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Muscular system: an organ system consisting of skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscles. It allows an organism to:
- Physically move
- Maintain posture
- Stabilize joints
- Generate heat
- Circulate blood

Parts of the Muscular System:
Although muscle can be found in every place in your body, there are three different types
Smooth muscle is under involuntary control. It can be found in the walls of the blood vessels and in the bladder, intestines and stomach.
Cardiac muscle is under involuntary control and contributes to the mass of the heart. It is responsible for contracting which is vital for this organ to pump.
Skeletal muscle is under voluntary control of the somatic nervous system and formed of striated muscle tissue. Majority of the time, it is attached to an individual's bones by groups of fibres called tendons.

Gathered information from:
https://www.britannica.com/science/human-muscle-system
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skeletal_muscle

By: Tiffany Young

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Skeletal system: This is a system composed of bones (osseous tissue) and cartilage that serves as a frame of the body.  Since the skeletal system serves the body as the base, it benefits the body in several ways; it assists the progress of the movement, guards internal organs from harm, generates blood cells, and collects & discharges minerals and fats.

Parts of the Skeletal System:
Cranium, Clavicle, Mandible, Scapula, Sternum, Rib, Humerus, Vertebra, Pelvis, Sacrum, Ulna, Carpals, Metacarpals, Phalanges, Femur, Patella, Tibia, Fibula, Tarsals, Metatarsals

Gathered information from:
https://opentextbc.ca/anatomyandphysiology/chapter/6-1-the-functions-of-the-skeletal-system/

By: Naomi Zara

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Nervous system: Collection of nerves and neurons (specialized cells). It is responsible for transmitting signals throughout your body (it can be compared to wires in a circuit). There are two structural parts to it:
- The central nervous system: comprises of your brain, spinal cord, and nerves
- The peripheral nervous system: comprises of sensory neurons, ganglia, and nerves.
There are two main subdivisions:
- The somatic/voluntary component: consists of nerves that connect the brain and spinal cord with sensory receptors (located in the skin) and muscles.
- The automatic/involuntary component: regulates blood pressure and breathing without the use of conscience effort.

Parts of the Nervous System:
Brain, spinal cord, nerves.

Gathered information from:
https://www.livescience.com/22665-nervous-system.html

By: Tiffany Young

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Organismal Biology is an active-learning class where you will explore the evolutionary history of all life on Earth through the lenses of development and reproduction, signaling and communication, and physiology and organ systems. As we explore the diversity of life on Earth, you'll be able to identify biological patterns and explain how you are both similar to and different to the breadth of diversity of life on Earth.

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Endocrine system: This is a system that generates hormones ( cells that produce molecular signals) that operates to control and manages various body processes. This system coordinates with the nervous system to take in charge of the performance of the remaining organ systems. Hormones throughout the nervous system may build endocrine glands,  tissues,  may locate in organs or tissues that operate in addition to hormone production.

Parts of the Endocrine System:
Hypothalamus, Pituitary Gland, Parathyroid, Thyroid Glands, Thymus, Pancreas, Adrenal Glands, Ovaries

Gathered information from:
https://opentextbc.ca/biology/chapter/11-4-endocrine-system/

By: Naomi Zara

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Circulatory/cardiovascular system: Network of blood vessels and organs that deliver nutrients, oxygen, and hormones to every cell. It also removes waste like carbon dioxide from the system. This system works to keep our cells healthy, contributes to fighting disease/injuries and is vital for survival, as the heart gets signals from the body to tell how hard it needs to pump. Besides from the heart, the circulatory system is comprised of  two independent networks that function together:
- Pulmonary system: responsible for providing oxygen and removing carbon dioxide. Blood lacking oxygen travels into the right atrium of the heart and is pumped through the right ventricle to the pulmonary artery which subdivides into smaller arteries and capillaries. It enters the lungs and comes out as oxygen-rich blood.
- Systematic system: after the pulmonary system's duty is done, the systematic system takes the oxygen-rich blood and distributes it throughout the entire body through veins, arteries and capillaries.

Parts of the Circulatory System:
Blood, heart, veins, arteries, capillaries, blood vessels.

