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Just like the relocation design in the major mid twentieth century developments to the Hispanic Caribbean, so in the late twentieth century, there was constantly an arrival development, either willfully or constrained. The intentional returnees, alluded to as "returning inhabitants" or "returning abroad transients" are characterized as any occupant of Jamaica (neighborhood or remote conceived), who at the hour of returning had lived abroad for one year or all the more persistently. Constrained returnees or "deportees" are additionally a gathering of bringing migrants back.

The similar progressions of willful returning occupants and constrained returnees/deportees show the undeniably enormous quantities of deportees since the 1990s. Continuously of the 2000s, the yearly stream enormously surpassed that of the intentional bringing residents back. Due to the years when these developments started to be checked – 1993 and 1995, separately – solid information are not accessible for the entire years.

*Information from Migration in Jamaica: A Country Profile 2018*

- Deborah Palmer

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This link serves as a timeline based on the information in the Migration in Jamaica : A Country Profile 2018 done by Elizabeth Thomas-Hope with the assistance of Suzette Martin-Johnson and Zelris Lawrence.

As time progress more dates will be added to the time line.

- Deborah Palmer

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Video showing the advantages and disadvantages of Migration

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Video showing the advantages and disadvantages of Migration

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This video states the advantages and disadvantages of migration. Must warn: the audio quality is poor,however, pictures are in place to aid in this regard.

Karlaqua Brown

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Migration - Benefits and Disadvantages - student video(Example 1)

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Karlaqua Brown

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10 Theories of Migration - Fundamentals of Geography (Examrace - Dr. Manishika)

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This video includes the definition of migration, factors affecting migration, types/patterns of migration and laws in relation to migration.

Karlaqua Brown

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Video Summary of Pull and Push Factors in Migration

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Video Summary of Pull and Push Factors in Migration

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This video gives a summary of push and pull factors in migration.

Karlaqua Brown

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Why Do People Migrate?! (Push & Pull Factors: AP Human Geo)

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An Understanding of International Migration

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An Understanding of International Migration

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This video outlines what is migration, advantages of migration, issues in migration and policies in migration internationally.

Karlaqua Brown

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1. Increase in Labour Force.

2. Increase in aggregate demand and Real GDP.

3. Labour Market Flexibility.

4. Positive impact on the dependency ratio.

5. Impact on particular sectors.

6. Social issues.

7. Economies of scale.

8. Welfare benefits.

9. Brain Drain

Neiel Smith

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Laws that govern stay and entry in Jamaica

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Laws that govern stay and entry in Jamaica

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Requirements to travel to Jamaica:

Everyone travelling to Jamaica must present a valid and approved travel document as evidence of their identity and nationality. The most common and preferred travel document is a passport, but other types of travel documents may also be accepted.

The travel documents must be issued by a recognised authority, MUST HAVE A PHOTOGRAPH OF THE BEAREAR and provide the holder with a re-entry authority to the country of issue, or an entry authority to another country. Holders of these documents GENERALLY REQUIRE a visa.

Other TYPES OF DOCUMENTS WHICH ARE acceptable TO JAMAICA include:

Document of Identity (if holder is not a Jamaican citizen then a visa might be required); see list of visa countries

Certificate of Identity

Laissez Passer

Documents issued to refugees

‘Kinderausweis’ issued to German minors

Military documents for military personnel travelling by air; whether Military passport on I.D

Seamen’s certificate if travelling by sea

Extension of Stay

An extension of one’s stay in Jamaica may be granted to visitors to allow them to extend their time on the island beyond the time initially given by an immigration officer at the port of entry.

It is the responsibility of a foreign national to ensure that they visit the Extension of Stay (EOS) offices at PICA prior to the expiration of the time granted to them on the island and make out an application. Failure to do so will result in the individual being in breach of the island’s immigration requirements, which incurs penalties. Each EOS application is assessed on an individual basis except for cases involving applicants who are minors/dependents.

Passports in which the extension will be stamped must be valid for no less than six months.

Categories under which an extension of stay is granted include – VISITOR, STUDENT PERMIT, EMPLOYMENT, MARRIAGE, DEPENDENCY

VISITOR: Visitors from non-Commonwealth countries are typically granted a period of no more than six months stay on the island while Commonwealth citizens are allowed a maximum of 12 months.

STUDENT: Student refers to a foreign national who is enrolled in an institution of learning that is registered by the Ministry of Education. The student is required to visit PICA’s offices within two weeks of their arrival on the island to have the extension placed in their passport.

Extension of Stay will only be granted to foreign nationals who are enrolled in a Ministry of Education recognized institution.

EMPLOYMENT: Foreign nationals engaged in gainful employment may have their stay extended to facilitate their period of work. To extend one’s stay, applicant must submit:

An applicant will be granted temporary resident status if they submit the work permit receipt only and their time allotted will be no more than 3 months. Work permit holders submit their application for a renewal of work permit to the Ministry of Labour three (3) months prior to expiry date.

MARRIAGE EXEMPTION: A foreign national who is married to a Jamaican can extend their stay on the island on the basis of their marriage. The applicant is required to attend our offices, along with their spouse for an interview.

Permanent Residence

An applicant for permanent residence should be willing to accommodate an interview with PICA’s Investigation and Surveillance Unit as part of the approval process.

An applicant for permanent residence must fall in any one of the following categories:

Employment (not less than 3 years)

Retirement

Marriage to a Jamaican

Dependent

Previous holders of Unconditional Landing status by virtue of marriage to a Jamaican

Nb. This information was obtained from the Passport, Immigration and Citizen Agency of Jamaica.
Davian Thomas
Second Post

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The once populated area, today has been dessert due to the corona virus. The Colosseum is one of the most visited tourist attraction in Italy.

Chervawn Christopher

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The effect of Covid- 19 (Corona- virus) on Travelling.

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The effect of Covid- 19 (Corona- virus) on Travelling.

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The travel boom has come to a screeching halt since late January, when the Covid-19 virus outbreak hit mainland China, and it could be years before the global tourism industry recovers. The number of Chinese tourists has skyrocketed in recent years. More than 180 million persons have obtained a Chinese passport, this compared to 147 million American passport holders. When the Chinese people travel abroad, they spend large amount of money which contributes to the receiving country’s economy. Unfortunately, today the Chinese tourism sector has taken a devastating hit. If the corona outbreak lasts longer and is more severe than the 2003 SARS crisis, it could lead to 25 million fewer outbound trips by Chinese travelers this year. That could wipe out as much as $73 billion in spending.

