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COPD occurs in the lungs when there is an obstruction of airflow. COPD also inflicts an abnormal inflammatory response in the lungs. COPD includes two lung conditions: emphysema and chronic bronchitis.
Due to the lack of airflow, COPD has several effects on the lungs as a result of restricted airflow. With a decrease in flow of air into and out of the lungs comes a decrease in the amount of oxygen  entering the body and tissues further meaning it becomes more difficult for waste carbon dioxide to be expelled (American Lung Association, 2019).

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It reduces lung function by damaging the airways and air sacs (emphysema) therefore restricting air flow in and out of the airways.
-The airways and air sacs lose their elasticity
- The airways and air sacs in the lungs become inflamed and become thicker (chronic bronchitis)
- The lung tissue involved in exchanging oxygen gets damaged or impaired
-The airways produce more mucus, causing clogging
(Nih.gov, 2018)

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-  A shortness of breath while performing daily activities
-  Frequent respiratory infections
- A blue tint in the lips or finger nail beds
- Fatigue
- Producing more mucus/sputum than usual
- Wheezing
- A feeling of tightness in the chest (Davis;2016)
Other Symptoms include
- Swelling in the ankles, feet or legs
- Weight Loss
- Reduced muscle strength and endurance (energy)

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COPD gets worse over time, resulting in a gradual decline of health.

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- Medication such as antibiotics
-Bronchodilators- which helps to loosen the airways
- Oxygen therapy
- Lung surgery/Transplant
There is no cure. No treatment that will stop progression, but to help stabilize symptoms (Pietrangelo; 2018)

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COPD is the second most common lung disease in the UK after Asthma. Continuing to cause heavy health and economic burden globally. It is estimated that 251 million cases of COPD were found, with an estimated  3.17 million deaths from the disease in 2015. That is 5% of all deaths in the world.  The primary cause is  smoking. Other risks include  poor nutrition and exposure to  indoor air pollution which can be a risk factor  for unborn child  developing COPD in later life. [who.Int, 2015] Genetic factors such as a severe hereditary deficiency of alpha-1antitrypsin (AATD)  is related to the decline of lung function and COPD.
From 2004 to 2013, more people were diagnosed in northern regions of England and Scotland than other parts of the UK. This relates to the association of low income with the disease progression in smokers. 1.2 million people with a diagnosis of COPD across the country, however, many people have variations of the disease and some remain without diagnosis until admitted to hospital.
By Louise Heighton

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(Kam, 2013)

‌Aine McGivern

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The prognosis and life expectancy for individuals with COPD disease range from good to poor
Four stages
- Stage one: is FEV1 of equal or more than 80% of the predicted value
- Stage two: FEV1 of 50% to 79% of the predicted value
- Stage three- FEV1 of 30% to 49% of the predicted value
- Stage four- is FEV1 of less than 30% of predicted value or an FEV1 less than 50% of predicted value plus respiratory failure (Luo;2019)

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https://www.slideshare.net/DrSivaramakrishan/anaesthesia-and-COPD, 2014, Viewed Feb 2020

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Population within UK of having COPD

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Fig 4: Population in UK having COPD, 2012, www.statista.com;viewed Feb2020

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Fig 4: Population in UK having COPD, 2012, www.statista.com;viewed Feb2020

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Fig 3: Four stages of COPD; https://www.samaritanhealthcareandhospice.com,2020, viewed Feb 2020

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Fig 3: Four stages of COPD; https://www.samaritanhealthcareandhospice.com,2020, viewed Feb 2020

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American Lung Association. (2019). What Is COPD. [online] Available at: https://www.lung.org/lung-health-and-diseases/lung-disease-lookup/copd/learn-about-copd/what-is-copd.html [Accessed 13 Feb. 2020].

Blf.org.uk. (2017). Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) statistics | British Lung Foundation. [online] Available at: https://statistics.blf.org.uk/copd [Accessed 13 Feb. 2020].

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). (2017). World Health Organization. [online] Available at: https://www.who.int/respiratory/copd/en/ [Accessed 13 Feb. 2020].

Kam, K. (2013). Normal Lung and COPD Lung. https://ilovephysicaltherapy.blogspot.com/2013/05/breathing-with-copd.html. Available at: https://ilovephysicaltherapy.blogspot.com/2013/05/breathing-with-copd.html [Accessed 13 Feb. 2020].

NHS Choices (2019). Overview - Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). [online] www.nhs.co.uk. Available at: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/chronic-obstructive-pulmonary-disease-copd/ [Accessed 13 Feb. 2020].

Nih.gov. (2018). COPD | National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI). [online] Available at: https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health-topics/copd [Accessed 13 Feb. 2020].

Patrick, C. (2019). COPD Symptoms, Life-Expectancy, Stages, Causes, Treatment. [online] MedicineNet. Available at: https://www.medicinenet.com/copd_chronic_obstructive_pulmonary_disease/article.htm [Accessed 13 Feb. 2020].

Pietrangelo, A. (2014). COPD: Stages, Causes, Treatment, and More. [online] Healthline. Available at: https://www.healthline.com/health/copd [Accessed 13 Feb. 2020].

Sivaramakrishnan Dhamotharan (2014). Anaesthesia and COPD. [online] slideshare.net. Available at: https://www.slideshare.net/DrSivaramakrishnan/anaesthesia-and-copd [Accessed 13 Feb. 2020].

Statista. (2018). COPD: number of people diagnosed 2012, by region. [online] Available at: https://www.statista.com/statistics/569963/individuals-diagnosed-with-copd-by-region-in-the-united-kingdom-uk/ [Accessed 13 Feb. 2020].

Wu, B. (2019). What happens to the lungs in COPD? [online] Medical News Today. Available at: https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/315687.php#the-diseases-of-copd [Accessed 13 Feb. 2020].