Gathered information from:
https://www.livescience.com/22486-circulatory-system.html

By: Tiffany Young

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Digestive system: A series of organs that allows an organism to digest food, provide the body with nutrients, and excrete waste products. The digestive process begins even before eating:
1) When in the presence or thought of food, glands in your mouth start producing saliva.
2) Once the food is in your mouth, chewing along with the enzymes in your saliva break down the food.
3) When you swallow, the food enters the esophagus where it is transported down it through peristalsis.
4) Right when the food enters the stomach, the muscles begin to pound it into chunks.
5) Acid inside your stomach dissolve the food and break down the proteins.
6) Your liver, gallbladder and pancreas produces digestive juices and bile (liquid that digests fat)
7) After several hours, the food in your stomach is now a liquid call chyme
8) The chyme enters the small intestine where fats are broken down into fatty acids & glycerol,  proteins are broken down into amino acids, and carbohydrates are broken down into glucose.
9) The lower region of the small intestine is lined with villi. This is where the amino acids, fatty acids, glycerol and glucose are absorbed and transported into the bloodstream.
10) The remaining fiber, water and dead cells make it into the large intestine where the liquid is absorbed through the intestinal wall.
11) What remains is a stool that will enter the rectum and excrete through the anus.

Parts of the Digestive System:
Salivary gland, mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach small intestine, large intestine, rectum liver, gallbladder, pancreas, anus.

Gathered information from:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Og5xAdC8EUI

By: Tiffany Young

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Lymphatic system: Network of tissues and organs that assist the body in removing waste, toxins and unwanted material. However, its primary function is to transport lymph (a substance containing white blood cells) throughout the body using the lymph vessels. These vessels are connected to lymph nodes, which are filters for the lymph substance. The hundreds of lymph nodes inside your body can be located between your head and knees, and in deep areas like your heart or they can be superficial.

Parts of the Lymphatic System:
Lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, tonsils, adenoids, spleen (biggest organ in lymphatic system), thymus.

Gathered information from:
https://www.livescience.com/26983-lymphatic-system.html

By: Tiffany Young

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Respiratory system: The following information is about the Respiratory System. The Respiratory system is a set of organs that is in charge for inhaling oxygen and exhaling carbon dioxide. The main organs of this system are the lungs, which exhales the exchange of gases as we take a breath.  The lungs' role in this system is to pump blood rich with oxygen to every cell in the body. The blood then gathers carbon dioxide an other waste products and returns them back to the lungs where they're pumped out of the body when we exhale.

Parts of the Respiratory System:
Nasal Cavity, Nose, Mouth, Larynx, Left lung, Alveoli, Diaphragm, Bronchi, Right Lung, Trachea, Esophagus, Throat

Gathered information from:
https://www.livescience.com/22616-respiratory-system.html

By: Naomi Zara

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Integumentary system: The Integumentary system is an array of organs that shape the external protector of the body and guards it from harm such as infections, abrasion, chemical assault and radiation damage. This system is mostly identified as our skin; a thick and contains multi layers of cells that is vaguely impervious to water. This system also contains specialized cells that emit melanin to protect the body from UV Rays and cells that are immune to functions. Excretion of wastes are also produced by sweat glands and regulation of the body temperature are also a part of this system. Somatosensory receptors and nociceptors are an impactful sensor (part) of the organ system that allows us to be warned  and protected by harm.

Gathered information from:
https://biologydictionary.net/integumentary-system/

(The enlarged version of the photo is available by clicking on the attachment down below)

By: Naomi Zara

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Reproductive system: A collection of internal and external organs in both sexes that work together to reproduce. They differentiate depending on your gender:
- Males: Consists mainly of the testicles and penis. The testicles contain the sperm and are carried by the scrotum at a cooler temperature.
- Females: The major internal organs are the vagina, ovaries (contains the eggs) and the uterus. The major external organs are the clitoris, labia minora, labia majora and Bartholin's glands.  The cervix connects the vagina with the uterus, while the fallopian tubes connect the ovaries and uterus.
Fertilization occurs when a sperm enters the fallopian tube and meets an egg. The egg plants itself on the uterine lining where embryogenesis and morphogenesis begin.

Parts of the Reproductive System:
Vagina, cervix, fallopian tubes, uterus, vulva, ovaries, penis, scrotum, testes, epididymis, vas deferens, prostate, and seminal vesicles

Gathered information from:
https://www.livescience.com/26741-reproductive-system.html

By: Tiffany Young

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Excretory System: This is a system that processes the removal of wastes and excess of liquid (water) from the body. The body maintains its homeostasis and the procedure discussed above is one of the major ways for the body to do so. Kidneys are considered to be the main organ in excretion, however,  the various remaining organs excretes wastes as well. They include the large intestine, liver, skin,  and lungs. The mentioned parts above, along with the kidney creates the excretory system.

Parts of the Excretory System:
Adrenal Gland, Renal vein, Right kidney, Left kidney, Renal artery, Vena Cava, Dorsal aorta, Ureter, Urinary bladder, Urethra, Urethral sphincter

Gathered information from:
https://www.ck12.org/book/ck-12-biology/section/23.4/

By: Naomi Zara