The corona Virus is likely to cause even more damage to the annual Olympics that will be held in Japan this year, this would mean It would be one of the biggest sports news stories ever. The postponement or cancellation of the world's greatest sporting mega-event because of corona-virus would be unprecedented in peacetime. The 2020 Olympics are due to take place in Tokyo from 24 July to 9 August - here are some of the key questions as the Olympic movement faces up to unchartered territory.

Which tourists attractions have been impacted?

Given the quick spread of the virus within China, some popular tourist attractions throughout the country were closed until further notice (Lunar New Year celebrations in Beijing, Shanghai, and Hong Kong were also cancelled).

In Beijing, the National Museum of China, the Yonghe Lama Temple, Prince Gong's Mansion, and the Forbidden City are closed, as is the Badaling section of the Great Wall of China. The Shanghai Disney Resort and Hong Kong Disneyland Park are also closed. In Hangzhou, the UNESCO World Heritage site, the West Lake, is closed.

In other affected countries, especially those experiencing recent or rapid infections, many museums and public spaces . In Italy, museums throughout seven regions have shuttered. Transport throughout the country is limited, and there is the possibly of extended waits at any land borders with neighbouring countries. In Seoul, museums and political and cultural events throughout the country have been cancelled.

Less than three months since it was first identified in Wuhan, China, the outbreak of a corona-virus now named Covid-19 has reached near-pandemic proportions. There are over 82,000 reported cases in 27 including the U.S., which has led to quarantines in China, and the suspension of flights from the U.S. to mainland China by all major U.S.-based airlines. Over the past few days, cases have spiked in Iran South Korea, and Italy. The World Health Organization has declared the corona-virus an international public health issue , and the government of the United State among other countries has listed China at a level four (do not travel) and South Korea at a level three (reconsider travel).
Chervawn Christopher

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Deportation is the action of deporting a foreigner from a country.
The Removal Process in the United States consists of:
1. A letter from Homeland Security which is a notice to appear.

2. Attending the removal hearing where the person overseeing the hearing determines if the person is to be removed or is eligible to stay in the US.

3. If the individual is eligible for relief (to stay in the country) he/she can apply for extended stay in the US.

4. If the individual is not eligible for relief then the departure date is set.

~Africia Wright

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Is immigration good or bad? Some argue that immigrants flood across borders, steal jobs, are burden on taxpayers and threaten indigenous culture. Others say the opposite: that immigration boosts economic growth, meets skill shortage, and helps create a more dynamic society. Stacyann

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It is the movement of a person or a group of people, to settle in another place, often across a political or administrative boundary. Migration can be temporal or permanent, and it may be voluntary or forced.

Two important terms of migration are immigration and emigration.

Immigration is when people move from other places into a place to settle. Such migrants are called immigrants, (people coming in from elsewhere).  While Emigration is when people move out to new places, and the migrants involved are called emigrants, (people leaving their home country).

Push and Pull Factors of Migration

Push Factors

Push factors are those that force the individual to move voluntarily, and in many cases, they are forced because the individual risk something if they stay. Push factors may include:

Natural disasters

Extreme religious activity.

Poor economic activity and lack of job opportunities are also strong push factors for migration.

Other strong push factors include race and discriminating cultures and political intolerance.

Human Trafficking

Weather

War

Pull Factors

Pull factors are those factors in the destination country that attract the individual or group to leave their home. Those factors are known as place utility, which is the desirability of a place that attracts people. Pull factors may include:

Better economic opportunities,

more jobs,

the promise of a better life often pulls people into new locations, (family)

Education opportunity

Health/ medical

Vacation/ retirement

References

Unknown. (2006). eSchool Today. Retrieved from http://eschooltoday.com/human-migration/what-is-migration.html: http://eschooltoday.com

~ Nickashaye Shaw

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There are two types of Migration that are studied by demographers. They include:

1. Internal migration. This refers to a change of residence within national boundaries, such as between states, provinces, cities, or municipalities. An internal migrant is someone who moves to a different administrative territory.

2. International migration. This refers to change of residence over national boundaries. An international migrant is someone who moves to a different country. International migrants are further classified as legal immigrants, illegal immigrants, and refugees. Legal immigrants are those who moved with the legal permission of the receiver nation, illegal immigrants are those who moved without legal permission, and refugees are those crossed an international boundary to escape persecution.

- Deborah Palmer

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The definition of immigration

Immigration is the international movement of people to a destination country of which they are not natives or where they do not possess citizenship in order to settle or reside there, especially as permanent residents or naturalized citizens, or to take up employment as a migrant worker or temporarily as a foreign.
Or
Immigrants refers to returning Jamaican nationals or residents and to foreign-born nationals - Commonwealth citizens or non -Commonwealth citizens.

Colin Gordon

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This website seeks to educate the class and the general public about the different immigration issues in the Jamaican society.
- Deborah Palmer

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It is very important that as a Jamaican citizens we are aware and knowledgeable of the laws or polices that governs Immigration in our country. According to the National Legislative Bodies/ National Authorities, it is stated that,

“4. Prohibited Immigrants

The following Commonwealth citizens (not being persons deemed to belong to the Island as defined by subsection (2) of section (2) are prohibited immigrants -

(a)any person who is likely if he entered the Island to become a charge on public funds by reason of infirmity of body or mind or of ill-health or who is not in possession of sufficient means to support himself and such of his dependants as he shall bring with him to the Island;

(f)the children under the age of sixteen years being dependants of a prohibited immigrant;

(g)any member of a class of persons deemed by the Minister on economic grounds or on account of standard or habit of life to be undesirable immigrants and so declared by order published in the Gazette;

(h)any person who, from information or advice which in the opinion of the Minister is reliable information or advice, is deemed by the Minister to be an undesirable inhabitant of or visitor to the Island;

(j)any person who is the subject of a deportation order in force under the Deportation (Commonwealth Citizens) Act.

10. Postponement of decision

An immigration officer may -

(a)grant leave for an immigrant to land without prejudice to the question whether he is a prohibited immigrant;

(b)for the purpose of making further enquiry, postpone deciding whether a Commonwealth citizen is a prohibited immigrant for a period not exceeding sixty days.

12. Leave for prohibited immigrant to remain in island

The Minister, or by his direction, any immigration officer, may grant leave for a Commonwealth citizen who is a prohibited immigrant to enter and remain in the Island subject to such conditions as to duration and place of residence, occupation, security to be furnished, or any other matter or thing, whether similar to those enumerated or not, as the Minister may think expedient.

18. Prohibition on entry of prohibited immigrant

Except where otherwise specially provided by this act, no prohibited immigrant shall enter the Island, and an immigration officer shall cause a prohibited immigrant entering or found within the Island (having entered after the Commencement of this Act) to be removed therefrom in the manner hereinafter provided.

