofori according to his baptismal record would have been 25 at the time. Pollens also gives strong reasons to doubt the authenticity of the cello and double bass instruments sometimes attributed to Cristofori

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Alessandro Volta was born in Como the 18th February 1745 in a high-ranking family. At 13 he began humanistic studies at the Jesuit school of Como and in 1761, after entering the Royal Benzi Seminary in Como, he was instead encouraged to study mainly scientific subjects, favoring his interests. Alessandro Volta was given the seminary's natural sciences cabinet, a kind of laboratory ante litteram, where he conducted numerous experiments and definitively abandoned the project that his own had for him: to become a priest.Volta began writing memoirs and letters on his research activities, questioning some of the most accredited interpretations of electrical phenomena at the time. After receiving an important assignment at the Royal Schools of Como, in 1775 he developed his first remarkable invention: the perpetual electrophorus. It consisted of a disc with a perpendicular handle to hold it, like a meat tenderizer, and was used together with an insulating surface and a woolen cloth to obtain an electric charge to be used in particular experiments. The invention and studies produced until then earned Volta the nomination as professor of experimental physics at the schools of Como.

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He was the inventor of an electrometer awarded by the Lisbon Academy of Sciences in 1855 and presented at the International Technology Fair in Vienna in 1874. He also invented in 1856, a famous and sophisticated seismograph that started operating on Vesuvius to record the precursor earthquakes the eruption. This seismograph was then purchased by the Japanese government for the Tokyo Meteorological Agency.

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The piano is a musical instrument with strings struck by hammers, operated by a keyboard. The origin of the word is Italian and refers to the possibility of playing notes at different volumes based on touch, an effect not obtainable in previous keyboard instruments, such as the harpsichord.

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Amalfi is an Italian town of 5000 inhabitants in the province of Salerno in Campania.

Since 1997, the title of UNESCO World Heritage Site has been recognized on the Amalfi Coast, of which Amalfi is the main geographical and historical center.

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Born in Caserta (but, until 1987, it was believed that he was born in Faenza) [1] by Gaspare Ruberti, originally from Bertinoro and weaver, and Giacoma Torricelli, from Faenza, Evangelista Torricelli remained an orphan at an early age and spent his childhood and adolescence in Faenza, where he was initiated in the study by his maternal uncle, Gian Francesco Torricelli (Don Jacopo, Camaldolese monk), parish priest of S. Hippolito, who took care of his primary education.
The Torricelli barometer consists of a glass tube about one meter long, closed at one end and a glass pan containing mercury.
The execution of the experiment is very simple: the mercury is poured into the tube until it is carefully filled, its mouth is closed with a finger and it is turned upside down as seen in fig. 2. After immersing the mouth, keeping the tube vertical, remove the finger and observe the mercury which reaches a level (with respect to the surface of the mercury in the tray) around 760 mm in certain conditions of altitude, latitude and temperature. The operation of the Torricelli barometer (like that of Berti in fig. 1) is based on the balance between the pressure exerted by the mercury column present in the glass tube, on the surface inside the mouth at the level of the lower surface of the mercury and the pressure atmospheric which acts on the free surface of the mercury in the tray.

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Luigi Palmieri (Faicchio, 1807 - Naples, 1896) was a scholar of atmospheric electricity, an important seismologist and volcanologist. In 1825 he graduated in Naples in physical and mathematical sciences and later in philosophy. He opened a private office in the former seminary of the Nobles. He was a professor at the Medical - Cerusico College and the Royal Navy College. In 1847 he was appointed professor of Logic and Metaphysics at the University of Naples, to the chair of Pasquale Galluppi. Subsequently, in 1860, he was assigned the chair of Earth Physics and Meteorology. He was Director of the Vesuvian Observatory from 1855 to 1896.

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Guglielmo Marconi was born in Bologna on April 25, 1874 in Via IV Novembre, 7 (ex via delle Asse 1170). His father Giuseppe Marconi, born in Capugnano on July 8, 1823 and died in Bologna on March 26, 1904, was a landowner who lived in the countryside of Pontecchio, was at his second marriage. Widowed with a son, he met a young Irish woman, Annie Jameson, grandson of the founder of the historic Jameson & Sons distillery visiting Italy to study bel canto, marrying her on April 16, 1864 in Boulogne-sur-Mer, France. A year after the wedding Alfonso was born and, nine years later, Guglielmo. Having an Irish mother allows us to better understand William's many activities which took place in Great Britain and Ireland. He could have opted for British citizenship at any time, as the son of both parents with that citizenship. When little Guglielmo was three years old, on 4 May 1877, Giuseppe Marconi. In Rome, on the morning of July 19, 1937, Guglielmo Marconi accompanied his wife to the station, headed for Viareggio to celebrate the seventh birthday of his daughter Elettra, then returning to his father-in-law's house, in Via Condotti, where he had a heart attackad in fact decided to take British citizenship in turn.

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° Mortar, it is the outer container containing everything else.
° Crew, is a group of small magnets, in odd numbers.
° Support, it is a floating base on which the crew rests.
° Pin, is the axis on which the support rotates.
° Antifreeze liquid, it serves to support the floating support on which the crew rests, decreasing the friction between the pin and the support
° Transparent cap, closes the compass at the top.
° The compass rose is the design of the compass dial, placed at the bottom of the mortar.

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Flavio Gioia was an Italian inventor and navigator who lived between the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries to whom the invention of the magnetic compass is attributed. He was born in Amalfi in the second half of the thirteenth century and around 1300 he would have invented the magnetic compass.

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The compass, which derives its name from the boxwood, material with which the mortars were built, is absolutely considered an essential tool for navigation in the absence of other astral references or during the night,

The magnetic compass owes its success to the fact that it is a tool, as well as simple, practically autonomous.