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15-6. In this chapter, the authors reference a British critic in 1820 who said, “In the four quarters of the globe who reads an American book, or goes to an American play, or looks at an American picture or statue?” Yet, they also trace the development of uniquely American forms of art, architecture, and literature in the nineteenth century. As you read this chapter, can you explain the continuities and changes in American art, architecture, and literature from 1790 to 1860?

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15-6. In this chapter, the authors reference a British critic in 1820 who said, “In the four quarters of the globe who reads an American book, or goes to an American play, or looks at an American picture or statue?” Yet, they also trace the development of uniquely American forms of art, architecture, and literature in the nineteenth century. As you read this chapter, can you explain the continuities and changes in American art, architecture, and literature from 1790 to 1860?

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America often mixed various different cultures into their work, but in this time period began to develop a more distinct style, frequently portraying their lives as Americans by creating patriotic pieces. For literature, up until 1820 the only notable works had been political works, but with the birth of romanticism in America, more literature began to grow and develop into a distinctly American style.

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15-5. After you have read “Contending Voices: The Role of Women”, can you analyze both excerpts’ intended audience, purpose, and point of view?

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15-5. After you have read “Contending Voices: The Role of Women”, can you analyze both excerpts’ intended audience, purpose, and point of view?

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The purpose of the excerpts is to discuss the author's beliefs on the role of women and the Women's Rights Conventions and influence those who are reading it to sway to their opinions. The first piece is clearly written by a male of the time period and the second is written by either a woman, or a man who supports the conventions. Both are intended to reach the people of Albany, New York, mostly those who are on the fence and can be convinced either way in this issue.

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15-4. How does the Second Great Awakening of the nineteenth century compared to the Great Awakening of the eighteenth century? As you read this chapter and review the information about the Great Awakening in Chapter 5, how many relevant similarities and differences between these two events can you generate?

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15-4. How does the Second Great Awakening of the nineteenth century compared to the Great Awakening of the eighteenth century? As you read this chapter and review the information about the Great Awakening in Chapter 5, how many relevant similarities and differences between these two events can you generate?

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Both the first and the second Great Awakenings gave light to new religious ideas and the developments of new sects, but where the first Great Awakening. Both also encouraged movement to new lands, the movement to what would become America and then to the west in the second Great Awakening.

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15-3. Why did America produce so many reform and utopian movements? What did they contribute to American culture?

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15-3. Why did America produce so many reform and utopian movements? What did they contribute to American culture?

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The existence of so many reforms in American culture was due to the growth of the economy and new religious movements. There were many necessary reforms still to be made for minorities and oppressed groups like women and the mentally ill.

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15-2. Was the “new family” a progressive reflection of American democratic ideals, or a restriction on them?

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15-2. Was the “new family” a progressive reflection of American democratic ideals, or a restriction on them?

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New families were frequently smaller and less restrictive on children, encouraging them to make good decisions and shaping their wills rather than breaking their wills. However, women were restricted to their household duties and their families. Despite all of this, at the time, the "new family" was often an improvement to democratic ideals because it began to develop a younger population, rather than forcing them into beliefs.

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15-1. Were the “cult of domesticity” and the rise of the child-centered family signs of an improvement or a restriction in women’s status and condition? 

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15-1. Were the “cult of domesticity” and the rise of the child-centered family signs of an improvement or a restriction in women’s status and condition? 

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At the time, most women saw their increasing role in domestic life as an improvement on their prior lives, and often fared better than women that lived in Europe at the time. However, women still did not have the right to vote and struggled to find work that wasn't tasks such as being a "spinster" in a factory as an unmarried young woman.

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14-7. As you read this chapter, can you combine the information from the primary source excerpts, tables, figures, maps, and text to create a persuasive understanding of westward migration and demographic changes in the United States from 1790 to 1860?

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14-7. As you read this chapter, can you combine the information from the primary source excerpts, tables, figures, maps, and text to create a persuasive understanding of westward migration and demographic changes in the United States from 1790 to 1860?

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From 1790 to 1860 we see the immigrant population of America growing, most notably mentioned in terms of the German and Irish, and a mass of the whole population moving west in search of more land. Many of the minority groups, immigrants and others, tended to move west due to the ideas of new opportunities that would be available in the "new" land.

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14-1. How does the image of the frontier compared with the reality of pioneer life as described in the chapter?

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14-1. How does the image of the frontier compared with the reality of pioneer life as described in the chapter?

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Many of the images of life on the frontier (such as the one below) portrayed the life as an adventure to carry life and society out into the west, but frontier life was anything but glamorous for the pioneers. Disease, famine, and even loneliness proved to be large issues for the western settlers.

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14-2. Why was transportation—particularly the canals and railroads—so important in the early stages of industrialization?

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14-2. Why was transportation—particularly the canals and railroads—so important in the early stages of industrialization?

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Transportation was crucial to the early stages of industrialization simply because it could move necessary resources faster. With goods now able to travel quickly from the east to the west, the economy grew and prospered, which would allow for the development of an Industrial Revolution similar to that of Europe's at the time.

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14-3. Which technological innovation was most important for early-nineteenth-century economic development?

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14-3. Which technological innovation was most important for early-nineteenth-century economic development?

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The cotton-gin made the picking of cotton go by faster, and therefore made the business of growing cotton more profitable.

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14-4. What effects did the movement from a subsistence to a market economy have on American society, including farmers, laborers, and women? What were the advantages and disadvantages of the change?

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14-4. What effects did the movement from a subsistence to a market economy have on American society, including farmers, laborers, and women? What were the advantages and disadvantages of the change?

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The movement to a market economy proved easy on those who sat at the top, but for most (the laborers), it was long hours with little pay. Children also frequented machine rooms. This also displaced women's previous roles in economy, now there were textile mills that could sew faster and other factories that pushed products out faster than they could make them at home. Young, unmarried women would sometimes work in factories, but once they were married they were expected to quit and solely work the job of being a mother and a wife.

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14-5. What caused the market and transportation revolutions of the nineteenth century? As you read this chapter, how many different reasons for the development of these changes can you identify?

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14-5. What caused the market and transportation revolutions of the nineteenth century? As you read this chapter, how many different reasons for the development of these changes can you identify?

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Westward expansion pushed the need for transportation revolutions, and the emerging of that technology, along with the way it could move resources, pushed forward market revolutions. A growing population and a growing nation, needed technological advancements to succeed.

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14-6. In this chapter, the authors maintain that “clearly the early factory system did not shower its benefits evenly on all.” What relevant historical evidence can you find in this chapter or the previous ones that supports, modifies, or refutes this assertion?

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14-6. In this chapter, the authors maintain that “clearly the early factory system did not shower its benefits evenly on all.” What relevant historical evidence can you find in this chapter or the previous ones that supports, modifies, or refutes this assertion?

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The difference between the rich and the poor widened dramatically. Those who owned factories could make money quickly by exploiting the average worker for many hours of labor without much pay.