19. Order of immigrant to leave

An immigration officer who decides that a Commonwealth citizen is a prohibited immigrant may in his discretion -

(a)order him to leave the Island and proceed immediately in the same vessel in which he arrived or in a vessel of the same owners or agents;

(b)order him to leave the Island within sixty days of his entering the Island and, if the immigration officer thinks fit, by a specified vessel; or

(c)cause him to be arrested and brought before a Resident Magistrate with a view to an order being made for his removal.

20. Notice to prohibited immigrant and master vessel

Whenever leave to enter the Island is withheld by an immigration officer, or whenever any Commonwealth citizen is detained, restricted or arrested as a prohibited immigrant, notice of that fact and the grounds of refusal, detention, restriction or arrest shall be given by the officer to such person in the prescribed form. If such notice is given within seven days of the arrival of the immigrant the immigration officer giving such notice shall also inform, if known, the master or local agent or owner of the vessel by which the immigrant arrived that such notice has been given.

25. Revocation of Leave

(1)Leave to land or remain in the Island granted under this Act may at any time be revoked by the Minister or by an immigration officer acting on the direction of the Minister, and may also be revoked when the conditions attached to such leave so provide.

(2)Where such leave is revoked, the immigrant may be arrested and brought before a Resident Magistrate to be dealt with for any infringement of this Act in respect of which he may be charged: Provided that the Resident Magistrate may, if the leave was not revoked by, or by the direction of the Minister, order the leave to be restored and the immigrant to be released.

26. Removal Orders

(1)If any Commonwealth citizen is considered by an immigration officer to be a prohibited immigrant, then, subject to the provisions of this Act and the conditions attached to any leave granted thereunder, any Resident Magistrate may, on the application of an immigration officer or of any person deputed in writing by the Chief Immigration Officer for the purpose of making such application, order the immigrant to be removed from the Island and in the meantime to be detained in custody: Provided that no application for such order shall be entertained in the case of a Commonwealth citizen (not being a person who entered the Island in contravention of subsection (1) of section (8) unless the application is made -

(a)if he entered the Island in accordance with leave granted under section 10, 11, 12, 13 or 14, within six months of the expiry of the period limited by any condition attached to the grant of such leave;

(b)in other cases, within six months of his arrival in the Island.

(2)The Minister may by order declare a Commonwealth citizen who is not a citizen of Jamaica to be an undesirable person where -

(a)he is satisfied that such person is or has been conducting himself so as to be dangerous to the peace, order and good government of Jamaica; or

(b)on other grounds, he considers it in the public interest that an order should be made in relation to such person; and notwithstanding anything to the contrary in this or any other enactment such person shall thereupon be a prohibited immigrant and the Minister may in the order aforesaid or, as the case may require, a subsequent order direct that he be removed from the Island and in the meantime be detained in custody:

Provided that where an order has been made pursuant to paragraph (b) and the Commonwealth citizen declared an undesirable person has been ordinarily resident in the Island continuously for a period of five years or more immediately prior to the making of the order -

(i)such person shall have a right to make objection to the advisory tribunal established under section 27 against any direction aforesaid that he be removed from the Island; but such objection, if any, shall be made in writing within two weeks of the notification referred to in paragraph (ii) and shall specify the grounds of objection and a copy thereof shall be delivered to the Minister within the period aforesaid;

(ii)the Minister shall so soon as may be practicable after directing the removal of such person from the Island notify him in writing accordingly and inform him as to the grounds on which the order was made and of his right to make objection against the direction to the advisory tribunal; and

(iii)if pursuant to paragraph (1) objection has been made by a person to the advisory tribunal, the order directing the removal of such person from the Island shall not be executed until the Minister has received and considered the report of the advisory tribunal in the matter.

(3)The question of the validity of any order made by the Minister under subsection (2) shall not be enquired into in any court.

(4)An immigrant who is ordered to be removed from the Island shall, with the approval of the Minister, be removed -

(a)to the place whence he came, or to any place to which he consents to be removed; or

(b)to a place in some part of the Commonwealth to which he belongs.

(5)Where an immigrant who is ordered to be removed is serving a sentence of imprisonment, the Minister may give directions as to whether the whole or what part of the sentence is to be served before removal. In default of such directions, the immigrant shall be removed after completion of the sentence.

(6)An immigrant ordered to be removed may be placed on board a suitable vessel by any constable or immigration officer, and may be lawfully detained in custody on board until the vessel finally leaves the Island.

29. Warrant to convey prohibited immigrant back on vessel

The master of any vessel may, on the desertion of any seaman, or the landing of any stowaway or prohibited immigrant from his vessel, apply to a Resident Magistrate for a warrant to arrest and convey back on board the vessel such seaman, stowaway, or prohibited immigrant, and the Resident Magistrate shall grant such application unless there are special reasons for not doing so, and such master shall be held harmless of all pains and penalties at law for anything done by virtue of such warrant”.

Tamara Bennett

Reference

Fiwibusiness, (n.d.). Northern Caribbean University. FiwiBusiness Online Directory. Retrieved from https://fiwibusiness.com/blog/business/northern-caribbean-university/ on the  on the 6 March 2020.

National Legislative Bodies/ National Authorities, 27 December 1945. Jamaica: Immigration Restriction (Commonwealth citizens) Act of 1945. refworld. Retrieved from https://www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6b4ed38.html on the 6 March 2020.

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Jamaica, US sign deal to share info on deportees Reported by Customs Today Report November 12, 2015 KINGSTON.

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Jamaica, US sign deal to share info on deportees Reported by Customs Today Report November 12, 2015 KINGSTON.

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The government has signed a memorandum of cooperation with the United States (US) Immigration and Customs Enforcement Agency (ICE) which will allow the US to share information on deportees. The Criminal History Information Sharing (CHIS) memorandum of cooperation was signed yesterday by National Security Minister, Peter Bunting and Assistant Director of ICE Matthew Albence. The memorandum will enhance the US Government’s ability to share records containing the immigration and criminal histories of Jamaican nationals, being repatriated from the United States.US Ambassador Luis Moreno says the information sharing programme enhances the strong bilateral relationship between the US and Jamaica and “represents a milestone in the US-JA law enforcement partnership”. Bunting said he looks forward to the technical support the programme will provide to the government. The US Government has signed similar agreements with the Governments of Mexico, Honduras, Guatemala, the Dominican Republic and El Salvador

S, Miller

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According to the United Nations, Office on Drugs and Crime, the definition given in the Trafficking in Persons Protocol, trafficking in persons has three constituent elements:

The Act, which includes recruitment and transportation of victims, harbouring or receiving trafficking victims, the Means , which is the threat or a use of force, coercion, fraud, deception or abuse of power or dealing with payments or benefits to the person controlling the victim. Finally the purpose which involves exploiting the prostitution or sexual exploitation, forced labour, organ trafficking, or slavery.

Human trafficking is considered to be modern- day slavery, and a destroyer of lives. Survivors of human trafficking are forced, tricked or misled into modern-day slavery.  If they are able to escape, they have specific needs that are unique to their situation. Many times Survivors may have experienced profound trauma, lack linguistic skills in the country of their escape, and struggle with basic functioning in life after trafficking. Victims of trafficking suffer immensely, emotional distress,  fear.

Providing help for these victims becomes difficult as they have these fears of lack of trust, however it is the trafficker who is the most heinous person. They may threaten the victim telling them, they know where their family lives and will harm their relatives if they do not comply. They suffer from anxiety as well, and to get them counselling and therapy is a must to assist with their recovery, and reintegration into society.

References

Richards, Kathy. (2004). The Trafficking of Migrant Workers: What are the Links Between Labour Trafficking and Corruption?. International Migration. Retrieved from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/229632218_The_Trafficking_of_Migrant_Workers_What_are_the_Links_Between_Labour_Trafficking_and_Corruption

United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, “Human Trafficking”. Retrieved from: https://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/human-trafficking/what-is-human-trafficking.html

-Jhann- Ayne Patterson

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Like its Caribbean counterparts, Jamaica continues to face migration-related challenges. Given its economic reliance on tourism, the Government of Jamaica remains highly committed to combating trafficking, curtailing smuggling operations (many of which affect third-country nationals) and addressing issues related to the free movement of Caribbean Community (CARICOM) nationals, particularly in terms of employment and health services.Migration Issues Trafficking. Many of Jamaica's migration-related challenges are due to the growth of organized crime networks that have set up sophisticated human smuggling and trafficking operations
Shevaughn Miller

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Nowadays, many people decide to migrate to have a better life. Employment opportunities are the most common reason due to which people migrate. Except this, lack of opportunities, better education, construction of dams, globalization, natural disaster (flood and drought) and sometimes crop failure forced villagers to migrate to cities.

Migrants

People who move from one place to another in search of work or shelter are called migrants.  Most of the times migrants’ people are not skilled or educated therefore they usually employed as daily wagers (workers who are paid at the end of each day, for their services). Daily wagers do not get enough money for the survival of their families and suffering from many problems such as they do not have enough food to eat, sanitation, hygiene, a proper place to live etc.

Negative Impact

·         The loss of a person from rural areas, impact on the level of output and development of rural areas.

·         The influx of workers in urban areas increases competition for the job, houses, school facilities etc.

·         Having large population puts too much pressure on natural resources, amenities and services.

·         It is difficult for a villager to survive in urban areas because in urban areas there is no natural environment and pure air. They have to pay for each and everything.

·         Migration changes the population of a place; therefore, the distribution of the population is uneven in India.

·         Many migrants are completely illiterate and uneducated; therefore, they are not only unfit for most jobs, but also lack basic knowledge and life skills.

·         Poverty makes them unable to live a normal and healthy life.

·         Children growing up in poverty have no access to proper nutrition, education or health.

·         Migration increased the slum areas in cities which increase many problems such as unhygienic conditions, crime, pollution etc.

·         Sometimes migrants are exploited.

·         Migration is one of the main causes of increasing nuclear family where children grow up without a wider family circle.

Colin Gordon

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Devastating impact of migration
The United Nations Educational Science and Cultural Organization said in its 2019 Global Education Monitoring Report — Migration, displacement and education: Building bridges not walls — that the number of migrant and refugee school-age children around the world today could fill half a million classrooms, an increase of 26 per cent since 2000. Following are excerpts of the report:
The report highlights countries' achievements and shortcomings in ensuring the right of migrant and refugee children to benefit from quality education, a right that serves the interests of both learners and the communities they live in.
As the director-general of UNESCO Audrey Azoulay argues: “Learning is not a luxury. Everyone loses when the education of migrants and refugees is ignored. Education is the key to inclusion and cohesion; it is the best way to make communities stronger and more resilient.”
It shows where this right is challenged in Latin America and the Caribbean. Unaccompanied minors are increasingly held in detention centers, where they often lack access to education. About 50,000 children from El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras and Mexico were stopped at the US border on average every year between 2013 and 2017.
In the United States, pediatric and mental health professionals visiting family detention centers reported that education services were inadequate. In Mexico, 35,000 minors, more than half unaccompanied, were held in detention centers without organized education apart from ad hoc activities with a limited education component, such as craft sessions and religious discussions.
In the Dominican Republic, stateless Haitians do not fully enjoy the right to education. Primary attendance rates were 52 per cent among children born in Haiti, 79 per cent among those born in the Dominican Republic to immigrant parents, and 82 per cent among those born in other countries. Even when they manage to get enrolled, progressing through the system is difficult. Haitian immigrants require proof of nationality to register in the national database and sit national examinations for secondary admission. Even if they overcome those barriers, schools may ask students who have reached age 18 for a copy of their national identity card, which in practice often means they cannot graduate. Knowing they may be unable to obtain a diploma; many children disengage from education.
In Summation, it can be noted that migration has a great impact on teacher and students all over the world. Many teachers have benefit from migration in other countries. For example, in China they are employing lecturers from overseas to help facilitate with English speaking in their country. It is quite evident that teachers a becoming shortage in small as mathematics, physics and integrated science teachers are not available.
Nataya Johnson

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Forced returnees or deportees Forced returnees are those persons who have been deported from their country of emigration destination. The reasons for deportation have included both criminal and non-criminal offences. The relative magnitude of the enforced return of Jamaicans from the United Kingdom and, to a lesser extent Canada, was partly a consequence of the large numbers of Jamaican migrants as compared with other Caribbean, and even other foreign nationals, living in those countries

Voluntary returnees or returning residents
The voluntary return of Jamaicans or former residents is not systematically captured and recorded. In many cases, the final move is part of series of returns of brief duration and, for some, it becomes part of an ongoing transnational residential and livelihood pattern that includes Jamaica and the country of previous emigration.
Stacy-Ann Smith

Migration in Jamaica: A Country Profile 2018. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://publication/books/migration-Jamaica-country-profile-2018

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17 Deported From The UK To Jamaica | News  | CVMTV

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Push and Pull factors of Migration in regards to Jamaica

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Push and Pull factors of Migration in regards to Jamaica

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What is Push Factors?
This can be seen as situations that make an individual of a country feels need the to leave their country. In regards to Jamaica some push factors can be:
◇Natural Disaster
♧No Job Opportunities/ Better Job Opportunities
♤Crime
☆Family.
In an article done by "loopjamaica" on February 14 2020, it stated that over 390 teachers have resigned within six months with majority migratng overseas for better job opportunities.
Natural disastercan be seen as another push factor why Jamicans migrate. Crime is a serious problem in Jamaca and many persons leave the country to "escape" from this problem. Family memebers can cause persons to want leave a country as well, as many family memebers abuse each other and then persons migrate in order to escape the abuse from their families.

In regards to pull factors of migration, persons in Jamaica migrate as other countries are "pulling" them for thier skills and knowledge. Family is also a pull factor as person overseas may send for their relatives which "pull" persons from Jamaica. Weather Conditions also can be a factor that make persons migrate. Persons might see that another country such as Bahamas might have a better atmosphere than Jamaica so they migrate to feel the pleasures of Bahamas' weather.

☆Patrick Anderson☆

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390 teachers resigning within six months no big deal, says Samuda

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Following claims of significant teacher shortages affecting schools across the island, the Ministry of Education has revealed that some 390 public sector teachers resigne

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This video further explains push and pull factors of migration

♤Patrick Anderson♤

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A Refugees is a person who owing to well-founded fear of persecution for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group or political opinions, is outside the country of his nationality and is unable or, owing to such fear, is unwilling to avail himself of the protection of that country.

an asylum seeker is a person seeking to be admitted into a country as refugee and awaiting decision on their application for refugee status under relevant international and national instruments. In case of a negative decision, they must leave the country and may be expelled, as may any alien in an irregular situation, unless permission to stay is provided on humanitarian or other related grounds.
Stacy-Ann Smith

Migration in Jamaica: A Country Profile 2018. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://publication/books/migration-Jamaica-country-profile-2018

: Gazette, M., 2018. How Do You Apply For Refugee Status In Canada?. [online] Available at: <https://YouTube/watch?

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How do you apply for refugee status in Canada?

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 six agencies of government with prime responsibility for migration matters.

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 six agencies of government with prime responsibility for migration matters.

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MNS The MNS has the role of protecting Jamaica against internal and external threats and ensuring the safety of Jamaica’s borders

PICA  is an executive agency of the MNS and has responsibility for border control, providing services related to the acquisition of passports, and granting permanent residence and citizenship status.

MLSS   The MLSS has the following mandates: (a) protect Jamaican workers’ rights, whether local or overseas; (b) uphold local labour guidelines, policies and laws; (c) eliminate the worst forms of child labour; and (d) protect the well-being of vulnerable or at-risk persons in Jamaica, such as those below the poverty line, those with disabilities and the elderly.

JCF  The JCF addresses matters concerning the security profiling of persons at the request of agencies, such as PICA, MLSS and MFAFT.

MFAFT  The MFAFT, through its headquarters in Kingston and its global network of Missions and Honorary Consuls, assists in border control by the provision of information to those wishing to enter the country and by processing and issuing visas to foreign nationals in collaboration with PICA.

MOJ   The MOJ is responsible for providing legal advice to all government agencies and ensuring the protection of the human rights of all persons in the country. NATFATIP is located in the MOJ with special responsibilities in relation to trafficking in persons.

Stacy-Ann Smith

Migration in Jamaica: A Country Profile 2018. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://publication/books/migration-Jamaica-country-profile-2018

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According to The UN Refugee Agency , A refugee is “…someone who has been forced to flee his or her country because of persecution, war or violence. A refugee has a well-founded fear of persecution for reasons of race, religion, nationality, political opinion or membership in a particular social group. Most likely, they cannot return home or are afraid to do so. War and ethnic, tribal and religious violence are leading causes of refugees fleeing their countries.”

-        UNHCR-UN Refugee Agency(n.d.).”What is a Refugee?”. Retrieved from: https://www.unrefugees.org/refugee-facts/what-is-a-refugee/
-Jhann-Ayne Patterson

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The most significant policy initiative in relation to international migration that occurred as one of the outputs of the Mainstreaming Migration into National Development Project – which was launched on 5 May 2011 – was the formulation of a Ministry Paper: National Policy on International Migration and Development Policy (IMDP), which was tabled as a white paper (Government of Jamaica, 2017). The National Policy establishes the framework for migration and development management and is set within the context of the development road map of Vision 2030 Jamaica: National Development Plan in making “Jamaica, the place of choice, to live, work, raise families and do business”

Jamaica’s migration policy framework recognized the need for a multi sectoral approach to achieve its objective of mainstreaming migration into development objectives. This has brought together entities from a wide cross section of agencies involved in migration and development issues in Jamaica and internationally, and included NGOs, ministries, departments and agencies (MDAs), private sector and international organizations.

Domestic legislation

The legislative framework underpinning Jamaica’s policies relating to migration includes 11 statutes currently in force, which were enacted specifically to deal with migration. There has been no new legislation in 2012–2016, although amendments to acts and some new policies and policy-related developments have taken place within the past five years. Two of these amended acts refer to immigration and are outlined below:

1.  The Foreign Nationals and Commonwealth Citizen’s (Employment) Act or Work Permit Act, passed two years after independence (1964; amended 2011), was designed to allow the Government to fulfill local labor market needs by recruiting foreigners. The amended act (2011) addresses employment controls of foreign nationals, application for and production of work permits and offences and penalties. The law does not specify how these needs should be identified. The majority of workers the MLSS recruits each year belong to the category “Professionals, senior officials and technicians.

2. Progress has been achieved under the Jamaican Justice System Reform Agenda during 2012–2015, including improving infrastructure, human and technological resources and processes, such as court, case flow and data management, and reducing the burden on the justice system through greater integration of restorative justice principles and more efficient and effective utilization of available resources. Public sector reform also was advanced through the preparation of the Public Financial Management Reform Action Plan and local government reform.

The listed has seen that they fall into four main categories reflecting the changing concerns of legislators over time. The policies that are implemented within this framework are described in relation to different aspects of migration, as follows:

1.       Immigration

• Deportation (Commonwealth Citizens) Act (1942)

• The Immigration Restriction (Commonwealth Citizens) Act (1945)

• The Aliens Act (1946)

• Jamaica Nationality Act (1962)

2.      Employment

• Foreign Nationals and Commonwealth Citizens (Employment) Act (1964)

• The Caribbean Community (Free Movement of Skilled Persons) Act (1997)

3.      Emigration

• The Foreign Recruiting Act (1875)

• Emigrants Protection Act (1925)

• Passport Act (1935 and 1962 Regulations)

• Recruiting of Workers Act (1940)

4.      Trafficking

• Trafficking in Persons (Prevention, Suppression and Punishment) Act (2007)

There are several important aspects of international migration that are underpinned by legislation. These include the following:

• Protection of the rights of migrants

• Elimination of all forms of discrimination

• Promotion of fair competition

• Protection of assets and property rights

• Reduction of fraud and illegal activity

• Provision of appropriate benefits to migrants and their dependents

• Protection of the most vulnerable

• Prevention and suppression of TIP and the prosecution of offenders

• Reduction in the levels of transnational crime.

Colin Gordon

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Shevaughn miller

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Why Do People Migrate?! (Push & Pull Factors: AP Human Geo)

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Shevaughn miller

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How migration could make the world richer

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Push and pull factors of migration

The push and pull factors have dominated much of the understanding of migration.

People are “pulled” to new regions because of different opportunities elsewhere, such as economic or political/religious/social freedoms. High income, high literacy, dominance of industries and services, are the pull factors associated with place of destination.

Push factors like low income, low literacy, dependence on agriculture and high poverty & environmental degradation can be cited as examples associated with place of origin. People “flee” to new regions because of conflicts, natural disasters, social oppression. Some “push” factors include persecution (racial or ethnic), including frequent abuse or oppression (even genocide). Both in and out- migration rates can have significant positive association with per capita income, percentage of workforce and share of GDP in the non-agricultural sector.  This means that higher income and sectoral transformation of economy from agricultural to non-agricultural sector is associated both with higher in-migration as well as out-migration rates are associated with migration.

Environmental push and pull factors

People migrate to attractive regions from hazardous ones.
Example- Where people migrate is determined by the environment they are in, and the environment that is better.
- Places that are best suited for your needs.-1/3rd of all elderly people who migrate from one U.S state to another, select Florida as their destination. Regions with warm winters, such as Southern Spain and the South-western U.S states attract  migrants from harsher climates.
-Attractive environments-mountains, sea-sides, and warm climates.
-Migrants are pushed from their homes by adverse physical conditions.
-Improved communications and transportation systems have made it easier for people to live in relatively remote areas without being relatively remote.
-Floodplain-the area subject (or known to flood) to flooding during a given number of years according to historical trends.

Push Factor                           Pull Factor
-Failed harvest/ famine                       -warm winter climate
-Flooding of a river                             -Scenic mountain views
-environment related disasters            -Locations best fit for needs

-Environmental degradation               - Locations best fit for needs

DRIVERS OF MIGRATION
Global factors
- New transport and communication technologies
- Global media project ‘western lifestyles’
- Labour Demand
- Migrant networks facilitate mobility
- Growth of transnational communities
- Conflicts
- Environmental Threats

Sending Countries

ü  Agricultural revolution

ü  Environmental change

ü  Lack of opportunities/jobs

ü  Lack of human security & Violence

ü  Political Unrest & conflicts

ü  Changing social structure

Destination countries

ü  Industrial restructuring & Decline of old industries

ü  Growth of new services sectors

ü  Declining fertility

ü  Ageing Population

ü  New demands for labour (high- and low-skilled)

ü  Other opportunities
Davian Thomas

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Remittance

Remittances are perhaps the most obvious channel through which migration impacts households, and the amounts of money Jamaican migrants send home have been rising in recent years. Formal remittances as reported by the World Bank totaled about US$2 billion in 2007, more than double the US$892 million in 2000.

Remittance many be in the form of cash or noncash.

Due to the recession in the United States and the United Kingdom, total remittances dropped to about US$1.8 billion in 2009, according to provisional figures from the Bank of Jamaica.  This caused less produces and money coming into Jamaica at this time.  However, remittances for the first three months of 2010 (US$452.3 million) were up 10 percent over the same period a year ago.

Remittances do not always have positive effects. For example, evidence suggests that receiving remittances can act as a disincentive for households to take up employment. (Alex Glennie, 2010)

References

Alex Glennie, a. L. (2010, JUNE 16). Migration Information Source. Retrieved from https://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/jamaica-diverse-beginning-diaspora-developed-world: https://www.migrationpolicy.org

Nickashaye Shaw

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Typology of migration
Chervawn Christopher

The essence of typology of migration is deeply rooted in the work of Peterson-Greenwood who developed the hypothesis;

Ecological- this speaks to natural disasters and the impact it has on the movement of people globally. Take for instance hurricane Katrina which caused many U.S citizens to be displaced, or Haiti that experienced a 7.0 magnitude earthquake in 2010, this caused widespread chaos and Haitians migrating to other countries, to find work.

Migration policy

These are policies developed by countries to both safeguard its national security and provide avenues for non-citizens to enter their country and work. Individuals are always seeking a better standard of living, foreign countries such as Canada has policies that seeks to alleviate the stress of migrating and

Countries who benefit from the foreign exchange.

High Aspiration

This is regarding the push and pull factors of migration. The expectation of people for a lifestyle that they would want to lead. People aspire to become better individuals

Social Movement

Social movement are purposeful, organized groups striving to work toward a common goal. These groups might be attempting to create change, to resist change, or to provide a political voice to those otherwise disenfranchised. Social movements create social change.

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The image below depicts the reasons persons in Jamaica migrated between the 1990-1999 a total of 58% relocated for employment.
Chervawn Christopher

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The Spanish settled in Jamaica in the early 16th century and brought over African slaves. The island's original inhabitants, the Taino Indians, they eventually died due to Spanish to mistreatment and their lack of resistance to European diseases. Jews also arrived in this period to work in sugar production, eventually moving into business and the professions after completing their indentured enslavement.

Jamaica has experienced high levels of migration since it became a British colony. From the 17th through the mid-19th centuries, European traders relied on forced labor from Africa and later indentured labor, initially from Europe (particularly Ireland and Germany) but then from India and China, to work on Jamaican sugar plantations alongside the indigenous Taino population. The British abolished slavery in 1838 and the indenture ship system in 1917.

Jamaicans followed available employment opportunities in the region in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Many moved to Central America to work on major construction projects such as the trans-Isthmian railway and the Panama Canal. Others moved to Cuba to provide labor for expanding sugar production there.

Migrating has been practiced for many years during the mid 20th century, the dominant trend was one of outward movement in Jamaica. Throughout the 1980’s and 1990’s globalization had a significant impact on Jamaica’s economy, this is due to the significant decline when free trade precipitated the dismantling the preferential relationships with the European markets. This caused migration to peak as many persons were affected. Jamaica has a long history as a migration hub, with many of its inhabitants having sought employment opportunities by moving either within the region or to a number of key receiving countries, including the United States, Canada, and former colonial powers such as the United Kingdom and France.

The Jamaican diaspora is unusually large, with some estimates indicating that as many individuals of Jamaican descent may currently be living outside the country as within it.

As stated above, the diaspora is concentrated in three countries the United States, Canada, and the United Kingdom.

About 637,000 Jamaican foreign born lived in the United States in 2008, with approximately 123,500 in Canada in 2006 and 150,000 in the United Kingdom in 2008, according to official statistical bureaus in each country.

Chervawn Christopher

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According to Peterson  migration are measurement into 4 units  which is noted below.

1. Ecological Push: Example if any natural calamity such as river erosion occurs people is compelled to migrate from his own place to another. This is the ecological push.
2. Migration Policy: Govt. can make any policy about migration. So that people are compelled to migrate.
3. High Aspiration: This is the influencing factors of migration.
4. Social Movement: If people are humiliate in society than migration is their tendency. A social movement will occur.

Lateson has divided two Types of Migration

1. Innovative Migration: When people migrate from one place to another and a new dimension will be achieved, this is called innovative migration.
2. Conservative Migration: When people migrate from one place to another and don’t able to acquire new dimension this type of migration is called conservative migration.

There are five types of migratare taken from Peterson’s book “A General Typology of migration in American Sociological review.

1. Primitive Migration: Primitive migration is the consequence of ecological push. Gypsy tribes such as video and nomad are the example of this type.
2. Forced Migration: The coerced movement of a person or persons away from their home or home region.
3. Impelled Migration: Impelled migration is that where person’s own decision is taking to migrate.
4. Free Migration: There is free migration in way which the people are free to migrate in the way they like.
5. Mass Migration: The movement of a large group of people from one geographic area to another.

Mainly there are two types of migration

A. Internal Migration: Internal migration involves a permanent change of residence within national boundaries. It may be classified into two types-

a) Streams of Migration: Steams of migration can be classified into following types.

• Rural to Urban Migration.
• Rural to Rural Migration.
• Urban to Urban Migration.

Other Types of Migration

1. Chair Migration: The mechanism by which foreign nationals are allowed to immigrate due to the acquired citizenship of an adult relative.
2. Illegal Migration: Immigration that defines the laws of the arrival country.
3. Political Migration: A migration motivated primarily by political interest.
4. Seasonal Human Migration: Migration which is held by season change. The activity of nomads, communities that continually move from one place to another.
Nataya Johnson
Works Cited
http://socialscienc.blogspot.com/2015/05/typology-of-migration.html. (May 2,2015). Bangladesh: Khulna University, Sher-E-Bangla Road, Khulna 9208, .

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It is stated that, “there are four major programmes administered by the Government of Jamaica on bilaterally agreed terms with the governments of the United States and Canada respectively. These are as follows: (a) United States Farm Work Programme; (b) United States Hospitality Programme; (c) Canadian Farm and Factory Programme; and (d) Canadian Low-Skilled Worker Programme.

In the United States, Jamaicans are the second-largest group of migrants (after Mexicans) entering the United States on both the H-2A programme for seasonal agricultural workers and the H-2B programme for seasonal non-agricultural workers. It is worth noting that Jamaicans’ share of the total has consistently shrunk in recent years. In 2009, the 7,849 Jamaicans in these programmes made up about 4 per cent of the total, while the 18,918 Jamaicans in 2007 had comprised 8 per cent of all such workers. By 2013, there were 4,627 and in 2015, the numbers were up slightly to 4,702.

In Canada, by comparison, the number of Jamaican migrants entering under the Temporary Foreign Workers Programme (TFWP) has actually risen in recent years and an additional category of workers to include the Canadian Skills Programme (such as carpenters, masons and heavy-duty vehicle drivers) came into effect in 2014. In December 2009, there were 7,316 Jamaicans in Canada as foreign workers, an increase of 9 per cent over the previous year’s total of 6,667.

Overall, during financial year 2014/2015, there were 14,286 persons employed through the Overseas Workers Programmes. Of this total, 1,053 were new recruits (81 for the Skilled Programme and 972 for the Farm Workers Programme). There was an increase of 178 jobs, moving from 14,108 in 2013/2014 to 14,286 in 2014/2015.

In financial years 2013/2014 to 2014/2015, approximately 2,500 Jamaicans were placed in employment overseas through private employment agencies monitored by the MLSS. This brought the total of persons placed in employment overseas through the MLSS and private employment operators monitored by the Ministry to 16,786”.

Tamara Bennett

Reference

International Organization for Migration (IOM), (2018). Migration in Jamaica: A Country Profile 2018. International Organization for Migration (IOM). Retrieved from https://caribbeanmigration.org/sites/default/files/repository/migration_in_jamaica_-_profile_2018.pdf on the 30 Mar 20

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Consequences of the current migration trends

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Consequences of the current migration trends

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According to International Organization for Migration (IOM), 2018, it states that, “the consequences of migration trends are discussed in context of key themes of interest. One of the key themes include Public order, safety and security. In Jamaica it can be seen that this theme in particular as the greatest consequence on the country.

Public order, safety and security

Public order, safety and security are affected by a variety of migration trends, including the following:

Emigration of highly educated and trained professionals

Low level of labour force absorption and/or other factors that fail to be attractive to students, tertiary educated and professional groups lead to the loss of many important sectors of the labour force, but in relation to public order and safety, anecdotal information suggests that this is particularly affected by the continuing attrition of trained personnel from the police force.

Trafficking in persons

The ongoing trafficking of persons into and out of Jamaica has been associated with various levels of criminality among the perpetrators of the activity in a number of direct and indirect ways. Most victims of trafficking have low educational attainment and are part of an ongoing cycle of being the victims of limited employment opportunities. The general combination of factors involved in trafficking and through this, the links between criminal groups in Jamaica and international criminal networks, poses a risk in the terms of public order and security.

Irregular migration                                                            Irregular outward migration of Jamaicans entering countries abroad, without valid documentation, are involved either as the recipients or perpetrators of the falsification of identification documents required for residence abroad, or persons who have failed to return on expiry of the time permitted to stay. Some of these individuals are among the subjects of enforced return to Jamaica. Others become directly or indirectly involved in other forms of illegal activities relating to use of false documents, and in connected criminal activities at the destination. The occurrence of fraudulent activity in relation to migration negatively affects the public perceptions of Jamaicans in light of the operational expenditures by the Government because of the higher levels of resources needed to maintain law and order and safety in the host cities to which irregular Jamaican migrants are concentrated.

Implications for crime                                                             Migration is associated with crime and criminal networks that operate in a number of contexts. It involves the following: (a) maritime security, including narcotics trafficking and arms trafficking; and (b) money laundering. Country threats include transnational gangs and organized crime and violence, illegal firearms and drugs in the source countries, and the threat of terrorism. Jamaica shares in the Caribbean income from drugs, estimated at USD 3.3 billion per year (Franklin, n.d.). Vulnerabilities to exposure to the effects of international migration-related crime include: (a) porous borders; (b) legislative challenges; (c) inadequate information and intelligence; (d) inadequate physical/ technological; (e) and human resources, dedicated to law enforcement strategies and security agencies. There is no available information on the consequences of migration for crime in Jamaica, so further discussion of this issue is not possible without the relevant research”.

Tamara Bennett

Reference

International Organization for Migration (IOM), (2018). Migration in Jamaica: A Country Profile 2018. International Organization for Migration (IOM). Retrieved from https://caribbeanmigration.org/sites/default/files/repository/migration_in_jamaica_-_profile_2018.pdf on the 30 Mar 2020.

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Migration is a way to move from one place to another in order to live and work. Movement of people from their home to another city, state or country for a job, shelter or some other reasons is called migration. Migration from rural areas to urban areas has increased in past few years. Nowadays, many people decide to migrate to have a better life. Employment opportunities are the most common reason due to which people migrate. The lack of opportunities, better education, and construction of dams, globalization, natural disaster (flood and drought) and sometimes crop failure forced villagers to migrate to cities. People who move from one place to another in search of work or shelter are called migrants.

The patterns of the flow of people between countries are widely influenced by economics. Today, it is estimated that there are nearly 200 million migrants living in countries in which they were not born. Around 60 % of all recorded migrants are now to be found in the developed countries, and the other 40 % in developing regions. According to the most recent UN statistics, Asia has some 49 million migrants, Africa 16 million and the Latin America and Caribbean region 6 million.

According to a UN publication entitled Trends in Total Migration Stock, most of the migrants are concentrated in a small number of countries. 75 % of migrants are found in just 28 countries. Another interesting observation of the report is that 49 % of total migrants are women. Finally, report concludes, all countries are now affected by migration and many, if not most, can be categorized as countries of “origin, transit and destination

Migration is a way to move from one place to another in order to live and work. Movement of people from their home to another city, state or country for a job, shelter or some other reasons is called migration. Migration from rural areas to urban areas has increased in past few years. Nowadays, many people decide to migrate to have a better life. Employment opportunities are the most common reason due to which people migrate. The lack of opportunities, better education, and construction of dams, globalization, natural disaster (flood and drought) and sometimes crop failure forced villagers to migrate to cities. People who move from one place to another in search of work or shelter are called migrants.

The patterns of the flow of people between countries are widely influenced by economics. Today, it is estimated that there are nearly 200 million migrants living in countries in which they were not born. Around 60 % of all recorded migrants are now to be found in the developed countries, and the other 40 % in developing regions. According to the most recent UN statistics, Asia has some 49 million migrants, Africa 16 million and the Latin America and Caribbean region 6 million.

According to a UN publication entitled Trends in Total Migration Stock, most of the migrants are concentrated in a small number of countries. 75 % of migrants are found in just 28 countries. Another interesting observation of the report is that 49 % of total migrants are women. Finally, report concludes, all countries are now affected by migration and many, if not most, can be categorized as countries of “origin, transit and destination

shevaughn miller

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Patterns of global migration have shifted in recent decades, even as both the number of immigrants and the amount of money they send home have grown. A rising share of international migrants now lives in today’s high-income countries such as the United States and Germany. These shifts occurred as the total number of international migrants rose from 154 million in 1990 to 232 million in 2013 – but remained steady as a 3% share of the globe’s growing population.

During this period, the U.S. remained the largest destination country by far and increased its share of the world’s migrants. One-in-five (46 million) migrants now live in the U.S., compared with slightly less than one-in-six (23 million) in 1990.

The U.S. is not the only wealthy destination country whose share of the world’s migrants has increased. All told, an estimated 160 million, or 69%, of international migrants now live in high-income countries (nations with an average per capita income of $12,616 or higher), up from 87 million, or 57%, in 1990, the Pew Research analysis finds. These high-income countries, many of them in North America and Europe, may appear increasingly attractive to modern migrants, whose principal reason for moving is to pursue economic opportunity.

Where do today’s migrants come from?  These people were born in what the World Bank designates as middle-income countries, those with per capita annual income between $1,036 and $12,615. About six-in-ten (135 million) of today’s international migrants were born in such countries, compared with fewer than half (74 million) of all migrants in 1990. Over the same period, the share of immigrants born in high- as well as low-income nations has declined.

Women comprise slightly less than half of all international migrants. Although the share of female migrants fell slightly from 49% in 2000 to 48 % in 2015, there has been a growing trend of 'feminisation' of migration since the 1960s.

shevaughn miller

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How migration could make the world richer

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Disadvantage and Advantages of Migration 

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Disadvantage and Advantages of Migration 

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Loss of skilled labour:

The biggest negative impact on the country of exit perhaps is the fact that young graduates (or skilled labour and professional) leave to offer their services to other countries. In many developing countries, doctors, nurses, engineers and very bright professionals are lost to other countries.

Population and markets:

Businesses do better with bigger markets and more buyers. A growing and healthy population often provides the needed market for economic growth and development. When the youth leave, the population stalls and demand for some goods and services fall.

Social/Family:

When parents leave, children and other dependents suffer the most, as they lose out on the important psychological development that they need from good parenting. Many of the children are exposed to social vices at an early age because there is no parental control.

Advantages

Remittances & Higher quality of life:

It is known that migrants send lots of monies home to support their family. That is a massive flow of foreign exchange or funds that the local government and families can tap into for development and economic growth. If the migrant's family live together in the host country, the family often enjoy a higher standard of living.

Better job prospects for locals:

When the youth leave, there is less pressure for jobs, and people are more likely to find something to do.

Knowledge and skills flow:

Particularly for short-term and seasonal migration, migrants often bring home new ideas, skills and knowledge that they have acquired from their travel. Many businesses, farm practices, and economic ventures have been started by people who got ideas and knowledge during the times they spent in migration.

Migration exercises significant influence on the host countries. In case of labor shortage due to the aging population, newcomers fill open job vacancies. It happens that there are certain skill gaps; then the services of the experts from other countries can be beneficial for both sides. Experienced doctors or other highly skilled specialists are always in great demand. Construction workers, welders or other manual workers are never thrown idle either.

s Miller

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Video about push and pull factors about migration 

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Video about push and pull factors about migration 

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shevaughn miller
This video contains vital push and pull factors about migration !

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Migration - Push and Pull Factors - GCSE Geography